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Evolutionary developmental biology of primates HS 11 historical concepts and some terminology: • homology versus homoplasy • preformationism versus epigenetics • Haeckel’s “Biogenetisches Grundgesetz” versus “von Baer rule” • germ plasm theory (Keimplasmatheorie) versus Pangenesis • Spemann/Mangold and developmental mechanics • Dobzhansky/Mayr and the “Modern Synthesis” versus Waddington’s “epigenetic landscapes” • structuralism versus adaptationism • Raup’s “morphospace” tooth evo‐devo: • trends in vertebrate dental evolution – tritubercular theory • trends in mammalian dental evolution – tribospheny • trends in primate dental evolution – loss of teeth / loss of cusps • tooth and limb development: similarities/differences • genetic and morphogenetic principles of tooth development: o patterning cascade, reiterative signalling o functions of epithelial, mesenchymal, enamel knot cells o gene network; activator‐inhibitor mechanism o pattern formation: reaction‐diffusion modell (RD) o morphodynamic model: RD+morphogenesis skull evo‐devo: • organization of the skull: desmo‐/chondrocranium; neuro/splanchnocranium • gill arch theory (Kiefer‐Kiemenbogen‐Theorie; Reichert’s theory) • gill arches and evolutionary skeletal descendants in the human skull • network models versus modular models • brain size versus facial size • evo‐devo and congenital malformations of the skull phylogeny and ontogeny: • basic concepts: o phylogeny, ontogeny o growth, development o form, size, shape (Form, Grösse, Gestalt) • heterochrony o paedomorphosis / peramorphosis • heterotopy • allometry 2/2
Neanderthal evo‐devo: • Neanderthal versus modern human skull features • evo‐devo of Neanderthal/modern human skull differences o heterochronic and allometric effects o depository and resorptive fields life history evolution: • basics o most important LH stages and transitions o LH stage transition/timing as an optimization problem o fast versus slow LH o precociality versus altriciality (Nestflüchter vs. Nesthocker) o LH and r/K selection o LH and body size o LH and brain size • LH of humans and chimpanzees (and other great apes) o duration of LH stages, timing of transition o postreproductive stage o somatic growth, growth spurt o patterns of brain growth reconstruction of fossil life histories: • LH variables (LHV) and LH‐related variables (LHRV) • correlations between LHV and LHRV in living species • dental eruption sequences and LHV • LHRV: human specialities • dental structure and dental growth patterns o daily incremental structures and Retzius lines/perikymata • potential and limitations for life history inferences in Neanderthals o patterns of dental development o brain size and brain growth • “obstetric dilemma” • brain and somatic growth of Homo erectus (compared to chimps and modern humans)