Ch.7 Anatomy of Bones and Joints
General Considerations of Bones
• 206 bones in adult
skeleton
• 270 at birth, bones fuse
over time
• Terminology
– Articulate-bones joined or
connected together
– Paired bones
• Of the same type located
on the R/L side of the
body (arm and legs)
– Unpaired bones
• Located on the midline of
the body (vertebrae)
Bone Markings
•
Surface features of bones: bulges, depressions, and holes that
serve as:
– Joint surfaces
– Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, tendons
– Passages for blood vessels and nerves
Muscle attachment
Joint surfaces
Vessel passage
Bone Markings (Surface Features)
Table 5-1
General elevations & projections:
process
ramus
Markings for articulations:
head
condyle
facet
Bone Markings (Surface Features)
Processes for attachment:
trochanter (femur only)
tuberosity
Transverse
tubercle
process
epicondyle
crest
line
spinous process (vertebrae
only)
transverse process (vertebrae
only)
Spinous
process
Bone Markings (Surface Features)
Depressions:
fossa
sulcus
Spinous
process
Transverse
process
Openings:
foramen (canal)
meatus
fissure
sinus
Bone Markings
• Two types of bone markings:
– Projections (aka processes) that grow out
from the bone
– Depressions or cavities that indent the bone
Joint Projections
• 1) Condyle: Rounded articular projection
Condyle
Joint Projections
• 2) Head: bony
expansion on a
narrow neck
• 3) Facet: smooth,
nearly flat articular
surface
Head
Condyle
Joint Projections
• 4) Ramus: Armlike bar of bone
Ligament/Tendon Projections
1) Crest: Narrow ridge
of bone (Line: smaller
than a crest)
2) Epicondyle: Raised
area on or above a
condyle
ULNA
3) Tubercle: Small
rounded projection
4) Tuberosity: large
rounded or
roughened projection
5) Trochanter: very
large, blunt projection
(only on femur)
Proximal Tibia
Ligament/Tendon Projections
6) Spine: Sharp, pointed
projection
Thoracic Vertebrae
Depressions
• Allow blood vessels or nerves to pass
through.
1) Meatus: Canal or tube
Depressions
2) Fossa: shallow basin
3) Fissure: narrow, slitlike opening
Depressions
4) Sinus: Cavity within a
bone; filled with air
and lined with
mucous membranes
5) Foramen: Round or
oval opening
Foramen Magnum
Depressions
6) Sulcus, Groove or Furrow: a shallow
depression
Spinous process
Foramen
Transverse
process
Tuberosity
Crest
Bone Markings (Surface Features)
Divisions of the Skeleton
• Axial Skeleton
–
–
–
–
–
Skull
Vertebral column
Thorax (chest)
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone
• Appendicular Skeleton
– Limbs
– Girdles (pectoral and
pelvic)
Skull
• Composed of 22 bones
– Bones are joined by sutures (fixed, non-movable joints)
– Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint
• Cranium: protects the brain
– 8 bones in contact with brain and/or meninges
• Frontal, parietal (2), occipital, temporal (2), sphenoid, ethmoid
• Facial bones protect the sensory organs and serve as
muscle attachment sites
– The 14 facial bones, no contact with brain or meninges
• Auditory ossicles that function in hearing, are located
inside the temporal bones
• Hyoid Bone
Cranial Bones
8 Cranial Bones
1 x Frontal
2 x Parietal
1 x Occipital
2 x Temporal
1 x Sphenoid
1 x Ethmoid
Frontal Bone
• Forms forehead, roof
of the cranium and
orbits of eyes
• Supraorbital foramen
• Supraorbital margin
• Coronal suture
Parietal Bone
• Roof of the cranium
• Bordered by 4 sutures
–
–
–
–
Coronal
Sagittal
Lambdoid
Squamous
Occipital Bone
• Back of the skull
• Foramen magnum
– Spinal cord, verves, and
blood vessels
• Occipital condyle
– Articulation with atlas
• External occipital
protuberance
– Attachment of ligamentum
nuchae (keeps head
erected)
• Nuchal line
– Points of attachment for
neck muscles
Temporal Bone
• Right & left; forms
temple, cheek, ear
openings
• Houses middle and
inner ear
–
–
–
–
Zygomatic process
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External Auditory
meatus
– Mandibular fossa
– Squamous suture
Temporal Bone
• Zygomatic process
• Forms bridge with zygomatic
bone across the skul
• Mandibular fossa
– Mandible articulate with skull
• Styloid process
– Attachment site for 3 muscles:
tongue, pharynx, and hyoid
bone
• External auditory meatus
– Transmits sound waves
toward eardrum
• Mastoid process
– Attachment for muscle that
move the head
Sphenoid Bone
• Bat shaped
• All skull bones
connected to it
– Sella turcica:
depression for
pituitary gland
(hypophyseal fossa)
Sphenoid Bone
Sphenoid Bone
• Greater wing
• Lesser wing
• Optic foramen
– Passage of the optic
nerve
• Foramen rotundum
and ovale
– Trigeminal nerve
Ethmoid Bone
• Anterior to shenoid
• Bony area between nasal cavity and orbits
– Crista galli
• Attachment for dura matter
– Cribriform plate with olfactory foramina
•Perpendicular plate
forms nasal septum
•Nasal conchae:
Turbunates in the lateral
wall of nasal caviy
Sutures
• Coronal Suture: between
the frontal and parietal
bones
• Sagittal Suture: between
right and left parietal
bones
• Lambdoidal Suture:
between the parietal and
occipital bones
• Squamous Suture:
between temporal and
parietal bones
Fontanels
• Fusion of the cranial bones
is not complete at birth
• Space between the bones
remains
• Anterior “soft spot” closes at
18 months
• Posterior (Occipital):
triangular, closes at 2 – 3
months
• Anteriolateral (Sphenoidal):
at 2 temples, closes at 2 – 3
months
• Posterolateral (Mastoidal): 2
behind ears, closes at 1
year
Baby Skulls
Baby Skull
Facial Bones
• 14 Facial Bones
– Nasal Bones (2)
– Inferior nasal
canchae (2)
– Lacrimal (2)
– Vomer (1)
– Zygomatic (2)
– Maxillae (2) (pl.)
• Maxilla (sing.)
– Palatine (2)
– Mandible (1)
Nasal Bones
• Small rectangular
bones
• Form bridge of the
nose
Inferior Nasal Conchae
• Thin, curved bones
attached to lateral
wall of nasal cavity
• Different from
superior and middle
conchae
Lacrimal Bones
• Form medial wall of
each eye socket
• Lacrimal groove
(canal) drains tears
into nasal cavity
Vomer
• Inferior half of the nasal cavity
• Joints with the perpendicular plate of
ethmoid to form nasal septum
Zygomatic Bones
• Forms the cheekbone
and part of lateral
orbital wall
• Zygomatic Arch =
zygomatic bone +
zygomatic process of
temporal bone
Palatine Bones
• Forms back roof of
mouth and floor of
nose
• Horizontal plates form
posterior portion of
hard palate
• Vertical portion form
the lateral wall of
nasal cavity
Maxillae
• Paired bones that
form the upper jaw
and face
– Alveolar processes
• Contain teeth
– Palatine processes
• Part of hard palate
– Infraorbital foramen
• Infraorbital nerve
– Maxillary sinuses
• Paranasal sinuses
Mandible
Mandibular
notch
• Lower jaw bone; largest
bone of face
• Only moveable
– Body - forms the chin
– Ramus- projects upward
– Mandibular condyle,
mandibular notch and
coronoid process
• Joint with temporal bone
– Mental foramen
• Mental nerve
– Mandibular foramen
• Nerve to mandibular teeth
– Alveolar margin and
process
• Contain teeth
Angle
Hyoid Bone
•
•
•
•
U-shaped bone
In neck
At base of tongue
Only bone in body that
does NOT articulate
with another bone
• Suspended from styloid
process by muscles
and ligaments
Cranial Sinuses
• 4 sets of cavities
within the cranium
• Resonance chambers
for voice
• Decrease weight of
skull
• Lined with mucous
membrane
Cranial Sinuses
• Frontal sinuses (2): above
eyebrows, open into nasal
cavity
• Ethmoid sinuses (2):
between the eyes
• Spenoidal sinus (1):
posterior to ethmoidal
sinus, opens into
nasopharynx
• Maxillary sinus (2): on
either side of the nose,
opens into the lateral wall
of the nasal cavity
Auditory Ossicles
• 3 tiny bones form a
chain in each middle
ear cavity
• Transmit sound
waves from eardrum
to the receptors of the
inner ear
Vertebral Column
• Supports trunk and
neck
• Protects spinal cord
• Multiple joint spaces
allow for bending and
twisting
• 33 vertebrae,
fibrocartilage disks
between them
Spinal Curvatures
• Allow for resilience
and spring for walking
• Thoracic: present at
birth
• Sacral: bow back
• Cervical: begins at 3
months when infant
first begins to lift head
• Lumbar: begins when
child first walks
Spinal Curvatures
Abnormal Spinal Curvatures
• Result from diseases,
posture, paralysis, or
congenital defects
• Scoliosis (lateral) from
lack of proper
development of one
vertebrae
• Kyphosis (exaggerated
thoracic curve) from
osteoporosis
• Lordosis (exaggerated
lumber curve) from weak
abdominal muscles
Scoliosis
Kyphosis
Lordosis
The woman on the right exhibits lordosis
Vertebral Sections
• Five types
– 7 cervical in the neck
– 12 thoracic in the
chest
– 5 lumbar in lower back
– 5 sacral fused into
sacrum
– 4 coccygeal fused into
coccyx
Intervertebral Disc
•
•
•
•
Outer fibrocartilage disk
Gelatinous center
Has high water content
Normal disc is so strong
that it can be damaged
only be extreme forces
• A normal, healthy disc is
one of the strongest
parts of the spine
General Structure of Vertebra
• Body
• Vertebral foramen
• Vertebral (neural)
arch
• Processes
– Spinous
– Transverse
– Articular (superior and
inferior)
Cervical Vertebrae (C1-C7)
• Smallest body, larger
foramen
• Transverse processes
with foramen
(vertebral arteries)
• Forked (bifid) spinous
process
• C7 has the longest
spinous proces
Atlas and Axis (C1 and C2)
• Atlas (C1)
– Supports the skull
– Has no body, ring shaped
– Large faced (articulation
with occipital bone)
– Allows nodding of head
“yes”
• Axis (C2)
– Dens (odontoid process)
fits in the foramen of the
atlas
– Allows rotation of head:
“no”
Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
• Larger body
• Long pointed spinous
process
• Articulate with ribs
• Coastal facets at ends of
transverse processes
• Thoracic area is stable
and less susceptible for
injuries
Lumbar Vertebrae (L1-L5)
• Large, heavy body for
support
• Short, horizontal
spinous process
• Lumbar area is the
most prone to injuries
Sacrum and Coccyx
http://www.coccyx.org/whatisit/normal.htm
Sacrum
• Triangular shape
• 5 sacral vertebrae fuse by
age of 26
• Articulate with pelvic girdle
(sacroiliac joint)
• Anterior surface
– Sacral foramina
• Posterior surface
– Superior articulate surface
– Spinal processes fused to
form median sacral crest
– Posterior sacral foramina
– Sacral canal ends as sacral
hiatus
Spina Bifida
• 3rd week of pregnancy
vertebral arches form
around the spinal cord
• Spina bifida-incomplete
closure of the spinal
column during pregnancy
– Creates an opening, or
lesion that damages the
nerves and causes
paralysis
Coccyx
• Tail bone
• Single, small,
triangular bone
• 3-5 small vertebrae
fused by age of 30
Thoracic Cavity
12 Pairs of Ribs, 12 Thoracic Vertebrae and Sternum
Function
• Protect and support
heart and lungs
• Supports bones of
pectoral girdle
• Plays leading role in
respiration
• Ribs and sternum aid
in RBC formation
Ribs
• 12 pairs
• Vertebrosternal (True
ribs #1-7) attach to
sternum with hyaline
cartilage
• Vertebrochondrial
(False ribs #8-10)
• Floating (Vertebral
#11-12)
Sternum
• Breastbone
• Resembles a sword
• 3 parts
– Manubrium -handle,
articulates with acromion
end of clavicle and 1st rib
• Jugular notch
• Clavical notch
– Body- blade, notched for 1st
7 costal cartilages
– Xiphoid process-: tip,
attachment site for
diaphragm
Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral (Shoulder)
girdle
• Pelvic girdle
• Appendages
– Upper limbs
– Lower limbs
Pectoral Girdle
• Girdle=encircles,
complete ring
– Clavicles (2): collar
bones
– Scapulas (2): shoulder
blades
• These bones allow the
upper limb to have
exceptionally free
movement
Clavicle
• Collar bone
• S-shaped
• Articulate with
– Proximally manubrium
– Distally- acromium of
scapula
• Sternal end is
rounded-acromial end
is flatten
Clavicle
Scapula
• Spine- bony ridge divides
posterior surface
• Acromial process- articulation
w/clavicle
• Coracoid proces (hook) muscle attachment
• Glenoid fossa (cavity) –
connects w/ the head of
humerus
• Axillary (lateral) border
• Inferior and superior angle
• Vertebral border
• Superior border
Superior
angle
Superior border
Upper Limb
• 30 bones per limb
• Humerus (arm,brahium)
• Forearm (antebrachium)
– Radius-thumb side
– Ulna-little finger side
• Carpus=wrist (8)
• Hand (manus) (19)
– Metacarpals (palm) (5)
– Phalanges in the
fingers(14)
Humerus
• Head –articulate w/ scapula
• Greater, lesser tubercle, and
deltoid tuberosity -muscle
attachments
• Intertubercular groove-holds
biseps
• Capitulum-articulates w/ radius
• Trochlea-articulate w/ ulna
• Anatomical and surgical neck
• Lateral and medial epicondyle attachment for forearm muscles
• Olecranon fossa -depression
where ulna fits with humerus to
form hinged joint
Surgical neck
Arm and Forearm
Tennis Elbow
• Inflammation of
tissues surrounding
the lateral epicondyle
of humerus
(epycondylitis)
• 6 muscles that control
movement of the
hand attach in this
region and repeated
contractions irritate
the attachments
Radius
• Radius (rotates
around the ulna)
– Head- articulate
w/capitulum
– Redial tuberosity attachment for the
biseps
– Styloid process attachment for
ligaments of the wrist
Ulna
• Olecranon process
– fits into olecranon fossa of
humerus
• Radial notch– Head of the radius fits
• Head and styloid process
– at distal end
– ligament attachments
• Interosseous membrane
– Ligament attaches radius
to ulna along the crest
The Wrist and Hand
• Carpals -wrist
– Two rows of 8 bones
• Matacarpals -palm
• Phalanges -fingers
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
• Bone and ligaments form
carpal tunnel on the
anterior site of the wrist
• Median nerve gets
compressed as result of
inflammation associated
with overuse or trauma
• Pressure on the nerve
causes burning and
numbness of the hand
Pelvic Girdle
• Coxal (Hip) bones
– Ilium
– Ischium
– Pubic bone
• Sacrum
• The total weight of the
upper body rests on the
pelvis
• Protects several organs
– Reproductive organs
– Urinary bladder
– Part of the large intestine
Coxal (Hip) Bone
•
•
Acetabulum (hip socket)
Ilium
– Iliac crest -muscle attachment,
forms prominence of hips
•
Pubis
– Obturator foramen- largest
opening in the body, between
pubis and ischium, passage for
blood vessels, nerves, and
tendons
– Pubic symphysis -midline when
two pubic bones meet
– Pubic arch - V-shaped formed by
inferior pubic rami
•
Ischium
– Ischium tuberosity bears the body
weight when sitting, strongest part
of coxal bones
Gender Differences of the Pelvis
• Female
– Bones lighter, thinner, and
smoother
– Pelvic inlet wider and more
oval
– Pubic arch more than 900
– Ischial tuberosities farther
appart
– Ilium more flared, giving
female broader hips
• Male
– Heavier bones, markings more
prominent
– Pelvic inlet heart shaped
– Pelvic cavity narrow, deep,
and funnel shaped
– Pelvic arch less than 900
Lower Extremity
• Femoral bone= thigh
(femur)
• Patella (knee cap)
• Crural =leg
– Tibia-shin bone
– Fibula
• Pedal =foot bones
– Tarsals (ankle)
– Metatarsals (sole)
– Phalanges (toes)
Femur
• Head
– Fits into acetabulum of
coxal bone
• Neck
– Offsets thigh from hip joint
for easy In movement
– Muscle attachment
• Lesser and greater
trochanter
– Muscle attachment (gluteus
and hip m.)
• Medial and lateral condyle
– Articulate with tibia
• Gluteal tuberosity
– Attachment for gluteal
muscles
• Patellar surface
– Articulates with patella
Patella and Tibia
• Tibia: strong weightbearing, on the medial
side
– Two flat articulated
surfaces w/ femur: medial
and lateral condyle
– Tibial tuberosity
• Can be palpated below
the patella (attachment for
patellar ligaments)
– Tibial malleosis
• Forms medial side of
ankle joint
– Anterior crest
• Sharp edge on the shin
Patella
Fibula
• Lateral bone that
helps stabilize the
ankle, not weight
bearing
• Head is proximal
– Articulates with tibia
• Lateral malleolus
– Forms lateral bulge of
ankle
– Attachment for
ligaments
The Ankle and Foot
• Tarsal bone: load-bearing bones of the
ankle
• The bony arches transfer weight from the
heels to the toes and allow the foot to
conform to many different positions
The Ankle and Foot
• Body relies on feet for
balance, shock
absorption, and support
• Soft yet firm support of all
of the bones and arches
of each foot is necessary
for spine and nervous
system function
• Proper weight
distribution and support
with spinal pelvic
stabilizers allows the feet
to take extra strain off the
pelvis and spine
Arches of the Foot
Tarsals
• Calcaneus (Ca)
– Forms the heal
• Talus (T) is most superior
tarsal bone
– Forms ankle joint with tibia
and fibula
• Navicular (N) boat shaped
• Distal row of cuneiformed
(wedged shaped) bones
– Cuboid (C)
– Medial (1st) cuneiform (Cm)
– Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform
(Ci)
– Lateral (3rd) cuneiform (Cl)
MILC
No
Thanks
Cow
The Foot
• Similar in name and
arrangement to hand
• Metacarpals (5) sole
– 1st is proximal to great
toe
• Phalanges (14) toes
– 2 in great toe
• Proximal and distal
– 3 in all other toes
• Proximal, middle, distal