Trends in Biomedical Science - Classroom test 1 Practice.
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Are the following statements True (O) or False (X)?
1. The feet of astrocytes completely surround capillary walls to control the substances
from the blood that reach neurons in the brain.
2. The axon terminal is where the neuron communicates with the next cell.
3. Neurofibril nodes, or nodes of Ranvier, are the gaps along myelinated axons between
the myelin wrapping.
4. Axons are usually small and branching, and they may be quite numerous. Most
neurons have only a single dendrite, and it may be very long.
5. Interneurons are housed entirely within the CNS. They process, store, and retrieve
information, and “decide” how the body responds to stimuli.
6. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is involved in synthesis of membrane lipids and
calcium storage
7. Nuclear pore complexes allow the transport of molecules across the nuclear envelope.
8. Cytoskeleton keeps the shape of the cell and helps move materials in the cell.
9. The dendrite carries information away from the neuron’s cell body toward other
neurons, with which it makes connections called synapses.
10. Genes, neurons, and circuits function as the building blocks of behavior.
11. Axons form synaptic connections with targets.
12. Development of the human brain ends at birth.
13. Diet during early development cannot cause changes lasting into adulthood.
14. The epigenetic code gives the genome more flexibility than the fixed DNA code alone.
15. Once a signal reaches a cell, proteins carry information inside. Proteins pass
information to one another. The information may finally pass to a gene regulatory
protein that attaches to a specific sequence of bases on the DNA.
16. The brain has about one million (1,000,000) nerve cells.
17. The brain works both electrically and chemically.
18. The term "terminal boutons" refers to the swollen ending of the presynaptic axon
terminal.
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The following questions are multiple choice. Choose the best answer.
19. Myelination affects nerve impulse
conduction in which of the following
ways?
A) slows the nerve impulse by exposing only
limited parts of the axon
B) speeds up the nerve impulse of the cell
C) permits nerve impulses to travel
continuously along the entire axon
D) all of the above
22. Different neurons may have many
differences. What is not different?
A) The number of nuclei
B) The number of receptors
C) The types of receptors and ion channels
D) The location of ion channels
23. Efferent neurons transmit nerve impulses
A) from the CNS to muscles or glands
20. Structurally, the nervous system consists
of which two subdivisions?
B) from the spinal cord to the brain
C) between interneurons in the CNS
A) central and peripheral
D) from sensory receptors to the CNS
B) sensory and motor
C) somatic and visceral
D) somatic and autonomic
24. Which organelles contain digestive
enzymes?
A) lysosome
21. Chemical transmission of nerve impulses
causes the axon and the dendrites to
develop specialized structures called
A) terminal buttons
B) peroxisome
C) nucleus
D) mitochondrion
B) mitochondria
C) spines
D) cell membrane
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25. The plasma membrane is effective in
isolating the cytoplasm from the
extracellular fluid primarily because
28. Nervous tissue cells that play several
supporting roles but do not transmit
impulses are called
A) the lipid "tails" in the phospholipid bilayer
form a sheet that repels water
A) nerve cells
B) neurons
B) the rigid composition of the plasma
membrane forms a waterproof barrier
C) glial cells
D) dendrites
C) peripheral proteins are attached to the
inner or outer membrane surface
D) integral proteins form channels that let
water pass in and out of the cell
1.
26. The two types of cells in nervous tissue
are
A) nerve processes and nerve fibers
B) neurons and glial cells
The action of neural circuits and how well they are
made determines:
a.
Human digestion
b.
Human behaviors
c.
Human skin color
d.
Human strength.
C) neurons and glial cells
D) dendrites and axons
2.
27. Cells in which tissue type are specialized
to transmit electrical impulses from one
body region to another?
A) connective
Where is the genetic information for a neuron
held?
a.
The cell body
b.
Many processes coming out from that
c.
The dendrite
d.
The synapse
B) epithelial
C) muscle
D) nervous
3.
What carries the output of the neuron, or the way
it communicates with other cells?
a.
Axon
b.
The cell body
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4.
5.
6.
7.
c.
The dendrite
d.
The synapse
disease, while only 10-15% of cases in fraternal
twins show this pattern. What does this show?
a.
A strong environmental effect and strong
genetic effect in developing schizophrenia
What is the name of the electrical impulses, which
travel along one neuron?
b.
A weak environmental effect and strong
genetic effect in developing schizophrenia
a.
Neurotransmitter release
c.
b.
Action potentials
A weak environmental effect and weak genetic
effect in developing schizophrenia
c.
Voltage regulator
d.
A strong environmental effect and weak
genetic effect in developing schizophrenia
d.
Potentiation.
8.
a.
Activate receptors on the target neurons
A genetic defect, when a sequence of DNA is
deleted from chromosome 15, can cause Angelman
syndrome in some people, but it can cause PraderWilli syndrome in other people. What did the
inheritance pattern show:
b.
Pump sodium out of the neuron
a.
c.
Bind to promoter regions of DNA
If the deletion was inherited from father, then
they have Prader-Willi syndrome, or Angelman
syndrome.
d.
Open to let potassium out of the cell.
b.
If the deletion was inherited from mother, then
they have Prader-Willi syndrome, or Angelman
syndrome.
c.
If the deletion was inherited from mother, then
they have Prader-Willi syndrome, but if the
deletion was inherited from the father, they
had Angelman syndrome.
d.
If the deletion was inherited from father, then
they have Prader-Willi syndrome, but if the
deletion was inherited from the mother, they
had Angelman syndrome.
What do neurotransmitters do?
Metabolic pathways can make methyl groups important epigenetic tags that may silence genes.
What important nutrients are used in this
pathway?
a.
Folic acid
b.
B vitamins
c.
SAM-e (S-Adenosyl methionine)
d.
A, B, and C
For twin pairs where schizophrenia occurs, in 50%
of cases both identical twins in a pair develop the
9.
Both mice and people have a gene called agouti.
What is not true about the agouti gene in mice?
a.
When a mouse's agouti gene is completely
unmethylated it has a yellow coat color, is
obese and prone to diabetes and cancer.
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b.
When the agouti gene is methylated (as it is in
normal mice) the coat color is brown and the
mouse has a low disease risk.
c.
If the agouti gene is switched on all the time,
it blocks a receptor in the satiation center of
the brain.
a.
positive, negative
b.
negative, positive
The agouti gene can not be switched off by a
change in the diet of the mouse during its
early life.
c.
negative, negative
d.
positive, positive
d.
13. When a neuron is depolarized, the inside of the cell
membrane is ____ and the outside of the cell
membrane is ____.
14. Cocaine and amphetamines mainly affect which
neurotransmitters?
10. The purpose of myelin is to
a.
promote the release of pre-synaptic
neurotransmitters.
b.
insulate axons to increase the speed of
electrical impulses.
c.
open and close channels.
d.
create GABA.
11. What allows ions to enter the neural cell?
a.
Myelin sheaths
b.
Neurotransmitters
c.
Dendrites
d.
Channels
12. When a neuron is resting, the inside of the cell
membrane is _____ and the outside of the cell
membrane is _____.
a.
positive, negative
b.
negative, positive
c.
negative, negative
d.
positive, positive
a.
serotonin
b.
acetylcholine
c.
dopamine
d.
GABA
15. Jon and Hon are identical twins, but they were
separated at birth and raised in different countries.
When they meet as adults, they talk about all the
ways in which they are the same, but also the ways
in which they are different. Compared to identical
twins that have been raised together, Jon and Hon
probably
a.
have more characteristics in common than
most twins because they didn't have to prove
to anyone that they are different.
b.
are as similar as identical twins who were
raised in the same household.
c.
have fewer characteristics in common than
most twins because their environments were
different while they were growing up.
d.
have the same percentage of similarities as
non-identical siblings.
16. The main function of myelin is to
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a.
form a protective coating over nerve axons.
b.
affect the speed of nerve impulses.
c.
block the reception of acetylcholine.
d.
aid a nerve's receptivity to neurotransmitters
by increasing the number of receptor sites
available.
17. The part of the nerve cell specialized for
conducting information is the
20. The charge that exists across the nerve cell
membrane is a result of differing
a.
amounts of DNA and RNA.
b.
types of neurotransmitters on either side of
the nerve cell membrane.
c.
types of neurons inside and outside the nerve
cell membrane.
d.
concentrations of ions on either side of the
nerve cell membrane.
21. The channels that transport sodium and potassium
within the axon are called
a.
axon.
b.
cell body.
a.
DNA and RNA channels.
c.
soma.
b.
membrane channels.
d.
neurilemma.
c.
neurons channels.
d.
ion channels.
18. A nerve impulse is a/an __________ event; and
the communication between neurons is a/an
__________ event.
22. Neurons conduct an action potential
a.
chemical; electrical
a.
when sodium is pumped out of the neuron.
b.
acetylcholine; catecholamine
b.
c.
dendrite; axon
when molecular gates open to allow sodium
ions into a neuron.
d.
electrical; chemical
c.
when the electrical stimulation dips below -70
millivolts.
d.
only if surrounded by a myelin sheath.
19. An action potential actually occurs because
23. The "all-or-nothing event" refers to the fact that
a.
the interior of the nerve cell becomes positive.
a.
nerve cells are continuously active.
b.
the interior of the nerve cell becomes
negative.
b.
action potentials occur completely or not at all.
c.
c.
potassium ions enter the nerve cell.
an electrical current crosses the synapse
completely or not at all.
d.
sodium ions leave the nerve cell.
all the neurons in a particular "lobe" of the
brain fire or none of them fire.
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24. Electrically charged particles of the elements
__________ are crucial in the transmission of the
nerve impulse.
a.
iron and sodium
b.
iron and potassium
c.
sodium and nickel
d.
sodium and potassium
25. In the nervous system, electrical charges are set
up because of unequal concentrations of ions
inside and outside the cell. This state is known as
a(n)
a.
resting potential.
b.
equilibrium potential.
c.
state of potential nerve energy.
d.
action potential.
27. Arrange these action potential events in their
proper sequence:
1.
threshold voltage is reached
2.
K+ gates begin to open
3.
K+ gates close
4.
Na+ gates begin to open
5.
Na+ gates begin to close
6.
membrane repolarization begins
a.
1, 2, 4, 3, 5, 6
b.
4, 6, 3, 2, 1, 5
c.
4, 6, 2, 1, 5, 3
d.
1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 3
28. Local anesthetics
26. The term "voltage regulated" means that the
membrane
a.
voltage gated ion channels open and close
with changes in the membrane potential.
b.
potential is controlled by the Na+/K+ pumps.
c.
gates will not respond unless the voltage is
"regular."
d.
potential can only be controlled by an
oscilloscope.
a.
block the closure of voltage regulated
potassium ion channels.
b.
stimulate the opening of voltage regulated
potassium ion channels.
c.
block the opening of voltage regulated sodium
ion channels.
d.
stimulate the opening of voltage regulated
sodium ion channels.
29. Which glial cells myelinate axons in the CNS?
a.
astrocytes
b.
microglia
c.
oligodendrites
d.
Schwann cells
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30. The membrane of a resting cell leaks sodium and
potassium ions, but the ____ keeps the membrane
potential near a constant value.
a.
sodium/potassium pump.
b.
transport of calcium ions.
c.
closing potassium channels in the membrane.
d.
closing sodium channels in the membrane.
31. The Na+/K+ pump does not just compensate for
the "leakiness" of the cell membrane to these ions,
but actively helps keep the intracellular fluid more
negative than the extracellular fluid. This is
because
a.
it is involved in cotransport of Ca2+ out of the
cell.
b.
it helps trap organic anions in the cytoplasm.
c.
for every two positive K+ charges it brings into
the cell, it moves three positive Na+ charges
out of the cell.
d.
for every two anions it pumps out of the cell,
it pumps three anions in.
Axon, Nucleolus, Dendrites, Synapse,
Myelin Sheath, Nodes of Ranvier, Cell
body, Terminal Buttons,
g. Look at the diagram of developing nerve
cells. (Diagram C). Match a number to the
following names.
signaling molecule, concentration
gradient, receptors, primary
transcription factor, target DNA
sequences, activated genes, secondary
transcription factors
e. Look at the diagram of a cell (Diagram A).
Match a number to the following names.
Cytoplasm, Endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
Golgi complex, Microtubules,
Mitochondria, Nucleus, Ribosomes ,
Plasma membrane
f.
Look at the diagram of a neuron and
other cells (Diagram B). Match a number
to the following names.
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Diagram A
Diagram B
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Diagram C
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