A
SHORT
ITZA MAYA
VOCABULARY
compiled by
ERIK BOOT
June 1995
(converted to PDF: July 2003)
Introduction
The following preliminary vocabulary is based on a recent study by Andrew Hofling entitled
“Itzá Maya Texts with a critical grammatical overview”, published in 1991 by Utah Press.
Itzá Maya, as Hofling points out (1991: 1), is a member of the Yucatecan branch of the
Mayan language family. It is however a dying language; when his study went to press, less
than a hundred older adults still did speak the language. Recently I was informed only a dozen
or so still did use the Itzá language on a daily base.
Throughout Hofling’s study the practical orthography proposed by the Guatemalan
Academy of Mayan Languages, adopted by the Guatemalan government, is employed. This
practical orthography is followed in this dictionary too. The phonemic inventory and the
values of the alphabet employed are indicated in the following two charts, adapted from
Hofling (1991: 7). Consonants found only in Spanish loanwords are in parentheses:
(1)
Stops
voiceless
glottalized
voiced
consonants
labial
dental
p
p’
b’
t
t’
(d)
alveolar
Liquid
Vibrants
Nasals
Semivowels
velar
k
k’
(g)
Affricates
voiceless
glottalized
Fricatives
voiceless
voiced
palatal
(f)
(v)
tz
tz’
ch
ch’
s
x
glottal
’
h
l
(r, rr)
m
w
n
(ñ)
y
(2)
vowels
front
High
i
Mid
e ee
central
ii
back
u uu
ä
o
Low
oo
a aa
The alphabetical order adapted for this dictionary is:
’ a b ch ch’ e h i k k’ l m n o p p’ r s t t’ tz tz’ u V w x y
2
Wordclass abbreviations developed for this dictionary are:
adj.
adv.
agn.
art.
int.
name
n.cl.
num.
ord.
part.
pre.
prep.
pron.
refl.pron.
rel.noun
sub.
suf.
v.
morphemic boundary marker
adjective
adverb
agentive
article
clause-initial interrogative expression
personal name
numeral classifier
absolute numeral
ordinal numeral
participle
prefix
prepositional prefix
pronoun
reflexive pronoun
relational noun
substantive (noun)
suffix
verbal root
In this dictionary each entry is followed by its translation into English and the abbreviation
HO (Hofling) plus a number, in general indicating the first occurrence (page number) of the
entry under consideration. Generally verbs are entered and translated through their basic
roots. Examples might be entered to indicate usage of the specific entry or partial conjugation
of verbal roots. No indication of transitivity or intransitivity of these verbs is included.
Subentries are entered beginning with » for examples of use, or with »» for synonyms; other
subentries might be found beginning with
. These indicate alternative spellings
(allomorphs), mostly due to specific phonological processes, of the original entry. Only
sporadically examples will be presented for these alternatives. A selection of Itzá words has
another subentry marked by #, which is followed by the Yucatec Maya equivalent. Most Itzá
words which do have these subentries have obtained a specific phonemic change (e.g. loss of
glottalization of beginning or end consonant; phonemic change of vowel). These entries are
followed by the abbreviation CO (Cordemex) and its consecutive (page) number. In a few
exceptional cases I also provide some possible reconstructions on which the present Itzá entry
might have been based. These glosses are preceded by *. Spanish loanwords are indicated
through the added (S).
This dictionary contains 656 main entries and 304 additional explanatory subentries.
Reference
Hofling, Charles A.
1991 Itzá Maya Texts, witha Grammatical Overview.
Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press. ISBN 0-87480-359-4
3
a
a-, /pron.
a-...-e’ex, /pron.
a-, /pron.
»aw-ätan
a-...-e’ex, /pron.
a-ti’a’al, /pron.
a’-, /pre.
»tulakal t-a’-b’eh-eh
»a’-b’a’ax
»a’-lah
»a’-lo’
-a’al
a’-b’a’ax, /sub.
»a-b’a’ax-tak
ah (1), /pre.
ah (2), /pre.
»ah kax
»in-wäh k’ax
»u-yäh kax
ah b’oo’, /sub.
ah chiinche, /sub.
ah ch’om, /sub.
ah kax, /sub.
»kax, /sub.
»in-wäh kax
»u-yäh kax
ah koh, /sub.
ah say, /sub.
ah ton, /agn.
»ah ton i u-ch’up-al-eh
ah tz’on, /agn.
ah waay, /agn.
ah wach, /agn.
-ah (1), /suf.
-ah (2), /suf.
ak, /sub.
#ak’, /sub.
-ak, /suf.
akan, /sub.
aktun, /sub.
ak’, /sub.
you (second person singular [ergative]
dependent pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
you (second person plural [ergative]
dependent pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
your (second person singular
possessive pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
your wife
HO 08
your (second person plural
possessive pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
your (independent possessive
pronoun)
HO 21
the, that (determiner)
HO 13
all along the road
HO 13
what
HO 45
this
HO 21
that
HO 21
HO 09
thing
HO 45
things
HO 156
masculine agentive prefix
HO 09
masculine noun classifier
HO 09
chicken
HO 09
my chicken
HO 09
his chicken
HO 09
lion-like beast
HO 186
insect, bug
HO 317
buzzard
HO 309
rooster
HO 10
chicken
HO 09
my rooster
HO 09
his rooster
HO 09
lion
HO 11
ant
HO 285
male
HO 217
the male and the female
HO 217
hunter
HO 42
sorcerer
HO 187
Mexican
HO 10
distal marker (completive aspect)
HO 28
distal patient marker
HO 30
tongue
HO 60
tongue
CO 07
irrealis suffix
HO 29
roar
HO 11
cave
HO 45
vine
HO 77
4
ak’ä’, /sub.
»chumuk ak’ä’
#ak’ab
’al, /adj.
»u-’al-il
’a’l, /v.
al (1), /sub.
al (2), /adj.
-al, /suf.
alaambreh (S), /sub.
alka’, /v.
alkä’
an, /v.
-a’an, /suf.
aseeteh (S), /sub.
asuukar (S), /sub.
aasta (S), /prep.
awat (1), /sub.
awat (2), /v.
ayin, /sub.
night
mid night
night
heavy
the weight
say
young, child
heavy
medio passive/agentless passive
participle marker
wire
chase, run
help
past participle marker
oil
sugar
till, untill
shout
roar
alligator
HO 55
HO 63
CO 07
HO 13
HO 17
HO 09
HO 73
HO 13
HO 36
HO 191
HO 123
HO 129
HO 80
HO 36
HO 184
HO 206
HO 70
HO 103
HO 124
HO 131
ä
’äk, /v.
’ätan, /sub.
-äknal, /rel.noun
»y-äknal
»»-uknal, /rel.noun
»»-et, /rel.noun
#iknal
puddle
wife
with
with him
with
with
with
HO 70
HO 08
HO 170
HO 170
HO 132
HO 165
CO 265
b
-b’-, /suf.
b’a-lah, /pref.
b’a-he-lah
b’ah, /refl.pron.
»u-b’ah-i’ih
»ki-b’ah
b’ak, /sub.
b’aak’, /sub.
»t-u-b’aak’
passive marker
now (temporal prefix)
self
itself
ourselves
bone
perimeter
around
5
HO 08
HO 24
HO 157
HO 17
HO 17
HO 116
HO 16
HO 25
HO 25
#bak’, /v.
b’al, /sub.
b’a’alche’, /sub.
b’alum, /sub.
#balam
b’aat, /sub.
b’a’te’ (1), /sub.
b’a’te’ (2), /v.
»ka’ kap-ih ti b’a’te
»tun-b’a’te
b’a’ax, /int.
»a’-b’a’ax
b’ay, /adv.
»b’ay-lo’, /adv.
b’äh, /v.
b’äk’, /sub.
»tulakal t-u-b’äk’-el
#bak’
b’eh, /sub.
b’el, /v.
b’en, /sub.
»t-in-b’en-il-eh
b’et, /v.
-b’il, /suf.
»b’om-b’il
»han-b’il
»kin-s-äb’il
»k’ax-b’il
b’ikin, /int.
b’in (1), /v.
b’in (2), /adv.
b’ix, /int.
b’oo’, /sub.
b’oh, /v.
b’oh-hutz’, /v.
b’oolsah (S), /sub.
b’om, /v.
-b’onb’o’on, /int.
b’oteeya (S), /sub.
b’ooyo, /sub.
b’ox, /adj.
b’u’ul, /sub.
b’ut’, /v.
revolve, embrace
CO 29
brother-in-law
HO 16
animal
HO 12
jaguar
HO 16
jaguar
CO 32
ax
HO 108
paddle
HO 125
paddle
HO 124
then he began to paddle
HO 124
he was paddling
HO 124
what
HO 40
what (the thing that)
HO 45
like
HO 44
like, it is thus
HO 24
insert
HO 109
meat
HO 35
all over his/her body
HO 171
meat
CO 29
road
HO 13
go
HO 302
path
HO 38
on my path
HO 155
make, do
HO 15
passive participle marker
HO 36
painted
HO 36
eaten
HO 36
killed
HO 36
tied
HO 36
when
HO 40
go
HO 08
they say
HO 24
how
HO 40
beast
HO 187
hit
HO 109
hit (a-)part (noun incorporating verb) HO 109
sack
HO 229
paint
HO 36
HO 228
how much
HO 40
bottle
HO 73
bun, roll
HO 205
black
HO 112
bean
HO 39
insert
HO 108
6
ch
cha’, /sub.
chach, /v.
chaach, /adv.
»hun chaach u-yal che’
chaak, /sub.
»ah chaak-ih-ha’-oo’-eh
»u-hum chaak-eh
chan, /adj.
chan-b’el, /adv.
cha’an, /v.
chawak, /adj.
»u-chawak-il
chäk, /v.
#chak
chämach, /sub.
che’, /sub.
chem, /sub.
chema’, /v.
chen, /adv.
chi’, /sub.
»chi’ a’-ha’-eh
»t-u-chi’ a’-noh ha’ he’-lo’ yan-eh
chich, /adj.
»chichich, /adj.
chik, /adv.
chiikleh (S), /sub.
»»cha’, /sub.
chik’in, /sub.
chil, /v.
-chichokoh, /adj.
choko
chok-wil, /sub.
chok’, /v.
chul, /v.
chuk, /v.
chu’um, /v.
chumuk, /prep.
chun (1), /sub.
chun (2), /v.
chicle
chew
handful
a handful of branches
thunder
the thunderstorms
the sound of thunder
small
slowly
watch, see
long
its length
cook
cook
elder, old man
tree
canoe
spy
only
edge
edge of the water
at the edge of that big lake there
hard
very hard
clear, visible
chicle
chicle
west
lie
hot
fever
put in, insert
drip, drain
reach, complete, take
begin
mid, middle
base, trunk
begin
HO 249
HO 117
HO 110
HO 110
HO 45
HO 203
HO 45
HO 307
HO 307
HO 44
HO 16
HO 84
HO 12
CO 77
HO 33
HO 11
HO 15
HO 65
HO 26
HO 15
HO 123
HO 131
HO 09
HO 09
HO 87
HO 17
HO 249
HO 196
HO 36
HO 63
HO 08
HO 08
HO 164
HO 109
HO 90
HO 119
HO 200
HO 22
HO 87
HO 81
ch’
ch’a’, /v.
take
7
HO 93
-ch’aach’aach’, /v.
ch’an, /v.
ch’äk, /v.
ch’eeh, /sub.
ch’e’em, /sub.
»t-a’-ch’e’em-eh
ch’i’, /v.
ch’ib’, /sub.
»u-ch’ib’-il a’-xa’an-eh
ch’iich’, /sub.
ch’iil, /v.
ch’ihch’o’, /sub.
ch’ot, /v.
ch’uch’, /adv.
ch’ul, /v.
ch’up, /sust.
»ah ton i u-ch’up-al-eh
»u-xib’-il i u-ch’up-al
ch’uy, /v.
clear
heal
cut
wedge
cave
in the cave
take
stalk
the stalk of the thatch
bird
grow
mouse
entwine
mute
soak
female, woman
the male and the female
the male and the female
hang
HO 156
HO 200
HO 240
HO 10
HO 108
HO 128
HO 129
HO 25
HO 216
HO 216
HO 39
HO 74
HO 250
HO 171
HO 217
HO 163
HO 291
HO 11
HO 217
HO 217
HO 156
e
-e’, /suf.
topic marker
-eh
-e
ek’, /adj.
ek’ hooch’e’en, /sub.
el (1), /sub.
el (2), /v.
em, /v.
-es-, /suf.
-s-et, /rel.noun
»et-meyah
-et-el, /rel.noun
»aw-et-el
»y-et-el
»ki-wet-el
»»-äknal, /rel.noun
»»-uknal, /rel.noun
’et’ok, /sub.
»t-u-yet’ok-eh
dark
darkness
edge
burn
descend
causative marker
with
co-worker
with
with you
with, and
with us
with
with
companion, friend
to his companion
8
HO 08
HO 08
HO 08
HO 67
HO 67
HO 231
HO 37
HO 117
HO 302
HO 32
HO 165
HO 154
HO 13
HO 17
HO 17
HO 17
HO 170
HO 132
HO 12
HO 12
h
ha’, /sub.
»chi’ a’-ha’-eh
»noh ha’
»tan-u-b’et-ik ha’-eh
hab’on (S), /sub.
haab’, /sub.
hach, /adv.
hah, /adj.
»-u-hah-il-e
hak’, /v.
halk’ä, /adv.
haal, /sub.
»t-u-haal a’-ha’
haal -ha’, /sub.
han, /v.
han-al, /sub.
hanil, /adv.
ha’as, /sub.
hat, /v.
hatzka’, /adv.
»sam-ih hatzka’
*hatz-kab
#hatzkab
haw (1), /v.
haw (2), /v.
hay, /adj.
he-b’ix, /adv.
he’-la’, /adv.
he’-loh, /adv.
he’-lo
heb, /v.
heb’, /v.
he(k)’, /v.
hil, /v.
hil-che’, /sub.
hob’on, /adj.
hoch’, /v.
hok’, /v.
hol, /sub.
»u-hol a’-nah-eh
»u-hol a’-aktun-eh
holo’och, /sub.
ho’leh, /adv.
hool, /sub.
»»nok’, /sub.
water, lake
at the edge of the water
big lake
that it was raining
soap
year
very
true
its truth
frighten, surprise
free
shore
on the shore of the lake
lakeshore
eat
food
clear
plantain
break
early
a while ago, in the morning
[separate-earth (metaphorical)]
early, in de morning
end, finish
disappear
sharp
just as, so
this, these
that
clear
open
open
throw
fence
hollow
harvest
leave
hole, door, entrance, mouth
the door of the house
the mouth of the cave
(corn) cob
yesterday
bag
bag
9
HO 14
HO 123
HO 15
HO 15
HO 245
HO 80
HO 10
HO 157
HO 157
HO 62
HO 299
HO 16
HO 16
HO 71
HO 09
HO 72
HO 204
HO 213
HO 37
HO 24
HO 24
CO 183
HO 71
HO 67
HO 231
HO 44
HO 15
HO 15
HO 15
HO 95
HO 16
HO 108
HO 17
HO 306
HO 38
HO 198
HO 15
HO 08
HO 16
HO 148
HO 209
HO 16
HO 103
HO 123
ho’ol, /sub.
»pol, /sub.
hom-, /pre.
ho’m, /v.
-ho’omhop’, /v.
hotz’, /v.
hu’um, /sub.
huch’, /v.
huhum, /adv.
»huhum p’eel
hun, /num.
»-a-hun-al-eh
»hun tuul winik
hum
»hum p’e k’in
hum (1), /sub.
hum (2), /v.
humb’uy, /sub.
»humb’uy chun-che’-eh
hup, /v.
hutz’, /sub.
»b’oh-hutz’
head
head
terminative aspect
finish
begin
take out, leave
book
grind
each
some
one
alone
one man
a/one day
sound
sound
height
the height of the tree
put, insert
part
hit apart
HO 50
HO 13
HO 25
HO 25
HO 194
HO 104
HO 109
HO 81
HO 34
HO 248
HO 303
HO 08
HO 164
HO 08
HO 11
HO 11
HO 44
HO 11
HO 204
HO 204
HO 33
HO 109
HO 109
i
’ich, /sub.
»a-wich
»u-yich
ich (1), /prep.
»ich-il, /prep.
ich (2), /sub.
icham, /sub.
ichki(l), /v.
ih, /rel.noun
i
ii
-i’ih, /part.
»mia, b’el in-ka’a ti wen-el-i’ih
-ik, /suf.
ik’, /sub.
ik’al, /adj.
’il, /v.
-il, /suf.
»u-nah-il
eye
your eyes
his eyes, face
inside, within
within
fruit
husband
bathe
and
there (clause-final participle
that marks locative scope)
I think maybe I’ll sleep there
proximal patient marker
wind
rich
see
possessive suffix
his house
10
HO 20
HO 147
HO 118
HO 10
HO 33
HO 42
HO 166
HO 89
HO 42
HO 12
HO 25
HO 21
HO 23
HO 08
HO 196
HO 223
HO 08
HO 08
HO 08
-ih
-i
in-, /pron.
in-, /pron.
»in-wätan
imin-ti’a’al, /pron.
it, /sub.
itz, /sub.
itz’in, /sub.
ix, /pre.
ix ch’up, /sub.
ix nok’ol, /sub.
ix k’ok’och, /sub.
ix lu’, /name
ix tabay, /name
ix tz’it, /sub.
ixi’im, /sub.
»kuxu’ ixi’im
HO 08
HO 08
I (first person singular [ergative]
dependent pronoun) (Set A)
my (first person possessive
pronoun) (Set A)
my wife
mine (independent possessive
pronoun)
rump
resin
younger brother
feminine agentive prefix
woman
worm
young corn ear
fish (certain species)
long-haired female demon
tamale
corn
tender corn
HO 08
HO 08
HO 08
HO 08
HO 21
HO 16
HO 14
HO 114
HO 11
HO 11
HO 11
HO 205
HO 222
HO 63
HO 205
HO 13
HO 206
k
k-, /pref.
ka’ (1), /sub.
»ka’ sas-ah-ih ka’-eh
»sam-ih hatzka’
-kä
#kab
ka’ (2), /num.
»ka’-b’eh
ka’ (3), /adv.
kab’, /sub.
kah, /sub.
»t-u-kah-ih
-kaal- (*-kah-al)
ka’ah, /v.
»u ka’ah
-ka’a
kak, /v.
»u-kak-t-oo’ a’-muknal-eh
kal (1), /sub.
»lele’kal
kal (2), /v.
incompletive aspect
HO 25
world
HO 103
then it dawned (lit. then cleared world) HO 103
a while ago, in the morning
HO 24
HO 61
world, town, or region
CO 277
two
HO 24
two days (ago)
HO 73
then, when (clause-initial temporal
discourse marker)
HO 24
honey
HO 266
town
HO 10
in the town of...
HO 199
HO 12
go
HO 16
he is going
HO 16
HO 71
dig
HO 174
to dig out the tomb
HO 174
neck
HO 89
headfirst
HO 89
get drunk
HO 63
11
-käl»hach kälkaal, /sub.
kamut (S), /sub.
kan (1), /sub.
kan (2), /prep.
ka’nal, /adv.
»u-ka’nal-il
kap, /v.
kaarro (S), /sub.
kax, /sub.
»ah kax, /sub.
ka’ax, /adv.
käh, /v.
käm, /num.
#kan
kän, (1), /num.
kän (2), /v.
#kan
kän (3), /adj.
»känkän, /adj.
känän, /v.
#kanan
käx(än), /v.
käy, /v.
#k’ay
keeh, /sub.
»a’-noh keeh
ke’el (1), /adj.
ke’el (2), /v.
ket, /rel.noun
»et, /rel.noun
ki-, /pron.
»ki-b’ah
»ki-wet-el
ki-...-e’ex, /pron.
-ki, suf.
ki’, /adj.
ki’mak-’ol, /sub.
kib’, /sub.
kien sa’ (S), /int.
kil, /int.
kim, /v.
-kin-kin, /suf.
koch, /adj.
very drunk
country
sweet potato
snake
with, to
high, above
the top of...
begin
car
chicken
rooster
although
live
four
four
four
learn
learn, converse
red
very red
guard
guard
seek
sing
sing
deer
the big deer
cold
chill
together
together
our (first person plural exclusive
independent pronoun) (Set A)
ourselves (reflexive)
with us (relational)
our (first person plural inclusive
independent pronoun) (Set A)
adjectival suffix
good
fiesta (lit. good-person-spirit)
wax, candle
who knows (¿quién sabe?)
when
die
causative suffix (after root u or o)
wide
12
HO 63
HO 63
HO 200
HO 308
HO 217
HO 23
HO 23
HO 292
HO 18
HO 241
HO 09
HO 10
HO 24
HO 20
HO 227
CO 291
HO 269
HO 09
CO 291
HO 09
HO 09
HO 24
CO 293
HO 50
HO 10
CO 391
HO 10
HO 48
HO 164
HO 164
HO 167
HO 165
HO 18
HO 18
HO 17
HO 18
HO 13
HO 20
HO 79
HO 245
HO 40
HO 25
HO 24
HO 32
HO 32
HO 129
koh (1), /sub.
koh (2), /sub.
ko(’)oh, /adj.
kokolche’, /v.
kol, /sub.
»u-laak’ kol
»t-a’-yax-kol-oo’
koloh-che’, /sub.
#kolom-che’
ko’lel, /sub.
komo (S), /adv.
kosiina (S), /sub.
kot, /sub.
krus (S), /sub.
kuch (1), /sub.
kuch (2), /v.
kuch (3), /adv.
kuuch, /sub.
-kuul, /n.cl.
»hun kuul nah
»hun kuul tunich
kuum, /sub.
kum
kun (1), /v.
kun (2), /v.
-kun, /suf.
kutz, /sub.
kux, /v.
kuxu’, /adj.
»»mum, /adj.
tooth
grain
expensive
trample
milpa
another milpa
to the first milpas
(house) post
“a play with sticks” (Landa)
lady
as
kitchen
fence
cross
load, cargo
load, haul, carry
before
place
numeral classifier
one house
one stone
pot
HO 50
HO 205
HO 256
HO 130
HO 10
HO 95
HO 14
HO 77
CO 334
HO 37
HO 68
HO 156
HO 306
HO 189
HO 225
HO 12
HO 307
HO 57
HO 45
HO 45
HO 176
HO 42
HO 184
remain
HO 171
conjure (?)
HO 86
causative suffix (after root a, e, or i) HO 32
turkey
HO 41
(re)live
HO 49
tender
HO 197
tender
HO 12
k’
k’a’ ol, /v.
-k’a’ool
k’ab’ (1), /sub.
k’ab’ (2), /sub.
»u-yaal u-k’ab’
k’ab’a, /sub.
k’ab’eet, /v.
k’ab’naab’, /sub.
k’ah, /v.
-k’aal (*k’ah-al)
k’ähk’aak’, /sub.
#k’ak’
k’a’am, /adj.
know
arm
hand
the fingers (of the hand)
name
need
sea
remember
fire
fire
strong
13
HO 92
HO 95
HO 105
HO 16
HO 16
HO 81
HO 79
HO 179
HO 148
HO 173
HO 153
HO 44
CO 365
HO 284
k’aan (1), /sub.
k’aan (2), /sub.
k’as (1), /sub.
k’as (2), /adv.
k’a’t, /v.
k’ax. /v.
k’aax, /sub.
»ok-ih ich k’aax-eh
»u-yum-il k’aax
k’äl (1), /v.
#k’al
k’äl (2), /adj.
k’äm, /v.
#k’am
k’ämb’äl, /sub.
k’än, /adj.
k’ekan, /sub.
k’ek’en, /sub.
k’ew-el, /v.
k’eyem, /sub.
k’i’ix, /sub.
#k’ix
k’ik’, /sub.
k’ilka’, /sub.
k’in (1), /sub.
»ok-ih k’in-eh
»ya tan-u-yok-ol k’in
k’in (2), /sub.
»a’-k’in-oo’ he’-la’-eh
»hum p’e k’in
»ka’ p’e k’in
»yax k’in
k’o’, /sub.
»ch’iil-k’o’, /v.
k’och, /v.
k’oh, /adj.
k’oxol, /sub.
k’u, /sub.
»k’u-nah
k’ub’, /v.
k’ub’en, /v.
k’uch, /sub.
k’uum, /sub.
k’uxu, /adj.
cord
hammock
weakness
bad
ask, want
tie
forest
(it) entered into the forest
the lord of the forest
enclose
enclose
drunk
receive, want
receive
pheasant
yellow
honey from black bees
pig
hide
atole
barb
spine
blood
sweat
sun
sun set (lit. sets sun)
the sun was already setting
day
these days
a/one day
two days
first day
tassel
tassel (lit. grow tassel)
arrive
sick
mosquito
god
church, god-house
deliver
recommend
thread
squash, calabash
tender
14
HO 229
HO 23
HO 89
HO 13
HO 08
HO 36
HO 17
HO 138
HO 17
HO 308
CO 368
HO 36
HO 80
HO 371
HO 115
HO 207
HO 271
HO 206
HO 120
HO 195
HO 191
CO 405
HO 90
HO 89
HO 55
HO 90
HO 55
HO 11
HO 70
HO 11
HO 47
HO 83
HO 204
HO 204
HO 27
HO 11
HO 10
HO 254
HO 254
HO 67
HO 36
HO 189
HO 203
HO 13
l
-l-, /suf.
-la, /suffix
»a’-la
a’-lah
lah, /adv.
»b’a-lah
lah-, /pref.
lak, /sub.
laak’, /sub.
»t-u-laak’ k’in-il-eh
»u-laak’
lak’in, /sub.
layti’, /pron.
ti’ih, /pron.
layti’-oo’, /pron.
ti’ih-oo’, /pron.
läk, /v.
letz’, /v.
lik’ (1), /v.
lik’ (2), /v.
»»känän
-lo’, /suf.
»a’-lo’, /adv.
»te’-lo’, /adv.
te’-loh, /adv.
lok, /v.
lox, /v.
lub’, /v.
luub’, /sub.
#lub
luch, /sub.
luk’ (1), /sub.
luk’ (2), /v.
lu’um, /sub.
positional suffix
proximal marker
this
already, completely
now
all
(clay) plate
other
(on) the next day
another, next
east
he (third person singular
independent pronoun)
they (third person plural
independent pronoun)
pull off
lick
rise
guard
guard
distal marker
that
there
boil
hit
fall
league
common league
calabash cup
mud
remove
earth
HO 21
HO 21
HO 21
HO 21
HO 37
HO 24
HO 37
HO 13
HO 42
HO 103
HO 42
HO 196
HO 19
HO 19
HO 19
HO 19
HO 121
HO 105
HO 56
HO 180
HO 24
HO 21
HO 21
HO 21
HO 21
HO 184
HO 37
HO 11
HO 114
CO 463
HO 265
HO 69
HO 120
HO 36
m
-m-, /suf.
ma’, /adv.
ma’-...-in, /adv.
ma-...-i’ih
perfective suffix
no
no
15
HO 30
HO 36
HO 24
HO 41
ma’ lo’, /adv.
»ma’lo’ u-k’in-il
ma’ ta’ax, /adj.
ma tan-, /pre.
mak, /sub.
»mix mak
»mak-oo’
maak
makan, /sub.
man, /v.
maarso (S), /sub.
maskab’, /sub.
max, /adv.
may, /sub.
»u-may-tak a’-keeh-eh
mäch, /v.
mäkäl, /sub.
män, /v.
-man-mäm»hun tuul meek’ u-chun
mehen, /adj.
mek’, /v.
meek’, /adv.
»hun tuul meek’ u-chun
men, /v.
-memmees (S), /sub.
-mesme’ex, /sub.
#me’ex
meyah (1), /sub.
meyah (2), /sub.
mia, /adv.
miismo, /sub.
mix, /adv.
»mix b’a’al
»mix tu’ux
mo’ok, /sub.
»u-mo’ok u-yaal u-k’ab
mo’nok, /adj.
*ma’nuk
mol, /v.
moliino (S), /sub.
motz, /sub.
muchiilah (S), /sub.
»»hool, /sub.
»»nok’, /sub.
good, well
a good day
never
already (durative prefix)
person
no one...
people
HO 15
HO 50
HO 118
HO 10
HO 14
HO 77
HO 76
HO 59
granary
HO 208
pass
HO 37
March
HO 79
machete
HO 39
who
HO 40
hoof
HO 12
the hooves of the deer
HO 157
grap, hold
HO 30
caladium
HO 308
buy
HO 08
HO 09
HO 08
the trunk is an armful
HO 104
small
HO 12
hug, embrace
HO 149
armful
HO 104
its trunk is an armful
HO 104
do, make
HO 33
HO 224
month
HO 46
HO 79
whiskers
HO 105
beard
HO 522
work
HO 13
work
HO 14
I think
HO 25
same
HO 46
no, neither, nor, not even
HO 41
anything
HO 41
anywhere
HO 41
knot, knuckle
HO 111
the knuckles of the fingers of the hand HO 111
small
HO 82
small (lit. not-great)
collect
HO 18
mill
HO 206
root
HO 86
bag
HO 229
bag
HO 103
bag
HO 123
16
much’, /v.
muk, /v.
muknal, /sub.
muk’, /sub.
muk’yah, /v.
muul, /sub.
mum, /adj.
mu’um
#mun, /adj.
»»kuxu’, /adj.
mutz’, /v.
mound, pile up
bury
tomb, grave
strength
control
mound
tender
tender
tender
close, shut (eyes)
HO 52
HO 17
HO 95
HO 88
HO 123
HO 285
HO 12
HO 284
CO 541
HO 197
HO 146
n
na’, /sub.
naach, /prep.
nah, /sub.
»ix lä’ nah
»noh nah
nak, /v.
nak’, /v.
nat’, /v.
na’at, /sub.
natz’, /prep.
»natz’ haal kah
näk, /v.
näk’, /sub.
»t-u-näk’ a’-witz-oo’-eh
näl, /sub.
»kuxu-näl
neh, /sub.
ni’, /sub.
»t-u-ni’ a’-witz-eh
»u-ni’ a’-che’-eh
nich’, /v.
noh, /adj.
»noh ha’, /adj.+sub.
»noh kah, /adj.+sub.
nohoch, /adj.
»a’-nohoch winik-eh
»u-nohoch-il
nohol, /sub.
nok’ (1), /sub.
nok’ (2), /sub.
»hool, /sub.
noolah, /sub.
mother
far
house
old house
town hall (lit. big house)
tire
climb, rise
pinch
idea, thought
close, near
near the edge of twon
sit
stomach, belly
at the foot of the hills
corn ear
tender corn ear
nose
tip, top
at the top of the hill
the top of the tree
bare
big
lake (lit. big water)
city (lit. big town)
great
the great man
the chief (lit. the big one)
south
clothing
bag
bag
grandmother
17
HO 42
HO 113
HO 08
HO 313
HO 23
HO 57
HO 20
HO 109
HO 39
HO 104
HO 107
HO 105
HO 71
HO 71
HO 197
HO 197
HO 105
HO 36
HO 97
HO 36
HO 50
HO 13
HO 15
HO 179
HO 12
HO 12
HO 17
HO 196
HO 224
HO 123
HO 103
HO 39
noxi’, /adj.
*noh xib
nukuch, /adj.
nuut’, /adj.
big
[lit. big-man]
big
narrow
HO 11
HO 49
HO 129
o
-oo’, /suf.
-ooh
#-ob
och, /sub.
-o’och, /num.cl.
»u-yo’och b’ooyo’
ohel, /v.
»b’ix a-wohel-e’ex
ok (1), /sub.
»u-yal u-yok
ok (2), /v.
ok (3), /v.
-okol
ok’, /v.
#uk’
ool, /sub.
»»pixan, /sub.
-’ol
#ol
orasion (S), /sub.
otoch, /sub.
otzil, /adj.
ox, /num.
oox (1), /sub.
oox (2), /v.
definitive plural marker
definitive plural marker
fox
ration (of food)
the ration of tamales
know
do you (pl.) know
foot
his/her toes
enter
steal
cry
cry
spirit, breath, mind, sense
spirit
formal heart, intention
prayer
home
poor
three
ramon tree
dry
HO 12
HO 71
CO 593
HO 21
HO 275
HO 275
HO 47
HO 47
HO 59
HO 172
HO 10
HO 15
HO 76
HO 40
CO 899
HO 70
HO 37
HO 79
CO 604
HO 190
HO 16
HO 123
HO 12
HO 38
HO 112
p
pa’, /v.
break
paa’
pach (1), /sub.
pach (2), /sub.
»u-pach a’-che’
pah, /v.
pak, /sub.
»a’-t-u-ox-pak-eh
paak, /v.
pak’, /v.
back
bark
the bark of the tree
pretend
time
at the third time
clear
await, wait
18
HO 09
HO 09
HO 57
HO 231
HO 231
HO 131
HO 161
HO 161
HO 47
HO 71
pak’-tuut, /v.
paal, /sub.
»ah xi’ paal
»mo’nok paal
»ix ch’up paal
pan, /v.
pat-, /pre.
patal, /v.
patz’, /v.
pax, /sub.
pay-chi’, /sub.
paya(l)-chi’
paay, /sub.
paayla, /sub.
päk’, /v.
päk’-b’u’ul-oo’, /sub.
pecheech, /sub.
pech’, /v.
pek, /v.
pek’, /sub.
pich, /sub.
pik’, /v.
pim, /adj.
piintoh (S), /adj.
»»we’we’el, /adj.
piix, /sub.
»u-ho’ol u-piix mak-eh
pixan, /sub.
»u-k’in a’-pixan-ooh-eh
»ool, /sub.
pok-che’, /sub.
pol, /sub.
» ho’ol, /sub.
polok, /adj.
»k-a-polok-tal
porke (S), /part.
potz’, /adj.
»po-potz’-ki, /adj.
pul (1), /v.
pul (2), /v.
puuro (S), /adj.
putz’, /v.
pwes (S), /adv.
spit (noun incorporating verb)
child
male-child
small child
girl-child
scrape, wear down
abilitive aspect
pay
massage
music
devotion, prayer
HO 135
HO 08
HO 80
HO 163
HO 80
HO 296
HO 25
HO 133
HO 90
HO 38
HO 71
HO 277
beach
HO 113
caldron
HO 244
plant
HO 43
bean planting
HO 302
spindle
HO 189
crush
HO 87
move
HO 18
dog
HO 12
certain tree
HO 114
snap
HO 88
thick
HO 229
spotted
HO 112
spotted
HO 112
knee
HO 69
a person’s kneecap
HO 69
spirit
HO 37
the day of the spirits (All Souls’ Day) HO 71
spirit
HO 70
foliage, weed
HO 57
head
HO 13
head
HO 50
thick, fat, wide
HO 13
that you get fat
HO 29
because
HO 13
slippery
HO 70
very slippery
HO 70
throw
HO 36
stick
HO 69
pure, only
HO 70
flee
HO 179
well
HO 53
p’
p’at, /v.
remain, stay
19
HO 10
p’ax, /sub.
p’ät, /v.
-p’atp’äx, /v.
-p’eel, /n.cl.
»hun p’e che’
»hun p’eel noh aktun
-p’el
-p’e
p’e’es, /v.
p’is (1), /sub.
p’is (2), /v.
p’iit, /sub.
debt
leave
owe
inanimate numeral classifier
a/one tree
one big cave
flay
measure, size
measure
bit
HO 81
HO 09
HO 09
HO 81
HO 45
HO 11
HO 45
HO 97
HO 11
HO 120
HO 104
HO 15
HO 110
r
riifle (S), sub.
»tz’on, /sub.
rifle
gun
HO 98
HO 44
s
-s-, /suf.
causative marker
-essaak (1), /sub.
#sah
#sahakil
saak (2), /adv.
»saak-en
»saak-ah-en
saantoh (S), /sub.
saap, /adv.
sam-ih, /adv.
»sam-ih hastka’
samal, /sub.
san, /adj.
»san-samal
sap’, /v.
sas (1), /adj.
sas (2), /v.
»ka’ sas-ah-ih ka’-eh
»ya akä’ u-sas-tal
sat, /v.
säk, /adj.
seeb’, /adv.
segiir (S), /v.
fear
fear
talk with fear
afraid
I am afraid
I was afraid
saint
armlength
while, a while ago
a while ago, in the morning
tomorrow
every
every day
dry
clear, bright
light, dawn
then it dawned
it was already dawning
lose
white
quick
continue
20
HO 32
HO 302
HO 187
CO 707
CO 707
HO 29
HO 29
HO 29
HO 79
HO 189
HO 24
HO 24
HO 24
HO 73
HO 73
HO 295
HO 94
HO 61
HO 103
HO 61
HO 40
HO 13
HO 37
HO 91
sekreeto (S), /sub.
semaanah (S), /sub.
se’es, /sub.
»u-se’es a’-che’oo’
si, /v.
si’ (1), /sub.
si’ (2), /v.
sikil, /sub.
si’p, /sub.
siis-pomeen, /adj.
si’is-pomeen
siit’, /sub.
sol, /v.
suku’un, /sub.
su’uk, /sub.
sum, /sub.
sup’ (1), /adj.
sup’ (2), /v.
sut, /v.
swerte (S), /sub.
charm, secret
week
(wood) chip
the chips of the branches
give
(fire) wood
donate
(certain) squash
crime
numb (composite adjective)
jump, leap
skin
older brother
grass
rope
overgrown
be overgrown
turn back, return
luck
HO 157
HO 54
HO 89
HO 89
HO 68
HO 10
HO 15
HO 317
HO 145
HO 60
HO 163
HO 98
HO 120
HO 72
HO 298
HO 13
HO 22
HO 75
HO 20
HO 99
t
t-, /pre.
-t-, /suf.
taach, /n.cl.
»ka’ taach u-k’ab’-i’ih
tak, /prep.
-tak, /suf.
»u-may-tak a’-keeh-eh
tak’, /v.
ta’k’in, /sub.
tal, /v.
»ti tal
-ta-tal (1), /suf.
-tal (2), /suf.
tam, /prep.
tan, /v.
tan-, /pre.
tan-xeel, /prep.
taan (1), /prep.
»taan-il, /ord.
»taan-ka’, /prep.
taan (2), /sub.
tat, /sub.
completive aspect
derived transitive marker
numeral classifier
two hands
up, till
plural suffix for certain
inanimate nouns
the hooves of the deer
stick, attach
money
come, arrive
... to come
positional suffix
inchoative suffix
deep
attend
it was (durative aspect)
other side
front
first
outside
half
father
21
HO 25
HO 31
HO 109
HO 109
HO 20
HO 12
HO 12
HO 92
HO 15
HO 27
HO 46
HO 170
HO 28
HO 29
HO 70
HO 74
HO 44
HO 129
HO 166
HO 167
HO 64
HO 259
HO 149
tä’-täk’-ki, adj.
täka’, /v.
täk’, /adj.
»tä’-täk’-ki
täl, /v.
tämän, /sub.
te’, /adv.
»i te’ in-chuy-kin-m-ah
tech, /pron.
tel-chaak, /sub.
ten, /pron.
te’ex, /pron.
ti, /part.
ti’ (1), /prep.
tti’ (2), /part.
tich’-k’ak’, /v.
ti’ih, /pron.
layti’
tikin, /adj.
»ah tikin che’-eh
»k-u-tikin-tal
toch, /v.
toh, /adv.
took, /v.
to’on, /pron.
to’on-e’ex, /pron.
top’ (1), /sub.
»hum p’eel u-mo’nok k’ab’ top’
-top
top’ (2), /v.
tuk, /v.
tul (1), /adv.
tul (2), /v.
tuul, /n.cl.
»hun tuul winik
»hun tuul ich
tuuh
tuu
tulakal, /sub.
tulis, /adv.
sticky
send
sticky
very sticky
beat
cotton
there (clause-initial participle
that marks locative scope)
and there I have hung them
you (second person singular
independent pronoun)
buttress
I (first person singular
independent pronoun)
you (second person plural
independent pronoun)
subordinator
to, at, on
(vowel-inicial)
distal patient marker
illuminate (noun incorporating verb)
he (third person singular
independent pronoun)
dry
the dry tree
it dries
hide (?)
still
burn
we (exclusive first person plural
independent pronoun)
we (inclusive first person plural
independent pronoun)
flower
a small hand of flowers
hatch
think
full
fill
animate numeral classifier
one man
one of the...
all
whole
22
HO 23
HO 183
HO 13
HO 13
HO 110
HO 189
HO 21
HO 23
HO 19
HO 85
HO 19
HO 19
HO 13
HO 23
HO 23
HO 11
HO 50
HO 19
HO 19
HO 13
HO 13
HO 29
HO 111
HO 218
HO 195
HO 19
HO 19
HO 170
HO 170
HO 171
HO 11
HO 69
HO 184
HO 188
HO 08
HO 08
HO 114
HO 08
HO 08
HO 13
HO 209
tu’umb’en, /adj.
»t-u-män-ah hum p’e lak tu’umb’en
(tu)men, /rel.noun
tun-, /pre.
tunich, /sub.
tup, /v.
tus, /v.
tutz’, /v.
»t-u-tutz’-ah u-chem-eh
tu’ux, /int.
»a’-tu’ux
new
he bought a new clay plate
because
it was (durative aspect)
stone
extinguish
join
put out
he put out his canoe
where
where
HO 13
HO 13
HO 41
HO 11
HO 176
HO 273
HO 209
HO 124
HO 124
HO 13
HO 162
t’
t’an, /sub.
t’äb, /v.
»t’äb-ä’ a’-k’aak’-eh
#t’ab
t’äm, /v.
t’än, /v.
-t’an
t’uch, /v.
t’u’ul, /sub.
t’ut’, /v.
thought, mind
light
light the fire
light
call
speak
squat
rabbit
follow
HO 152
HO 114
HO 114
HO 830
HO 77
HO 106
HO 163
HO 29
HO 127
HO 124
tz
tzay, /v.
tzel, /sub.
tzem, /sub.
tzikb’al (1), /sub.
tzikb’al (2), /v.
-tzil, /suf.
»a’-itz’in-tzil-eh
»a’-suku’un-tzil-eh
tzimin, /sub.
tzo’otz, /sub.
»chawak u-tzo’otz-el u-pol
follow
side
chest
story
tell
referential suffix
the younger brother
the older brother
mule, horse
hair
long is the hair of her head
HO 27
HO 109
HO 90
HO 11
HO 102
HO 120
HO 120
HO 121
HO 93
HO 16
HO 16
tz’
tz’ah, /v.
give, put
tz’atz’ak, /sub.
medicine
23
HO 10
HO 113
HO 224
tz’äk, /v.
»ti tz’äk-b’-äl
-tz’aktz’äk-yah, /v.
tz’äp, /v.
#tz’ap
tz’e, /adj.
»tz’e-tz’e-tak
tz’eek, /adv.
tz’iib, /v.
tz’ik, /v.
tz’iik, /adj.
tz’o-tz’op-ki, /adj.
tz’o’ok, /v.
»tz’o’k-a’an u-b’el-oo’
tz’on (1), /v.
tz’on (2), /sub.
»riifle (S), sub.
tz’op, /v.
tz’u’, /adj.
tz’ul, /sub.
tz’utz’, /v.
cure
... to be cured
HO 09
HO 46
HO 09
heal (lit. cure pain)
HO 187
plant
HO 108
plant, hoist
CO 878
little
HO 307
little by little
HO 307
bit
HO 86
write
HO 77
give
HO 42
fierce, brave
HO 284
very swampy
HO 13
end
HO 153
they were married (lit. ended their road) HO 166
shoot
HO 09
gun
HO 44
rifle
HO 98
sink
HO 69
soft
HO 285
patron
HO 223
ate, suck
HO 317
u
’u-, /pron.
’u-...-oo’, /pron.
’u-, /pron.
»’u-hol
u
»u-yätan
’u-...-oo’, /pron.
u-b’a’al, /sub.
u-ti’a’al, /pron.
ub’ (1), /v.
-uub’»»u’y, /v.
ub’ (2), /v.
uch, /v.
uch-ben, /adv.
uch-ih, /adv.
uk taan, /prep.
he, she, it (third person singular [ergative]
dependent pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
they (third person plural [ergative]
dependent pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
he, she, it (third person singular
possesive pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
his hole
HO 08
HO 08
his wife
HO 08
they (third person plural
possessive pronoun) (Set A)
HO 18
bullet
HO 43
his (independent possessive
pronoun)
HO 21
hear
HO 45
HO 181
hear
HO 44
feel
HO 163
happen
HO 24
old
HO 95
long ago
HO 24
(in) front
HO 66
24
-uknal, /rel.noun
»-a-wuknal-eh
»»et-el, /rel.noun
»»-äknal, /rel.noun
#iknal
uk’ (1), /sub.
uk’ (2), /v.
ul, /v.
uuleh, /sub.
utz, /adv.
» yutzil
utz’in, /v.
uy, /v.
u’y, /v.
-u’uy»»ub’, /v.
with
with you
with
with
with
drink
drink
cut, sever
nipple
good
pretty, beautiful
kiss
hear
hear
hear
HO 132
HO 132
HO 13
HO 170
CO 265
HO 115
HO 09
HO 86
HO 49
HO 93
HO 85
HO 278
HO 277
HO 44
HO 57
HO 45
v
(specific suffixes are formed through vowel harmony, as such -V indicates a dublicated root
vowel)
-V’, /suf.
subordinate patient marker
HO 09
-Vk, /suf.
irrealis (subjunctive) suffix
HO 09
-Vl, /suf.
intransitive suffix
HO 09
w
wa (1), /adv.
waa
wa (2), /rel.noun
wa’, /v.
wach’, /v.
wah, /sub.
wakax, /sub.
waak, /num.
wak’, /v.
wal, /adv.
watz’, /v.
-wätz’wa’yeh, /adv.
wäl, /v.
we’we’el, adj.
»piintoh (S), /adj.
wi’ih (1), /adv.
if (clause-initial conditional marker) HO 43
HO 241
either, or
HO 41
stand
HO 28
burst out
HO 205
tortilla
HO 208
cattle
HO 107
seven (actually six?)
HO 172
explode
HO 44
perhaps
HO 25
double (the corn over)
HO 207
HO 208
here
HO 40
stretch
HO 121
spotted
HO 112
spotted
HO 112
hungry
HO 19
25
wi’ih (2), /sub.
»in-wi’ih-il
#wi’h
winik, /sust.
»hun tuul winik
»winik-ech
»winik-ah-ech
witz, /sub.
»t-u-chun hun kuul witz
»t-u-ni’ a’-witz-eh yok’ a’-witz-eh
»t-u-chun a’-witz-eh
wok’, /adv.
»-in-wok’-ol, /rel.noun
hunger
HO 123
my hunger
HO 123
hunger
CO 922
man
HO 08
one man
HO 08
you are a man
HO 29
you were a man
HO 29
hill
HO 20
at the base of the hill
HO 140
at the top of the hill, on top of the hill HO 97
at the base of the hill
HO 147
over
HO 15
over me
HO 15
x
xan, /v.
xa’an, /sub.
xana, /sub.
xäk, /v.
xäman, /sub.
xet’, /sub.
xib’, /adv.
»u-xib’-il i u-ch’up-al
»»ah ton
xik, /v.
xileeteh (S/E), /sub.
xi’il ke’el, /v.
xi’mal (1), /sub.
xi’mal (2), /v.
»ti xi’mal
-xi’maxo’om, /sub.
xot’, /v.
xul, /sub.
xu’l, /v.
xux, /sub.
delay, linger, last
thatch
shoe
crouch
north
piece
male
the male and the female
male
go
razor
chill (noun incorporating verb)
step
walk
... to walk
pole
cut
end
end
wasp (?)
HO 152
HO 11
HO 224
HO 121
HO 196
HO 86
HO 217
HO 217
HO 217
HO 146
HO 231
HO 59
HO 58
HO 20
HO 46
HO 71
HO 86
HO 111
HO 70
HO 88
HO 209
y
ya (S), /pre.
ya’, /sub.
yaab’, /adv.
yah (1), /sub.
yah (2), /adv.
already (durative prefix)
zapote tree
much, a lot of
pain
very bad
26
HO 10
HO 226
HO 10
HO 187
HO 17
yalam, /adv.
yaam, /sub.
yan, /copula
»yan-eh
yan-, /pre.
yax, /ord.
»a’-yax ha’-oo’
yax-k’in, /sub.
ya’ax nik, /sub.
yäh, /adj.
»u-yäh-tal
yet-el, /rel.noun
ye’ye’-lox, /v.
yok’, /prep.
»yok’ a’-witz-eh
yuul, /n.cl.
»hun yuul-i’ih
yum, /sub.
»u-yum-il a’-kab’
»u-yum-il k’aax
»u-yum-il witz
yun
yuntun, /sub.
below, underneath
HO 86
clearing
HO 45
there is
HO 38
...there
HO 131
obligative aspect
HO 25
first
HO 14
the first rains
HO 203
summer
HO 290
green flower (name of tree)
(not as such interpreted by Hofling) HO 268
ripe
HO 205
the ripening
HO 206
with
HO 41
threaten to hit (composite verb)
HO 129
over
HO 17
on top of the hill (lit. over the hill) HO 97
piece
HO 15
a piece of it
HO 15
lord
HO 17
bee (lit. the lord of the honey)HO 268
the lord of the forest
HO 17
the lord of the hills
HO 60
HO 133
sling
HO 241
end file
itza_based-on_hofling1991.pdf
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