AP Psychology Review: Important People #2
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Abraham Maslow
1. : humanistic psychologist who developed a
theory of motivation that emphasized psychological growth
Amos Tversky
2. : availability and representative heuristics
B F Skinner
3. : behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning;
behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history;
worked with pigeons
Benjamin Whorf
4. : language; his hypothesis is that language
determines the way we think, "linguistic determinism"
Beverly Inez Prosser
5. : first African-American female to receive a
Ph.D in psychology
Edward Bradford Titchener
6. : Structuralism; "thoughts and
feelings can be reduced to sensations and images"
Edward Chace Tolman
7. : behaviorist, demonstrated that rats that
had explored a maze that contained food while they were not
hungry were able to run it correctly on the first trial when they
entered it having now been made hungry
Edward Lee Sapir
8. : With Whorf, developed "linguistic
determinism" hypothesis
Edward Lee Thorndike
9. : Learning occurs gradually, positive
consequence strengthen, negative do not weaken
Elizabeth Loftus
10. : cognition and memory; studied repressed
memories and false memories; showed how easily memories
could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as
leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness
testimony
Francis Cecil Sumner
11. : First African American to receive a Ph.D
in psychology
George Sperling
12. : first studied sensory memory using iconic
memory, found that you can read visual info from sensory
memories
Herbert Simon
13. : advanced study of problem solving
Ivan Pavlov
14. : a Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the
first research into learned behavior (conditioning) who
discovered classical conditioning
Jean Piaget
15. : Swiss psychologist who pioneered the study of
cognitive development in children; fourstage theory of cognitive
development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete
operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two
basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growthassimilation and accomodation
John Watson
16. : behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of
people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little
Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat
Julian Rotter
17. : Developed terms: internal/external locus of control
Konrad Lorenz
18. : researcher who focused on critical attachment
periods in baby birds, a concept he called imprinting
Lev Vygotsky
19. : child development; investigated how culture &
interpersonal communication guide development; zone of
proximal development; play research
Lewis Terman
20. : revised Binet's IQ test and established norms for
American children; tested group of young geniuses and followed
in a longitudinal study that lasted beyond his own lifetime to
show that high IQ does not necessarily lead to wonderful things
in life
Margaret Floy Washburn
21. : American psychologist who studied
animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology
Martin Seligman
22. : researcher known for work on learned
helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive
psychology
Max Wertheimer
23. : a gestalt psychologist who argued against
dividing human thought and behavior into discrete structures,
Gestalt: the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
Philip Zimbardo
24. : social psychology; proved peoples behavior
depends to a large extent on the roles they are asked to play
Richard Solomon
25. : Opponent-process theory-the brain is
structured in such a way that pleasurable emotions such as drug
induced euphoria inevitably lead to opponent process-negative
aftereffects- that leave the person feeling worse than usual
Richard Walk
26. : Created the visual cliff experiment with Eleanor
Gibson
Robert Rescorla
27. : American psychologist who experimentally
demonstrated the involvement of cognitive processes in classical
conditioning
Robert Rosenthal
28. : social psychology; focus on nonverbal
communication, self-fulfilling prophecies; Studies: Pygmalion
Effect-effect of teacher's expectations on students
Robert Sternberg
29. : intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of
Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative)
Robert Zajonc
30. : motivation; believes that we invent explanations to
label feelings
Roger Sperry
31. : studied split brain patients; showed that left/right
hemispheres have different functions
Stanley Milgram
32. : obedience to authority; had participants
administer what they believed were dangerous electrical shocks
to other participants; wanted to see if Germans were an
aberration or if all people were capable of committing evil actions
Stanley Schachter
33. : emotion; stated that in order to experience
emotions, a person must be physically aroused and know the
emotion before you experience it
Wilhelm Wundt
34. : german physiologist who founded psychology as
a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in
1879
William Stern
35. : derived the intelligence quotient (IQ) from tests
like the Stanford-Binet test