Biology Midterm Review
Unit 1 Keystone Objectives: A.1.1, A.1.2, B.4.1.1
1.1 – Biology explores life from the global to the microscopic level.
Put the levels of organization in order, starting with subatomic particle and ending with biosphere.
What is meant by the term “emergent properties”? Explain using 3 consecutive levels of organization that
you listed above (example: macromolecule -> organelle -> cell).
1.2 – Biology explores life in its diverse forms.
What are the 7 characteristics shared by all living things? Give a brief explanation of each.
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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Fill in the chart below explaining the three domains of life:
Name of Domain
Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic?
Description of Domain
List the taxa used to classify organisms, starting with domain and ending with species. Circle the two that
contribute to the scientific name of the organism.
1.3 – Ten themes unify the study of life.
Identify and briefly explain the 10 themes of biology.
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In the experiment below, identify the independent variable, the dependent variable, and at least three
controlled variables:
You want to test to see whether blue light helps a plant grow better than red light. You take two identical
plants and put one under blue light and one under red light and measure their growth after 6 days.
Graph the results of the experiment:
Table 1. Growth of plants
Day Blue
Red
Light Light
2
2 cm 1 cm
4
4 cm 2 cm
6
6 cm 3 cm
Unit 2 Keystone Objectives: A.2.1, A.2.2
4.1 – Life requires about 25 chemical elements.
List the top 5 most common elements in living things.
Fill in the chart below:
Formula
Number of elements
Number of atoms of each
element
He
O2
CO2
C6H12O6
H2O
4.2 – Chemical properties are based on the structure of atoms.
Label the parts of the atom.
Molecule, compound, or both?
Fill out the chart below for each subatomic particle.
Name of subatomic
particle
Location
Charge
Does it contribute to
the atom’s mass?
Fill out the chart below for each element.
Name of
element
C
H
O
N
Na
Atomic
number
Mass
number
#
protons
#
neutrons
#
electrons
# valence
electrons
electronegativity
From the chart below, which element is the most reactive? Why?
4.3 – Chemical bonds join atoms to one another.
What is the main difference between ionic and covalent bonds?
What subatomic particles are involved in chemical bonding?
4.4 – Life depends on the unique properties of water.
Draw the structure of a water molecule. Using electronegativity, explain and diagram why water is
considered polar.
List and describe water’s unique properties.
Property of water
Explanation of property
Why is this property important?
What is the difference between an acid and a base? Explain using the pH scale (numbers).
5.1 – Carbon is the main ingredient in organic molecules.
Draw the following functional groups, then add them to the carbon chain below. Make sure the carbon
atoms have the appropriate number of bonds by adding hydrogens. (Carbon chain on next page)
Functional group
Hydroxyl
Carbon chain location
3rd carbon
Carbonyl
2nd carbon
Carboxyl
5th carbon
Amino
1st carbon
C-C-C-C-C
Drawing
Describe the 3 properties of carbon that make it suitable for forming large macromolecules.
Draw and explain dehydration synthesis and what it is used for.
Draw and explain hydrolysis and what it is used for.
5.2 – Carbohydrates provide fuel and building materials.
5.3 – Lipids include fats and steroids.
5.4 – Proteins perform most functions in cells.
Label the structures below as either carbohydrate, lipid, or protein.
What is the difference between a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, and a polysaccharide?
Fill out the chart below for the 3 basic macromolecules.
Macromolecule
Name of monomer
Functions
Examples
Carbohydrate
Lipid
Protein
What are two things that can affect protein shape?
5.5 – Enzymes are proteins that speed up specific reactions in cells.
What type of macromolecule is an enzyme?
Are enzymes used up in a reaction?
What do enzymes do? Use a picture in your explanation.
Food
Unit 3 Keystone Objectives: A.1.2.1, A.1.2.2, A.3.1, A.4.1, B.2.2.2
6.1 – All organisms are made of cells.
What are the three parts of the cell theory?
Label the parts of the microscope:
Fill out the chart below:
Animal cells only
Both cells (give at least 5)
Plant cells only
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Put check marks in the boxes that describe each type of cell:
Prokaryotic
Has DNA
Has a nucleus
Has membrane-bound organelles
Has ribosomes
Animal cells are an example
Bacterial cells are an example
Plant cells are an example
Has cytoplasm
Eukaryotic
6.2– Membranes organize a cell’s activities.
The cell (plasma) membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer. Draw what that looks like, and label
the parts of the phospholipids as either hydrophilic or hydrophobic.
6.3 – Membranes regulate the traffic of molecules.
Draw pictures showing the following processes:
Diffusion
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
What does the word “equilibrium” mean?
Draw pictures showing the following solutions and use arrows showing the direction of water movement.
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Isotonic
What does endocytosis mean?
What does exocytosis mean?
6.4 – The cell builds a diversity of products.
In the picture of the cell, label the nucleus, ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic
reticulum, and Golgi apparatus.
State the function of each organelle identified above.
Organelle
Nucleus
Function
Ribosome
Rough ER
Smooth ER
Golgi apparatus
What is the relationship between the organelles listed above? Discuss how they move things through the
cell.
State the function of the organelles below.
Organelle
Lysosome
Function
Peroxisome
Vacuole
6.5 – Chloroplasts and mitochondria energize cells.
Compare and contrast the function of chloroplasts and mitochondria.
In the picture of the plant and animal cells, label the chloroplast and mitochondria. Remember, both plant
AND animal cells have mitochondria, but only plant cells have chloroplasts.
6.6 – An internal skeleton supports the cell and enables movement.
What are two important functions of the cytoskeleton?
Unit 4 Keystone Objectives: A.3.1, A.3.2.1, A.3.2.2
7.1 – Sunlight powers life.
What does autotroph mean? Give an example of an autotroph.
What does heterotroph mean? Give an example of a heterotroph.
What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
7.2 – Food stores chemical energy.
What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy? Give an example of each.
Fill out the chart below:
Name of energy form
M
R
S
C
H
E
N
Kinetic or potential?
Explanation and alternative names
7.3 – ATP provides energy for cellular work.
Draw and label the three parts of ATP, and label where energy is stored.
Fill out the chart below for the three types of work done by the cell:
Name of work type
Description and example
7.4 – Electrons “fall” from food to oxygen during cellular respiration.
7.5 – Cellular respiration converts energy in food to energy in ATP.
Label the parts of the mitochondria:
Write the formula for cellular respiration. List the three steps, where the steps take place, and where the
reactants are used and the products are made.
7.6 – Some cells can harvest energy without oxygen.
How is cellular respiration similar to and different than fermentation?
8.1 – Photosynthesis uses light energy to make food.
Label the parts of the chloroplast.
8.2 – The light reactions convert light energy to chemical energy.
8.3 – The Calvin cycle makes sugar from carbon dioxide.
Write the formula for photosynthesis. List the two steps, where the steps take place, and where the
reactants are used and the products are made.