American Pageant 16th edition Vocabulary Words and Definitions
*You are responsible for all terms in your Guided Reading Questions as well as the terms below.*
Chapter 3: “Settling the Northern Colonies”
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Calvinism—Dominant theological credo of the New England Puritans based on the teaching of John Calvin;
Calvinists believed in predestination—that only “the elect” were destined for salvation
predestination—Calvinist doctrine that God has foreordained some people to be saved and some to be damned;
though their fate was irreversible, Calvinists, particularly those who believed they were destined for salvation,
sought to lead sanctified lives in order to demonstrate to others that they were in fact members of the “elect:
conversion—Intense religious experience that confirmed an individual’s place among the “elect,” or the visible
saints;” Calvinists who experienced conversion were then expected to lead sanctified lives to demonstrate their
salvation
Puritans—English Protestant reformers who sought to purify the Church of England; after initially settling in
Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, MA in 1620
separatists—Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially
setting in Holland, a number of English separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, MA in 1620
Mayflower Compact (1620)—Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the
Mayflower; created a foundation for self-government in the colony
Massachusetts Bay Colony (founded in 1630)—Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the
largest and most influential of the New England colonies
Great English Migration (1630-1642)—Migration of seventy thousand refugees from England to the North
American colonies, primarily New England and the Caribbean; twenty thousand migrants who came to MA largely
shared a common sense of purpose—to establish a model Christian settlement in the New World
antinomianism—Belief that the elect need not obey the law of either God or man; most notably espoused in the
colonies by Anne Hutchinson
Fundamental Orders (1639)—Drafter by settlers in the Connecticut River valley, document was the first “modern
constitution” establishing a democratically controlled government; key features of the document were borrowed for
Connecticut’s colonial charter and later, its state constitution
Pequot War (1636-1638)—Series of clashes between English settlers and Pequot Indians in the Connecticut River
valley; ended in the slaughter of the Pequots by the Puritans and their Narragansett Indian allies
King Phillip’s War (1675-1676)—Series of assaults by Metacom, King Phillip, on English settlements in New
England; the attacks slowed the westward migration of New England settlers for several decades
New England Confederation (1643)—Weak union of colonies in MA and CT led by Puritans for the purposes of
defense and organization; an early attempt at self-government during the benign neglect of the English Civil War
English Civil War (1642-1651)—Armed conflict between royalists and parliamentarians, resulting in the victory of
pro-Parliament forces and the execution of Charles I
Dominion of New England (1686-1689)—Administrative union created by royal authority, incorporating all of New
England, New York, and East and West Jersey; placed under rule of Sir Edmund Andros who curbed popular
assemblies, taxed residents without their consent, and strictly enforced Navigation Laws; its collapse after the
Glorious Revolution in England demonstrated colonial opposition to strict royal control
Glorious (or Bloodless) Revolution (1688-1689)---Relatively peaceful overthrow of the unpopular Catholic
monarch, James II, who was replaced with Dutch-born William III and Marcy accepted increased parliamentary
oversight and new limits on monarchical authority
salutary neglect (1688-1763)—Unofficial policy of relaxed royal control over colonial trade and only weak
enforcement of Navigation Laws; lasted from the Glorious Revolution to the end of the French and Indian War in
1763
patroonships—Vast tracts of land along the Hudson River in New Netherlands granted to wealthy promoters in
exchange for bringing fifty settlers to the property
Quakers—Religious group known for their tolerance, emphasis on peace, and idealistic Indian policy, who settled
heavily in PA in the 17th and 18th centuries
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blue laws—Also known as sumptuary laws, they are designed to restrict personal behavior in accord with a strict
code of morality; blue laws were passed across the colonies, particularly in Puritan New England and Quaker PA
Martin Luther (1483-1546)—German friar who touched off the Protestant Reformation when he nailed a list of
grievances against the Catholic Church to the door of Wittenberg’s cathedral in 1517
John Calvin (1509-1564)—French Protestant reformer whose religious teachings formed the theological basis for
New England Puritans, Scottish Presbyterians, French Huguenots, and members of the Dutch Reformed Church;
Calvin argued that humans were inherently weak and wicked, and he believed in an all-knowing, all-powerful God
who predestined select individuals for salvation
William Bradford (1590-1657)—Erudite leader of the separatist Pilgrims ho left England for Holland and eventually
sailed on the Mayflower to establish the first English colony in MA; his account of the colony’s founding, Of
Plymouth Plantation, remains classic of American literature and an indispensable historical source
John Winthrop (1588-1649)—First governor of MA Bay Colony; able administrator and devout Puritan; helped
ensure the prosperity of the newly established colony and enforce Puritan orthodoxy, taking a hard line against
religious dissenters like Anne Hutchinson
Anne Hutchinson (ca. 1591-1643)—Antinomian religious dissenter brought to trial for heresy in MA Bay after
arguing that she need not follow wither God’s laws or man’s claiming direct revelation from God; banished from the
Puritan colony she moved to Rhode Island and later New York where she and her family were killed by Indians
Roger Williams (ca. 1603-1683)—Salem minister who advocated a complete break from the Church of England
and criticized the MA Bay Colony for unlawfully taking land from the Indians; banished for his heresies, he
established a small community in present-day Rhode Island, later acquiring a charter for the colony from England
Massasoit (ca. 1590-1661)—Wampanoag chieftain who signed a peace treaty with Plymouth Bay settlers in 1621
and helped them celebrate the first Thanksgiving
Metacom (King Philip) (ca. 1638-1676)—Wampanoag chief who led a brutal campaign against Puritan
settlements in New England between 1675 and 1676; he was eventually captured and killed and his wife and son
sold into slavery which halted England’s westward expansion for several decades
Charles II (1630-1685)—Assumed the throne with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660; sought to establish firm
control over the colonies, ending the period of relative independence on the American mainland
Sir Edmond Andros (1637-1714)—Much-loathed administrator of the Dominion of New England, which was
created in 1686 to strengthen imperial control over the New England colonies; established strict control doing away
with the town meetings and popular assemblies and taxing colonists without their consent; when word of the
Glorious Revolution in England reached the colonists they promptly dispatched Andros back to England
William III (1650-1702) and Mary II (1662-1694)—Dutch-born monarch and his English-born wife, daughter of King
James II, installed to the British throne during the Glorious Revolution of 1689; William and Mary relaxed control
over the American colonies, inaugurating a period of “salutary neglect” that lasted until the French and Indian War
Henry Hudson (ca. 1565-1611)—English explorer who ventured into New York Bay and up the Hudson River for
the Dutch in 1609 in search of a Northwest Passage across the continent
Peter Stuyvesant (ca. 1610-1672)—Director-general of Dutch New Netherland from 1645 until the colony fell to the
British in 1664
Duke of York (1633-1701)—Catholic English monarch who reigned as James II from 1685 until he was deposed
during the Glorious Revolution in 1689; when the English seized New Amsterdam from the Dutch in 1664, they
renamed it in the duke’s honor to commemorate his support for the colonial venture
William Penn (1644-1718)—Prominent Quaker activist who founded Pennsylvania as a haven for fellow Quakers in
1681; established friendly relations with neighboring Indian tribes and attracted a wide array of settlers to his colony
with promises of economic opportunity and ethnic and religious toleration