BONDING
WSWS1 3
BONDING
2
11
1
For
Examiner’s
Use
(a) Give the full electron configuration of the following.
(i) Mg ............................................................................................................................
(ii) Mg2+ .........................................................................................................................
(iii) O ..............................................................................................................................
(iv) O2– ...........................................................................................................................
[2]
(b)
(i) Describe, with the aid of a diagram, the lattice structure of magnesium oxide.
(ii) Use your diagram to interpret and explain two physical properties of magnesium
oxide.
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..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(iii) State two large scale uses of magnesium oxide.
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[5]
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1
2
2
21
(a) Salt, sodium chloride, forms transparent colourless crystals. Describe the bonding in
sodium chloride crystals, give the formula of each particle and sketch part of the crystal
structure.
For
Examiner’s
Use
[3]
(b) Explain why crystals of sodium chloride3do not conduct electricity, but molten sodium
chloride does.
(iii) Suggest why using hydrazine as a rocket fuel could be regarded as being
‘environmentally friendly’.
..........................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
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......................................................................................................................................[2]
[4]
(c) (i) With the aid of a diagram of the cell, outline the manufacture of chlorine from brine
(c) The bonding
in sodium
hydrazine
is similar to that in ammonia.
(aqueous
chloride).
(i)
Showing outer-shell electrons only, draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of an ammonia
molecule.
(ii)
Draw a diagram to show the three-dimensional shape of an ammonia molecule.
(ii) Write the electrode equations, including state symbols.
(iii) Draw a diagram to show the shape of a hydrazine molecule.
anodeclearly
........................................................................................................................
Show
which atom is joined to which and show clearly the value of one bond
angle.
cathode .....................................................................................................................
9701/02/O/N/03
[4]
(d) Deduce the oxidation state of nitrogen in hydrazine.
Bilal Hameed
..........................................
2
[1]
[Total: 12]
Bilal Hameed
For
Examiner’s
Use
Examiner’s
Use
......................................................................................................................................[1]
oxide
Na O
MgO
Al O
SiO
P O
SO
2
2
3
2
3253
2503
4
10
3
33(b) Drawing diagrams where appropriate, suggest in terms of structure and bonding,
melting point / K
1193
3125
2345
1883
853
290
explanations for the following.
boiling point / K
(i)
1548
3873
–
318
the high melting point and boiling point of Al2O3
(a) Write an equation for the reaction of aluminium with oxygen to form aluminium oxide.
......................................................................................................................................[1]
(b) Drawing diagrams where appropriate, suggest in terms of structure and bonding,
explanations for the following.
(i)
(ii)
the low boiling point of SO3
(ii)
(iii)
the high melting point and boiling point of Al2O3
the low boiling point of SO3
the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of P4O10
(iii)
the melting point of SiO2 is much higher than that of P4O10
[7]
© UCLES 2004
9701/02/O/N/04
[7]
© UCLES 2004
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
9701/02/O/N/04
3
2 2
For
torches’for
forcutting
cuttingand
and
welding
metals.
In the
torch,
ethyne
is burned
in oxygen
to produce
a Examiner’s
torches’
welding
metals.
In the
torch,
ethyne
is burned
in oxygen
to produce
a Examiner’s
Use
flame
with
a
temperature
of
3400
K.
Use
flame with a temperature of 3400 K.
4
(a) Ethyne
Ethyneisisa alinear
linear
molecule
with
a triple
bond,
C!C,
between
the carbon
two carbon
atoms.
44(a)
molecule
with
a triple
bond,
C!C,
between
the two
atoms.
Drawaa‘dot-and-cross’
‘dot-and-cross’
diagram
of an
ethyne
molecule.
Draw
diagram
of an
ethyne
molecule.
4
[1]
4
[1]
used
foriodine
cutting
orboth
welding,
ethyne
ishave
transported
inphysical
cylinders
which
contain
the the
55(b)
(b)
When
used
cutting
or
welding,
ethyne
ishave
transported
inphysical
cylinders
which
contain
22 When
Copper
and
are
solids
which
different
and
chemical
properties.
For
Copper
andfor
iodine
are
both
solids
which
different
and
chemical
properties.
3 and
For
gas
under
pressure.
A
typical
cylinder
has
a
volume
of
76
dm
contains
ethyne
gas
3
Each
element
has
thethe
face-centred
crystal
structure
which
isand
shown
below.below.
gas
under
pressure.
Asame
typical
cylinder has
acrystal
volume
of 76
dm
contains
ethyne gas Examiner’sExaminer’s
Each
element
has
same
face-centred
structure
which
is
shown
atat1515
kPa
pressure
at
a
temperature
of
25
°C.
Use
1515 kPa pressure at a temperature of 25 °C.
Use
Use the general gas equation, pV = nRT, to calculate the amount, in moles, of ethyne in
Use the general gas equation, pV = nRT, to calculate the amount, in moles, of ethyne in
this cylinder.
this cylinder.
[2]
[2]
(c) In some countries, ethyne is manufactured from calcium carbide, CaC2, which is
heating quicklime
coke together atfrom
2300calcium
K.
(c) produced
In somebycountries,
ethyne and
is manufactured
carbide, CaC2, which is
produced by heating quicklime and coke together at 2300 K.
CaC2be+ atoms,
CO molecules, anions or cations. In the
The particles present inCaO
such+a3C
crystal may
CaO
+
3C
CaC
CO
.
diagram
above, present
the particles
present
are represented
by
The particles
in such
a crystal
may 2be+ atoms,
molecules,
anions or cations. In the
When water is added to the CaC2, calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, and ethyne, C2H2, are
.
diagram above, the particles present are represented by
produced.
(a) Which
of particles
are
present
in the hydroxide,
iodine crystal?
Give their
When
watertype
is added
to the
CaC
, calcium
Ca(OH)
, andformula.
ethyne, C H , are
2
2
2 2
produced.
Which type
of particles
are present
in the iodine
crystal?
theircarbide.
formula.
(i)(a)Construct
a balanced
equation
for the formation
of ethyne
fromGive
calcium
particle ....................................
(i)
Construct a balanced equation for the formation of ethyne from calcium carbide.
particle ....................................
..................................................................................................................................
formula ....................................
[2]
..................................................................................................................................
formula
....................................
[2]
(ii)
thisseparate
equation
and yourofanswer
(b)are
to calculate
CaC2 which
(b) Use
When
samples
copperto
orpart
iodine
heated tothe
50 mass
°C, theofcopper
remains as
will
react
with
an
excess
of
water
to
produce
enough
ethyne
to
fill
100
cylinders
of
a solid while the iodine turns into a vapour.
(ii)
Use
thisseparate
equationsamples
and yourofanswer
(b)are
to calculate
CaC2 which
gas.
(b)the
When
copperto
orpart
iodine
heated tothe
50 mass
°C, theofcopper
remains as
will
reactwhile
with an excess
of water
to
produce enough ethyne to fill 100 cylinders of
iodine
turns
intopresent
a vapour.
(i)a solid
Explain, inthe
terms
of the
forces
in the solid structure, why copper remains a
the gas.
solid at 50 °C.
(i)
Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why copper remains a
solid at 50 °C.
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..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
(ii)
[3]
Explain,
in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why iodine turns into a
..................................................................................................................................
vapour when heated to 50°C.
Explain, in terms of the forces present in the solid structure, why iodine turns into a
vapour when heated to 50°C.
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© UCLES 2006
© UCLES 2006
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9701/02/M/J/06
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[4]
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[4]
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
4
4
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
61
Ethene, C2H4, and hydrazine, N2H4, are hydrides of elements which are adjacent in the
Periodic Table. Data about ethene and hydrazine are given in the table below.
C2H4
N2H4
melting
point/°C
–169
+2
boiling
point/°C
–104
+114
solubility in
water
insoluble
high
solubility in
ethanol
high
high
For
Examiner’s
Use
(a) Ethene and hydrazine have a similar arrangement of atoms but differently shaped
molecules.
(i)
What is the H-C-H bond angle in ethene?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram for hydrazine.
(iii)
What is the H-N-H bond angle in hydrazine?
..................................................................................................................................
[4]
(b) The melting and boiling points of hydrazine are much higher than those of ethene.
Suggest reasons for these differences in terms of the intermolecular forces each
compound possesses.
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......................................................................................................................................[3]
3
(c) Explain, with the aid of a diagram showing lone pairs of electrons and dipoles, why
hydrazine is very soluble in ethanol.
© UCLES 2007
9701/02/M/J/07
[3]
Ethene and hydrazine each react with HC!.
Bilal Hameed
(d) When ethene is reacted with HC!, C2H5C! is the only product.
Bilal Hameed (i)
5
Using structural formulae, give an equation for the reaction between ethene and
HC!.
For
Examiner’s
Use
For
Examiner’s
Use
2
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
77 1
This question is about the bonding of covalent compounds.
(a) On the axes below, sketch the shapes of a 1s, a 2s, and a 2px orbital.
z
z
y
z
y
x
y
x
1s
x
2s
2px
[3]
(b) Covalent bonding occurs when two atoms share a pair of electrons. Covalent bonding
may also be described in terms of orbital overlap with the formation of σ bonds.
(i)
How are the two atoms in a covalent bond held together? In your answer, state which
particles are attracted to one another and the nature of the force of attraction.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Draw sketches to show orbital overlap that produces the σ bonding in the H2 and
HC! molecules.
H2
HC!
[4]
(c) The bond in the HC! molecule is said to be ‘polar’.
(i)
What is meant by the term bond polarity?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Explain why the HC! molecule is polar.
..................................................................................................................................
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[2]
© UCLES 2007
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
9701/02/O/N/07
6
Examiner’s
2
2
Use
The bonding
in ethene
may beofdescribed
as 3
a mixture
and π bonding.
This (d)
question
concerns
the chlorides
the elements
sodium oftoσphosphorus
of the third
4
period of the Periodic Table.
Each
carbon
atom
in ethene
forms
three
σ bonds
shown below.
(d)
The
bonding
in ethene
may
be
as a as
mixture
and π bonding.
The
points
of these
chlorides
are
given
Thismelting
question
concerns
the
chlorides
ofdescribed
thebelow.
elements
sodium oftoσphosphorus
of the third
Use
For
For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Use
period of the Periodic Table.
Each
carbon
atom chlorides
in etheneare
forms
three
σ bonds as shown below.
The melting
points
of these
given
below.
compound
sodium
chloride
sodium
1081
chloride
melting
compound
point/K
magnesium aluminium
silicon
H
H
chloride
chloride
tetrachloride
C
C
phosphorus(!)
chloride
magnesium aluminium
silicon
H
987
451*
203 H
chloride
chloride
tetrachloride
H
H
C
C
melting
phosphorus(!)
435chloride
1081
987
451*
203
435
*sublimes
H
H
point/K at 451 K
On the diagram, sketch the π bond that is also present in ethene.
[1]
(a) Give the equation, with state symbols, for the reaction of phosphorus with chlorine to
*sublimes
at 451hydrogen
K
form
phosphorus(!)
chloride,
PC!5.each burn exothermically in an excess of air.
(e) Carbon,
and ethene
On the diagram, sketch the π bond that is also present in ethene.
[1]
o of phosphorus –1
(a) ......................................................................................................................................[2]
Give the C(s)
equation,
with →
state
for the reaction
with chlorine to
+ O2(g)
COsymbols,
(g)
∆H
=
–393.7
kJ
mol
c
2
form
phosphorus(!)
chloride,
PC!5.each burn exothermically in an excess of air.
(e) Carbon,
hydrogen
and ethene
88 (b) Suggest,
of the
structure and bonding, explanations
the following.
H2in
(g)terms
+ ½O
∆H oc =for–285.9
kJ mol–1
2(g) → H2O(l)
o
You
should draw
diagrams
where
you
think
they
will
help
your
answer.
......................................................................................................................................[2]
C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
∆H c = –393.7 kJ mol–1
C H (g) + 3O (g) → 2CO (g) + 2H O(l)
∆H o = –1411.0 kJ mol–1
c
2 4
2
2
2
8 (b) (i)
the high
melting
of→
sodium
chloride
Suggest,
ofpoint
the
and
bonding, explanations
the following.
H in
(g)terms
+ ½O
(g) structure
H O(l)
∆H o =for–285.9
kJ mol–1
2
2
c
2
o
the draw
data to
calculatewhere
the standard
enthalpy
change
of formation,
You Use
should
diagrams
you think
they will
help your
answer.∆H f , in kJ mol–1,
o
ofC
ethene
at 298 K.
∆H c = –1411.0 kJ mol–1
2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(i) the high melting point of sodium chloride
2C(s) + 2H2(g) → C2H4(g)
Use the data to
calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆H of , in kJ mol–1,
of ethene at 298 K.
2C(s) + 2H2(g)
(ii)
→ C2H4(g)
the low melting point of silicon tetrachloride
(ii)
the low melting point of silicon tetrachloride
∆H of = ................................. kJ mol–1
[3]
[Total: 13]
∆H of
= ................................. kJ mol–1
[3]
[Total: 13]
[4]
[4]
© UCLES
© UCLES
2007 2007
9701/02/O/N/07
9701/02/O/N/07
Bilal Hameed
© UCLES
© UCLES
2007 2007
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
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7
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[Turn over
7
9
(iii)
At low temperatures, aluminium chloride vapour has the formula A!2C!6.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram to show the bonding in A!2C!6.
Show outer electrons only.
Represent the aluminium electrons by .
Represent the chlorine electrons by x.
[6]
103
The elements phosphorus, sulphur, and chlorine are regarded as having simple molecular
structures.
(a)
What are the molecular formulae of each of these three elements?
phosphorus ........................................
sulphur ...............................................
chlorine ..............................................
(b) (i)
[3]
Place the three elements in order of their melting points with the highest first.
highest ........................................................................................................... lowest
(ii)
Suggest an explanation for the order you have given in (i).
..................................................................................................................................
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..............................................................................................................................[3]
Bilal Hameed
(a) (i)
2
How many lone pairs of electrons
are there around the oxygen atom in
methoxymethane?
2
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
11
111
For
Examiner’s
For Use
..................................................................................................................................
The structural
formulae of water, methanol and methoxymethane, CH3OCH3, are given
Examiner’s
below.
Use
111 The structural formulae of water, methanol and methoxymethane, CH OCH , are given
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
3
3
Suggest
below. the size of the C–O–C bond angle in methoxymethane.
(ii)
O
O
O
O
O
O
..................................................................................................................................
H
H3C
CH3
H
H
H3C
[2]
H
H3C
CH3
H
H
H3C
(a) (i)
How many lone pairs of electrons are there around the oxygen atom in
(i) How many
pairs ofcompound,
electrons are such
there around
oxygen point,
atom inboiling point,
The physical(a)
properties
of alone
covalent
as its the
melting
methoxymethane?
methoxymethane?
vapour pressure, or solubility, are related to the strength of attractive forces between the
..................................................................................................................................
molecules of that
compound.
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
Suggest the size of the C–O–C bond angle in methoxymethane.
Suggest the size of the C–O–C bond angle in methoxymethane.
These relatively(ii)weak
attractive forces are called intermolecular forces. They differ in their
..................................................................................................................................
strength and include
the
following.
..................................................................................................................................
[2][2]
A
interactions
involving permanent dipoles
The physical properties of a covalent compound,
B
suchasasitsitsmelting
melting
The physical properties of a covalent compound, such
vapour
pressure,
or
solubility,
are
related
to
the
strength
of
attractive
vapour pressure, or solubility, are related to the strength of attractive
molecules
of that compound.
interactions
involving
temporary or induced dipoles
molecules
of that
compound.
point, boiling
point,
boilingpoint,
point,
forces
between
forces betweenthethe
C
These relatively weak attractive forces are called intermolecular forces. They differ in their
These relatively
weak attractive forces are called intermolecular forces. They differ in their
hydrogen
bonds
strength
and include the following.
strength and include the following.
A interactions involving permanent dipoles
(b) By
the letters
A, permanent
B, or C, state
the strongest intermolecular force present in each
A using
interactions
involving
dipoles
of the following
compounds.
B interactions involving temporary or induced dipoles
B each
interactions
involvingwrite
temporary
or induced
For
compound,
the answer
ondipoles
the dotted line.
C
C
hydrogen bonds
hydrogen bonds
ethanal (b)
CH3A,CHO
..............
By using the letters
B, or C, state the strongest
intermolecular force present in each
of
the
following
compounds.
(b) By using the letters A, B, or C, state the strongest intermolecular force present in each
For each compound,
write OH
the answer on the
dotted line.
ethanol
CH3CH
..............
of the following compounds.
2
For eachethanal
compound, write the
answer on3the dotted
line.
CH3CHO
..............
methoxymethane
CH3OCH3
..............
ethanal
CH3CHO
..............
ethanol are completely
CH3CHsoluble
(c) Methanol
and water
in..............
each other.
2OH
For
3
Examiner’s
2-methylpropane
(CH
)
CHCH
..............
[4]
ethanol methoxymethane
CH33CH
..............
CH
OCH3 3
..............
2 23OH
Use
3in each
(c) intermolecular
Methanol and waterforce
are completely
soluble
other. molecules and water molecules
(i) Which
exists between
methanol
3
For
2-methylpropane
(CH )2CHCH3 in..............
..............
[4]Examiner’s
thatmethoxymethane
makes
these twoCH
liquids
each
other?
3OCH33soluble
Use
3 methanol
Which
intermolecular
forcesoluble
existssoluble
between
Methanol(i)
and
water
are
in each
(c) (c)Methanol
and
water
arecompletely
completely
inother.
eachmolecules
other. and water molecules
For
For
that makes these two liquids soluble in each other?
Examiner’s
2-methylpropane
(CH
)
CHCH
..............
[4]
Examiner’s
3 2 completely
3
(c) Methanol and water are
soluble in each other.
..................................................................................................................................
For
Use
3 methanol molecules and water molecules
(i) Which intermolecular force exists between
Use
(i) Which
intermolecular
forcesoluble
existsinbetween
methanol molecules and waterExaminer’s
molecules
..................................................................................................................................
that makes
these
two
liquids
each
other?
Use
(i) Which intermolecular force exists between methanol molecules and water molecules
that
these
two
liquids
soluble
each
other?
Methanol
and
water
completely
soluble
ininintermolecular
each
(ii) (c)
Draw
amakes
diagram
thatare
clearly
shows
this
Yourshould
diagram should
For
that
these
liquids
soluble
each other.
other? force. force.
(ii)
Draw
amakes
diagram
thattwo
clearly
shows
thisinintermolecular
Your diagram
Examiner’s
..................................................................................................................................
show
any
lone
pairs
dipoles
present
either
molecule
youtoconsider
to
show any
loneorpairs
or dipoles
present on
on either
molecule
that youthat
consider
be
Usebe
(i)
Which intermolecular
force exists between methanol molecules and water molecules
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
important.
important.
that makes these two liquids soluble in each other?
(ii)
(ii)
Draw a diagram that clearly shows this intermolecular force. Your diagram should
a diagram
that clearly
shows
intermolecular
Yourconsider
diagram should
show (ii)
any Draw
lone pairs
or dipoles
present
onthis
either
molecule force.
that you
to be
Draw
a diagram
clearly
shows
thisonintermolecular
Your todiagram
should
show anythat
lone pairs
or dipoles
present
either molecule thatforce.
you consider
be
..................................................................................................................................
important.
show any important.
lone pairs or dipoles present on either molecule that you consider to be
(ii)
Draw a diagram that clearly shows this intermolecular force. Your diagram should
important.
show
on either molecule that you consider to be
© UCLES
2008 any lone pairs or dipoles present
9701/02/M/J/08
important.
© UCLES 2008
9701/02/M/J/08
© UCLES 2008
9701/02/M/J/08
[4]
(d) When equal volumes of ethoxyethane, C2H5OC2H5, and water are mixed, shaken, and
9
then allowed to stand, two layers are formed.
[4]
[4]
Bilal Hameed
[4]
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer.
(d)volumes
When equal
volumes
of ethoxyethane,
C2OC
H5OCH
and water are mixed,
shaken, and
2H5,, water
(d) When
equal
ofof
ethoxyethane,
C 5H
are shaken,
mixed,
shaken, and
(d) When
equal
volumes
ethoxyethane,
Care
OC
are mixed,
and
5 2H5,2and
5 and water
2H2
then
allowed
to
stand,
two
layers
formed.
Bilal Hameed
9
Bilal Hameed
9
..........................................................................................................................................
then
allowed
to
stand,
two
layers
are
formed.
then allowed to stand, two layers are formed.
[4]
[4]
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer.
Suggest
why equal
ethoxyethane
not fullyC2dissolve
water.
your
answer.
(d) When
volumes of does
ethoxyethane,
H5OC2H5,in
and
waterExplain
are mixed,
shaken,
and
..........................................................................................................................................
(d) Whenthen
equal
volumes
of
ethoxyethane,
C
H
OC
H
,
and
water
are
mixed,
shaken, and
..........................................................................................................................................
2 5
2 5
allowed
to
stand,
two
layers
are
formed.
..........................................................................................................................................
then
allowed
to
stand,
two
layers
are
formed.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
Suggest
why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain your answer.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
Suggest why ethoxyethane does not fully dissolve in water. Explain[Total:
your12]answer.
Bilal..........................................................................................................................................
Hameed
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
......................................................................................................................................[2]
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
44
44
12
122 Ketene,
12
Ketene,
CO,
His
O,a is
is
member
of
class
of unsaturated
unsaturated
aa member
aa class
of
organic
compounds
is widely
For
Ketene,
C2H
HC
member
of aa of
class
of unsaturated
unsaturated
organic
compounds
that that
is widely
22His
22O,
For
22 2Ketene,
C
a member
of
class
of
2O,
For
2in 2
For
used
pharmaceutical
research
for
the
synthesis
of
organic
compounds.
Examiner’s
used
in
pharmaceutical
research
for
the
synthesis
of
Examiner’s
used
in
pharmaceutical
research
for
the
synthesis
of
organic
compounds.
Examiner’s
used in pharmaceutical research for the synthesis of organic
Examiner’s Use
Use
Use
Use
CH2=C=O
=C=O
CH
CH2=C=O
=C=O
2
CH
2
ketene
ketene
ketene
ketene
(a)
(i) Suggest
Suggest
values
forH-C-H
the H-C-H
H-C-H
and C=C=O
C=C=O
bond
(i)
values
for
the
and
angles
in ketene.
(a) (a)
(i) Suggest
Suggest
values
for the
the
and C=C=O
C=C=O
bondbond
angles
in ketene.
(a)
(i)
values
for
H-C-H
and
bond
H-C-H
……………………………………
C=C=O
……………………………………
H-C-H
……………………………………
C=C=O
H-C-H
……………………………………
C=C=O
……………………………………
H-C-H
……………………………………
C=C=O
(ii)
By considering
considering
the structure
structure
of molecule,
the molecule,
molecule, suggest why the name ketene is
By
the
of
the
(ii) (ii)
By considering
considering
the structure
structure
of the
the
(ii)
By
the
of
molecule,
suggest why the name ketene is
used.
used.
used.
used.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
22
.............................................................................................................................
[3]
.............................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................. [3]
[3] [3]
.............................................................................................................................
Answer
all
the
questions
in
the
spaces
provided.
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
(b)
Ketene
burns
completely
intoair
air
to form
form
carbon
dioxide
and water.
water.
(b)
Ketene
burns
completely
to
carbon
dioxide
and
(b)
Ketene
burns
completely
in air
airin
form
carbon
dioxide
and water.
water.
(b)
Ketene
burns completely
in
to are
form
carbon
dioxide
and
13
13
1
The
elements
carbon
and
silicon
both
in
Group
IV
of
the
Periodic
Table.
131 The elements carbon and silicon are both in Group IV of the Periodic Table.
(i)
Write
a
balanced
equation
for
this
reaction.
Carbon
is
the
second
most
abundant
element
by
mass
in
the
human
body and
and silicon
silicon is
is the
the
(i)
a balanced
equation
forelement
this reaction.
Carbon
isWrite
the
second
most
abundant
by mass in the human body
(i) Write
Write
a balanced
balanced
equation
for this
this
reaction.
(i)
a
equation
for
reaction.
second most
most common
common element
element in
in the
the Earth’s
Earth’s crust.
crust.
second
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
Carbon
and silicon
silicon each
each form
form an
an oxide
oxide of
of general
general formula
formula XO
XO2..
Carbon
and
2
33,, measured
(ii)
Use
your
equation
to
calculate
the
volume
of
CO
,high
in33 dm
dm
measured
at room
room
At
room
temperature,
CO
is
a
gas
while
SiO
is
a
solid
with
a2,dm
high
melting
point.
(ii)
Use
your
equation
to
calculate
the
volume
of
CO
in
at
At
room
temperature,
CO
is
a
gas
while
SiO
is
a
solid
with
a
point.
2
2
(ii)
Use
your
equation
to
calculate
the
volume
of
CO
,
in
, melting
measured
at room
room
2dm
2
2
(ii) Use temperature
your equation
to
calculate
the
volume
of
CO
,
in
,
measured
at
2
2
and
pressure,
which
will
be
formed
when
3.5
g
of
ketene
are
burned
in
temperature
and
pressure,
which
willformed
be formed
g of ketene
are burned
temperature
and pressure,
pressure,
which
will be
be
whenwhen
3.5 gg3.5
of ketene
ketene
are burned
burned
in in
temperature
and
which
will
formed
when
3.5
of
are
in
an
excess
of
air.
(a)
Briefly
explain,
in
terms
of
the
chemical
bonds
and
intermolecular
forces
present
in
each
anexplain,
excess
of terms
air. of the chemical bonds and intermolecular forces present in each
(a) Briefly
in
an excess
excess
of air.
air.
an
of
compound,
why CO
CO2 is
is aa gas
gas and
and SiO
SiO2 is
is aa solid
solid at room temperature.
compound,
why
2 to
2 figures.
Give your
your answer
answer
to two
two significant
significant
figures. at room temperature.
Give
Give your
your answer
answer to
to two
two significant
significant figures.
figures.
Give
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
[3]
....................................................................................................................................
(b) Draw
Draw aa simple
simple diagram
diagram to
to show
show the
the structure
structure of
of SiO
SiO2.. Your
Your diagram
diagram should
should contain
contain at
at
(b)
2
least
two
silicon
atoms
and
show
clearly
how
many
bonds
each
atom
forms.
least two silicon atoms and show clearly volume
how many
bonds
each atom forms. dm33 [4]
of CO
CO
= .................................
volume
of
volume
of CO
CO
= .................................
.................................
dm33 dm
[4] [4]
22 = .................................
volume
of
=
dm
[4]
2
2
UCLES 2008
2008
©© UCLES
UCLES
2008
©©UCLES
2008
Bilal Hameed
Hameed
Bilal
Bilal Hameed
9701/02/O/N/08
9701/02/O/N/08
9701/02/O/N/08
9701/02/O/N/08
[2]
[2]
10
10
For
For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Use
Answer all the questions in the spaces provided.
141
14
For
Examiner’s
Use
Elements and compounds which have small molecules usually exist as gases or liquids.
(a) Chlorine, C!"2, is a gas at room temperature whereas bromine, Br 2, is a liquid under the
same conditions.
Explain these observations.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(b) The gases nitrogen, N2, and carbon monoxide, CO, are isoelectronic, that is they have
the same number of electrons in their molecules.
Suggest why N2 has a lower boiling point than CO.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
(c) A ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of a CO molecule is shown below. Only electrons from outer
shells are represented.
C
O
In the table below, there are three copies of this structure.
On the structures, draw a circle round a pair of electrons that is associated with each of
the following.
(i) a co-ordinate bond
C
O
(ii) a covalent bond
C
O
(iii) a lone pair
C
O
[3]
© UCLES 2010
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
9701/21/M/J/10
11
4
15
15
2
Copper, proton number 29, and argon, proton number 18, are elements which have different
physical and chemical properties.
In the solid state, each element has the same face-centred cubic crystal structure which is
shown below.
The particles present in such a crystal may be atoms, molecules, anions or cations. In the
diagram above, the particles present are represented by
.
(a) Which types of particle are present in the copper and argon crystals?
In each case, give their formula.
element
particle
formula
copper
argon
[2]
At room temperature, copper is a solid while argon is a gas.
(b) Explain these observations in terms of the forces present in each solid structure.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [4]
© UCLES 2010
Bilal Hameed
Bilal
Hameed
9701/22/M/J/10
12
For
Examiner’s
Use
Although copper is a relatively unreactive element, when it is heated to a high temperature in
5
an excess of chlorine, copper(!!) chloride is formed.
Although copper is a relatively unreactive element, when it is heated to a high temperature in
For
Examiner’s
Use
For
When
a mixture
of argon
and chlorine
an excess
of chlorine,
copper(!!)
chloride is
is heated
formed. to a high temperature, no reaction occurs.
Examiner’s
Use
When
of argon
and chlorine
to a high
temperature,
(c)
(i)a mixture
How does
chlorine
behaveisinheated
its reaction
with
copper? no reaction occurs.
(c) (i)
How
does chlorine behave in its reaction with copper?
..................................................................................................................................
(ii)
..................................................................................................................................
Suggest
a reason for the lack of a reaction between argon and chlorine.
(ii)
Suggest a reason for the lack of a reaction between argon and chlorine.
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
..................................................................................................................................
[2]
The melting points of the noble gases neon to xenon are given below.
The melting points of the noble gases neon to xenon are given below.
Ne
melting point /K
melting point /K
25
Ne
25
Ar
Ar
84
Kr
84
116
Kr
Xe
116
161
Xe
161
(d)
Explain why there is an increase in melting point from neon to xenon.
(d) Explain why there is an increase in melting point from neon to xenon.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................................... [2]
....................................................................................................................................
[2]
7 7
[Total: 10]
[Total: 10]
16(d) Separate samples of the oxides MgO and SiO are melted.
16
16
2
(d) Separate samples of the oxides MgO and SiO
2 are melted.
For
For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Each molten sample is then tested to see whether or not it conducts electricity.
Each molten sample is then tested to see whether or not it conducts electricity.
Use
Suggest what would be the results in each case. Explain your answers.
Suggest what would be the results in each case. Explain your answers.
MgO .................................................................................................................................
MgO .................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
SiO2 .................................................................................................................................
SiO2 .................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
[4]
..........................................................................................................................................
[4]
[Total: 12]
[Total: 12]
© UCLES 2010
© UCLES 2010
Bilal Hameed
Bilal Hameed
9701/22/M/J/10
[Turn over
[Turn over
9701/22/M/J/10
13
17
172
172
2
2
4
4
Carbon disulphide, CS2, is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture viscose
Carbon disulphide, CS , is a volatile, stinking liquid which is used to manufacture viscose
rayon and cellophane. 2
rayon and cellophane.
4
4
(a) The carbon atom is in the centre of the CS2 molecule.
(a) Theand
carbon
atom is in the
CS2 molecule.
Sulphur
its compounds
arecentre
found of
in the
volcanoes,
in organic matter and in minerals.
Sulphur and its compounds are found in volcanoes, in organic matter and in minerals.
Draw a ‘dot-and-cross’ diagram of the carbon disulphide molecule.
Draw acid,
a ‘dot-and-cross’
diagram
of thechemical,
carbon disulphide
molecule.from sulphur by the
Sulphuric
an important
industrial
is manufactured
Sulphuric acid, an important industrial chemical, is manufactured from sulphur by the
Contact
process.
There are
three consecutive reactions in the Contact process which are
Show
outer electrons
only.
Contact
process.
There are
three consecutive reactions in the Contact process which are
Show
outer
electrons
only.
essential.
essential.
(a) Write a balanced equation (using
(a) Write a balanced equation (using
in the correct sequence.
in the correct sequence.
where appropriate) for each of these reactions
where appropriate) for each of these reactions
1 .......................................................................................................................................
1 .......................................................................................................................................
[2]
[2]
2 .......................................................................................................................................
2 .......................................................................................................................................
(b) Suggest the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.
(b) 3Suggest
the shape of the molecule and give its bond angle.
.................................................................................................................................
[4]
3 ................................................................................................................................. [4]
shape .........................................................
shapecatalyst
.........................................................
(b) What
is used?
(b) What catalyst is used?
bond angle .................................................
[2]
bond angle .................................................
[2]
....................................................................................................................................
[1]
.................................................................................................................................... [1]
(c) Explain the term standard enthalpy change of formation, !H f .
(c) Explain
the termHstandard
enthalpy change
of formation,
Hydrogen
sulphide,
S, is a foul-smelling
compound
found !inHthe
gases from volcanoes.
f . gases
Hydrogen sulphide, H22S, is a foul-smelling compound found in the
from volcanoes.
Hydrogen sulphide is covalent, melting at –85 °C and boiling at –60 °C.
Hydrogen
sulphide is covalent, melting at –85 °C and boiling at –60 °C.
..........................................................................................................................................
..........................................................................................................................................
(c)
(i)
to show
show the
the structure
structure of
of the
the H
H2S
S molecule.
(c) ..........................................................................................................................................
(i) Draw
Draw aa ‘dot-and-cross’
‘dot-and-cross’ diagram
diagram to
2 molecule.
..........................................................................................................................................
....................................................................................................................................
[3]
.................................................................................................................................... [3]
(d)
of formation
formation of
of CS
CS2 from
from the
the following
following data.
data.
(d) Calculate
Calculate the
the standard
standard enthalpy
enthalpy change
change of
2
standard
of SO
SO2
standard enthalpy
enthalpy change
change of
of formation
formation of
2
–1
= –298
–298 kJ
kJ mol
mol–1
=
standard
of CO
CO2
standard enthalpy
enthalpy change
change of
of formation
formation of
2
(ii)
Predict
the
shape
of
the
H
S
molecule.
(ii) Predict the shape of the H22S molecule.
standard
of CS
CS2
standard enthalpy
enthalpy change
change of
of combustion
combustion of
2
.............................................................
.............................................................
–1
= –395
–395 kJ
kJ mol
mol–1
=
–1
= –1110
–1110 kJ
kJ mol
mol–1
=
(iii)
Group VI
VI of
of the
the Periodic
Periodic Table.
Table.
(iii) Oxygen
Oxygen and
and sulphur
sulphur are
are both
both in
in Group
Suggest
points of
of water,
water, H
H2O,
O, are
are much
much higher
higher than
than
Suggest why
why the
the melting
melting and
and boiling
boiling points
2
those
of
H
S.
those of H2 S.
2
..................................................................................................................................
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
..................................................................................................................................
[3]
..................................................................................................................................
............................................................................................................................
[4]
............................................................................................................................ [4]
©
© UCLES
UCLES 2005
2005
9701/02/O/N/05
9701/02/O/N/05
Bilal Hameed
©
Bilal
© UCLES
UCLES 2005
2005
Bilal Hameed
Hameed
9701/02/M/J/05
9701/02/M/J/05
14
14
For
For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Use
For
For
Examiner’s
Examiner’s
Use
Use