DEBATING
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
A.
Objectives
The basics
Procedure and times
Roles (moderator, timekeeper)
Room set up
Judging Ideas
How to prepare for a debate
How to incorporate debating into the curriculum
OBJECTIVES
Debating is a brilliant way to develop sophisticated critical thinking, dazzling public speaking
skills, strong research skills, and the enjoyment of ideas and issues. There are many different
types, and most are quite straightforward and accessible for all students, and many types can
involve a whole class through various roles.
B.
THE BASICS
Resolution
Resolution = the issue to be argued over
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Every debate has a resolution.
The resolution is usually phrased with the words “Be it resolved that…” and then the issue.
For example: be it resolved that (or “BIRT”) a bath is better than a shower.
Sometimes the topics are comparative (as above) and sometimes they are a simple statement
(BIRT that the war in Afghanistan is unnecessary).
There are value debates (BIRT that evil is more interesting than goodness) and policy debates
(BIRT that uniforms should be abolished).
Sometimes the topics are serious (i.e. war and politics) and sometimes ridiculous (BIRT
Humpty Dumpty deserved everything he got).
see sample resolutions sheet
Types of Debate
• Parliamentary: this is the same format as …the parliament. Speakers give their speeches
and during these speeches, members of the opposition interrupt (politely and with permission)
to ask questions and heckle.
• Cross-Examination: this is a form where the speaker gives their points, finishes, then is
questioned by a member of the opposite team.
• Discussion: this is when each speaker makes a speech (all four, one after the other), then
debaters raise their hands (acknowledged by moderator) to raise a question, comment, or
answer.
The sides
Affirmative= the side that AGREES with the resolution
Negative = the side that DISAGREES with the resolution
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What each side must do:
o The affirmative must define all the terms of the debate and the reasons why the case
is a good one.
o The negative must simply prove the affirmative is wrong. I.e. if the debate is BIRT
orange is the best colour, then the affirmative has to give all the reasons. The
negative does not have to prove that another colour is better; they simply have to
prove that the affirmative’s arguments are flawed, and that orange is not the best
colour.
There are two speakers on each side. Thus, the first speaker on the affirmative team is called
the 1st affirmative, and so on.
Each debater has to debate both sides – often twice. That is to say that the best debaters win
regardless of which side is “right” or the side they agree with.
see sheet on brainstorming ideas for topics you don’t agree with
Constructive speech
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Constructive speech = the speech in which the debater lists all of their
main points and all evidence to support these points.
In most cross-examination debates, each debater speaks for 6 minutes (though this can be
much shorter in class debates)
Cross-examination
Cross-examination = after speaking, each debater is questioned
by a member of the opposite team
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The point of cross-examination is to ask questions which demonstrate flaws in the opponent’s
case
Points are awarded for questions and for answers
Rebuttal
Rebuttal = direct attach of the opponents comments (made during
the constructive speech)
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The best debating is all about “clash”. That is to say, it is a direct attack of specific
arguments. If one side gets up and says all the reasons they like orange, and the other side
states all the reasons they like blue – there has been no clash. Debaters need to directly attack
and respond to each other’s comments.
After a speaker has cross examined the other speaker, and before they begin their own
speech, they rebut, comments made by their opponent. This gives them a chance to show
they understand and can challenge specific points. Sometimes this is done in a specific
rebuttal but the best debaters do the rebuttal throughout.
C.
CROSS EXAMINATION STYLE: PROCEDURE AND TIMES
The short list
1 st Affirmative speech
1 st Negative cross ex
1 st Negative speech
2 nd Affirmative cross ex
nd
2 Affirmative speech
2 nd Negative cross ex
nd
2 Negative speech
1 st Affirmative cross ex
1 st Negative rebuttal and summary
1 st Affirmative rebuttal and summary
4 minutes
2 minutes
5 minutes
2 minutes
6 minutes
2 minutes
6 minutes
2 minutes
1 minute
2 minutes
The detailed list
1. 1st Affirmative constructive speech (4 minutes)
• opens by stating the resolution
• defines the resolution and any of the terms
• outlines what the major points of the Affirmative case (1 st and 2nd speakers)
• discusses each point in detail, providing evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must stand. I now stand open
for cross-examination”
2. 1st Negative cross examines 1 st Affirmative (2 minutes)
3. 1st Negative rebuttal and constructive speech (5 minutes)
• opens by stating that the resolution must not pass
• rebuts everything the 1st Affirmative has just said (both in 1st Affirmative speech and
in answers in cross-ex)
• outlines the major points of the Negative case
• discusses each point in detail, giving evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must fall. I now stand open
for cross-examination
4. 2 nd Affirmative cross-examines 1 st Negative (2 minutes)
5. 2nd Affirmative rebuttal and constructive speech (6 minutes)
• opens by stating that the resolution must pass
• rebuts everything the 1st Negative has said (both in 1st Negative constructive speech
and in answers to cross-ex)
• discusses the rest of the Affirmative points – providing evidence and examples for
each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must stand. I now stand open
for cross-examination”
6. 2nd Negative cross-examines 2 nd Affirmative (2 minutes)
7. 2nd Negative rebuttal and constructive speech (6 minutes)
• opens by stating that the resolution must not pass
• rebuts everything the 2nd Affirmative has just said (both in 2nd Affirmative speech and
in answers in cross-ex)
• outlines the major points of the Negative case
• discusses each point in detail, giving evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must fall. I now stand open
for cross-examination”
8. 1st Affirmative cross examines 2nd Negative (2 minutes)
9. 1st Negative conclusion (1 minute)
• rebuts all Affirmative points
• briefly summarizes key points in the Negative case
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, this resolution must fall.”
10. 1st Affirmative rebuttal and conclusion (2 minutes)
• rebuts all negative points (in entire debate)
• briefly summarizes key points in the Affirmative case
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, this resolution must stand.”
D.
ROLES
Moderator
Moderator = the person who introduces the speakers and gives
the instructions in a debate
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The moderator has a script that they read from.
see attached moderator’s script
Timekeeper
Timekeeper = keeps time and gives count down warnings
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The timekeeper also provides minute warnings (i.e. 1 minute remaining, 30 seconds
remaining, 5 seconds remaining, time out)
ROOM SET UP
Moderator
Affirmative
Negative
Judges & audience
F.
JUDGING
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G.
Debate is scored on 5 categories. Each category is usually out of 10 marks for a total of
50
Information
Delivery
Questions and Answers (5 points each)
Rebuttal
Organization
Final scores are similar to grades:
25 – 35 below average
35 – 40 potential to good (organized, some clash, mapping)
40 – 45
very good (persuasive, organized, challenge every point, excellent
delivery)
45 – 50 the next Prime Minister
debating can be scored formally or informally (see sheets)
HOW TO PREPARE FOR A DEBATE
Formal debate
1.
Put the resolution on the board.
2.
Start by brainstorming ideas for the affirmative side. Each student has to write down at
least one idea why the resolution is correct and then brainstorm out loud with someone
writing down the points on the board.
3.
Move to the negative side, and repeat.
4.
Go back and think of points to research.
5.
Put students into teams.
6.
Decide who will be the first/second speakers on each side.
7.
Divide the points up between the first and second speakers.
8.
Define needed terms.
9.
Give out speech format sheet.
10.
Students write speeches.
11.
Choose a moderator and timekeeper for each round.
12.
Run the debate.
Impromptu debate (to complete within one class) – Cross Examination style
1.
Put the resolution on the board.
2.
Divide students into teams of two.
3.
Decide which team(s) will be affirmative/negative.
4.
Give teams 5-10 minutes to brainstorm their points and write their speeches.
5.
Choose a timekeeper, (and moderator), everyone else will be a judge.
6.
During the time when debaters are preparing, review something like “constructive
criticism.” Make sure each judge has a sheet upon which to write a compliment for each
debater (and piece of constructive criticism if you feel up to it).
7.
Run the debate (as a cross-ex or a discussion-style – see below).
8.
Facilitate a round of compliments (and optional constructive criticism).
The Basics of Cross Examination Debate
1. 1st Affirmative constructive speech (4 minutes)
• opens by stating the resolution
• defines the resolution and any of the terms
• outlines the major points of the Affirmative case (1st and 2nd speakers)
• discusses each point in detail, providing evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must stand. I now stand open for
cross-examination”.
2. 1st Negative cross examines 1 st Affirmative (2 minutes)
3. 1st Negative rebuttal and constructive speech (5 minutes)
• begins with a rebuttal of comments made by the 1st Affirmative (1-2 minutes)
• opens constructive speech by stating that the resolution must not pass
• outlines the major points of the Negative case
• discusses each point in detail, giving evidence and examples for each point
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must fall. I now stand open for
cross-examination”.
4. 2nd Affirmative cross-examines 1 st Negative (2 minutes)
5. 2nd Affirmative rebuttal and constructive speech (6 minutes)
• begins with a rebuttal of comments made by the 1st Negative (1-2 minutes)
• opens constructive speech by stating that the resolution must pass
• discusses the rest of the Affirmative points – providing evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must stand. I now stand open for
cross-examination”
6. 2 nd Negative cross examines 2 nd Affirmative (2 minutes)
7. 2nd Negative rebuttal and constructive speech (6 minutes)
• begins with a rebuttal of comments made by the 2nd Affirmative (1-2 minutes)
• opens constructive speech by stating that the resolution must not pass
• outlines the major points of the Negative case
• discusses each point in detail, giving evidence and examples for each
• reviews and summarizes
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, the resolution must fall. I now stand open for
cross-examination”
8. 1st Affirmative cross examines 2nd Negative (2 minutes)
9. 1st Negative conclusion (1 minute)
• rebuts all Affirmative points
• briefly summarizes key points in the Negative case
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, this resolution must fall.”
10. 1 st Affirmative rebuttal and conclusion (2 minutes)
• rebuts all negative points (in entire debate)
• briefly summarizes key points in the Affirmative case
• ends by stating “therefore, M. Moderator, this resolution must stand.”
HOW TO GIVE A DEBATE SPEECH
1 ST AFFIRMATIVE
All speeches should begin with “Honourable judges, worthy opponents (& if there are
any audience members), and welcome guests.” Next the 1st Affirmative should say something
like “The resolution that stands before us today is of crucial importance because it questions the
very nature of our society” (or our education system, legal system etc. depending on the
resolution). “Before giving my constructive speech, I would first like to define the resolution.”
The terms should be defined, then the 1st Affirmative should say “The points I will be presenting
today in support of the affirmative’s deep conviction in the truth of the resolution are” (outline
points). “My partner will expand on my contentions and present the following points for your
consideration” (outline partner’s points). “I will now commence my constructive speech.”
Give two or three points and examples.
If you have time, you can conclude by summarizing what you have said. If not, say
something rousing. E.g. “Ladies and Gentlemen, we hope you believe as we do, that this
resolution MUST STAND.” Then finish with “I now stand open for cross examination.” Remain
standing, waiting to be cross examined.
1 ST NEGATIVE
After the opening welcome, the 1st Negative should say “Before commencing my
constructive speech, I would first like to rebut a few of the more obvious fallacies in my
opponent’s case.” The 1st Negative should then argue against the key points the 1st Affirmative
made in his or her speech and cross examine. After rebutting for one to two minutes (the longer
the better), the Negative should redefine the resolution if necessary – if it affects the Negative’s
arguments in a harmful way if the Affirmative’s definition is accepted. Don’t redefine just for the
sake of it. The 1st Negative then proceeds as the 1st Affirmative did.
2 ND AFFIRMATIVE AND 2 ND NEGATIVE
Welcome
Restate resolution (not mandatory)
Rebuttal
Statement of the organization of points
Points
Can restate points made in conclusion by the whole team
Cross Examination
SUMMARY SPEECHES
Sum up the key points of disagreement with the opposing team.
Sum up your team’s key points.