Apparatus Operator Aerial Device
Fire Suppression
79 (10/03)
Instructional Guide
STATE OF NEW YORK DEPARTMENT OF STATE
OFFICE OF FIRE PREVENTION AND CONTROL
GEORGE E. PATAKI
RANDY A. DANIELS
SECRETARY OF STATE
GOVERNOR
JAMES A. BURNS
STATE FIRE ADMINISTRATOR
W
elcome to the New York State Fire Training Program
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
The Department of State recognizes that providing training for paid and volunteer firefighters
and related officials is an important part of the services it makes available. Our Office of Fire
Prevention and Control (OFPC) places a very high priority on training because we believe it is
essential for the men and women of the fire and emergency services in New York State.
The Office of Fire Prevention and Control's programs include the most complete progression
of training available today -- beginning with probationary firefighters and extending the full length
of a firefighter's career with the fire service. While our training programs address specific fire and
arson prevention and control issues, we also encourage expansion and improvement of local training
facilities and programs in cooperation with fire companies, municipal corporations and districts.
The Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device provides the student with knowledge necessary to
operate, inspect and maintain aerial devices. Course content includes emergency vehicle operations
review, classification and typing, vehicle inspection, operation of various types of aerial devices
including platforms and ladders, proper location of placement and setup at an incident including
driving, spotting and stabilizing. Fire departments must possess an aerial device to offer this
program enabling students to fully operate this device.
Your comments and suggestions about this student manual, our training classes or any OFPC
program are always welcome. Your input will help us build on our successes and make needed
changes, when appropriate.
On behalf of the citizens you serve, we want you to know that your participation and
commitment are greatly appreciated.
41 State Street, Albany, NY 12231-0001
phone: (518) 474-6746
•
fax: (518) 474-3240
•
e-mail: fire@dos.state.ny.us
•
web: www.dos.state.ny.us/fire/firewww.html
Training Policy-Firefighter Safety Training
Required by the Public Employees Safety and Health Act
Date of Issue: 07/01/03
An evaluation of the Office of Fire Prevention and Control’s Outreach Training Programs was conducted by the
New York State Department of Labor to determine what course components meet the initial fifteen hour and
annual eight-hour safety training required for firefighters under the Public Employees Safety and Health Act. This
listing provides the approved time for each subject area of the designated courses. Students completing the listed
courses should receive credit as listed below:
Based on OSHA Safety Training Requirements
CFR 1910.156 & CFR 1910.134
COURSE #
1F
COURSE TITLE
Truck Company Operations
SUBJECT AREA
General Hazard Recognition
Fire Scene Safety
Tool and Equipment Safety
Total
TIME
60 min.
60 min.
60 min.
180 min.
03
Fire Behavior and Arson Awareness
General Hazard Recognition
60 min.
06
Ladder Company Operations
General Hazard Recognition
Fire Scene Safety
Tool and Equipment Safety
30 min.
30 min.
30 min.
Total
90 min.
23
Commanding the Initial Response
Fire Scene Safety
30 min.
26
Apparatus Operator –
Emergency Vehicle Operation
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
Tool and Equipment Safety
60 min.
30 min.
60 min.
27
Mask Confidence
Total
150 min.
SCBA
Recent Developments in Fire
Safety
120 min.
60 min.
180 min.
Total
29
35
Incident Command System
Confined Space Awareness and Safety
General Hazard Recognition
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
30 min.
15 min.
45 min.
Total
90 min.
General Hazard Recognition
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
Protective Clothing
SCBA
15 min.
15 min.
45 min.
30 min.
15 min.
Total
120 min.
38
Water Supply Operations
General Hazard Recognition
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
Protective Clothing
Tool and Equipment Safety
Total
45
Introduction to Fire Officer
General Hazard Recognition
Fire Station
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
Protective Clothing
Total
47
Rescue Technician – Basic
General Hazard Recognition
Fire Scene Safety
Protective Clothing
Tool and Equipment Safety
Total
78
Apparatus Operator – Pump
30 min.
30 min.
30 min.
60 min.
30 min.
180 min.
30 min.
30 min.
15 min.
60 min.
135 min.
30 min.
30 min.
30 min.
Total
90 min.
Basic Firefighter
Subject matter in Basic Firefighter
exceeds both the fifteen-hour initial
and the eight-hour refresher safety
training requirements.
92
Intermediate Firefighter
Subject matter in Intermediate
Firefighter exceeds both the fifteenhour initial and the eight-hour
refresher safety training
requirements.
93
Advanced Firefighter
Subject matter in Advanced
Firefighter exceeds the eight-hour
refresher safety training
requirements.
Refresher Courses
135 min.
Response Safety
Fire Scene Safety
Tool and Equipment Safety
91
80
81
82
83
15 min.
30 min.
45 min.
15 min.
30 min.
To be determined at the local level
after the content of the presentation
has been evaluated.
Student Manual
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device – Acknowledgements
The Office of Fire Prevention and Control wishes to thank all the contributors for their
knowledge and dedication in the creation of Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device. A very
diverse group of MTO’s, SFI’s, and prominent Fire Officers and educators devoted several
weekends of their personal time to create this curriculum.
Development Team
Program Chair
Thomas J. Wutz, Chief Fire Services OFPC
Andrew Dickinson, Deputy Chief Fire Services OFPC
Program Coordinator
Michael Miles, Fire Protection Specialist 1 Fire Services OFPC
Senior Developers
Paul Melfi, Deputy Chief Olean FD
Richard Tanagretta, FF FDNY SFI Orange County
Mahlon Irish, FF Ithaca FD SFI Cortland County
Norman Jacobsen, Asst. Chief Oneonta FD SFI Otsego County
Senior Writing Team
Mahlon Irish, FF Ithaca FD SFI Cortland County
Norman Jacobsen, Asst. Chief Oneonta FD SFI Otsego County
Technical Advisor
Mike Wilbur Lt. FDNY
Participants
Mike Zarbo, Lt. Buffalo FD SFI Erie County
Mike Tuberdyke, Capt. Buffalo FD
Mike Dugan, Capt. FDNY L123
Francis Murphy, Asst. Chief Saratoga FD SFI Saratoga County
Ed Koorse, Batt. Chief FDNY Retired, Asst Chief Hinsdale FD
Michael Hammon, Deputy Chief Batavia FD
Mike Heidi, Endicott FD
Robert Ziegler, SFI Schoharie County
Ralph Lauber, SFI Orange County
Peter Hirsch, Hartsdale FD
David Walsh, Lt. Arlington FD (ret)
Norm Carroll, MTO Manlius FD
Evan Brown, MTO Corning FD
Joe Laviano, SFI Columbia County
Gregory Frank, MTO N. Tonawanda FD
Ken Fulton, MFI Geneva FD
Paul Gerardi, Asst. Chief Fairview FD
Tom O’Gorman, SFI Dutchess County (ret)
Charles Liggio, SFI Putnam County
James Carney, FF FDNY SFI Putnam County
Christopher Rea, Asst. Chief Kingston FD SFI Ulster County
Wayne Friedman, MTO Tully Fire Dist.
Erik Verifuss, Cortland FD
John Jackson, MTO Mohegan Lake FD
Mark Schroeder, Lt. Syracuse FD SFI Cortland County
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page i
Student Manual
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Proof Reading
Jim Maloney FF Oneonta FD, SFI Delaware County
Photography
Meg Argo, Argo Photography Oneonta FD Photographer
The participants performed a critical task in reviewing, critically analyzing, and suggesting
ways to improve the TCO curriculum. Their hard work and patience was essential in preparing
this course.
A special thanks to the Oneonta Fire Department for sharing their drills and their city, for much
of the content of this curriculum came from the assistance of those Firefighters and the
cooperation of their Chief, Robert Barnes.
Course Administration
Title
Apparatus Operator – Aerial Device
Course Number
79
Course Hours
24
Units
8
Students
10 -16
Equipment Requirements
Aerial Device must be owned by sponsoring Department
Normal compliment of truck tools must be made available
Full compliment of certified ground ladders
PPE
SCBA
Harness, Safety Ropes
Page ii
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Student Manual
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Course Prerequisites
•
Firefighting Essentials (02) , or
•
Basic Firefighter (91) and Intermediate Firefighter (92), or
•
Nationally Certified Firefighter 1
•
TCO (1F) or
•
LCO (06)
•
EVOC (26) or approved equivalent
Use of PPE will be required throughout the class.
Use of SCBA, Ladders, Power Tools, and Hand Tools may be required at the SFI’S
discretion
Course Time Schedule
Unit
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
Classroom Hours Practical Hours
EVOC Review Apparatus
Classification and Typing
Aerial Device Components Aerial
Device Inspections Aerial Device
Maintenance and Testing
Aerial Placement Power Transfer
and Stabilization
Aerial Ladder Operations &
Tactics Practical Skills
Aerial Platform Basic Operations
& Tactics Practical Skills
Aerial Ladder and/or Aerial
Platform Practical Skills
Aerial Ladder and/or Aerial
Platform Practical Skills
• Emergency Procedures
• Practical Evaluations
• Written Evaluations
# Instructors
2½
½
1
2½
½
1
2½
½
1
1½
1½
1
1½
1½
1
3
2
3
2
As Required
As Required
2
Practical application time beyond the stated number of hours (if available) is always preferable
to sitting in the classroom.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page iii
Student Manual
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Table of Contents
Unit I – INTRODUCTION
Unit VII –
• Curriculum Overview &
Course Schedule
• Aerial Ladder and/or Aerial
Platform Practical Skills
• EVOC Review
• Apparatus Classification and
Unit VIII –
Typing
• Emergency Procedures
Unit II –
• Practical Evaluations
• Aerial Device Components
• Written Evaluations
• Aerial Device Inspections
• Aerial Device Maintenance
and Testing
Unit III –
• Aerial Placement
• Power Transfer and
Stabilization
Unit IV –
• Aerial Ladder Operations &
Tactics
• Practical Skills
Unit V –
• Aerial Platform Basic
Operations & Tactics
• Practical Skills
Unit VI –
• Aerial Ladder and/or Aerial
Platform Practical Skills
Page iv
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Student Manual
Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Foreword
This course is not an apparatus operator certification. This course is designed to
give the student the requisite knowledge and skills to meet the intent of the NFPA
1002 apparatus driver/operator professional qualifications. For students to be
certified apparatus operator-aerial device, they MUST meet the requirements of
their specific apparatus manufacturer and department SOP's/SOG's, which
means that they MUST have further specific training at their department, above
and beyond what this course provides.
Today's aerial apparatus are very complex fire fighting machines that can cost a
million dollars or more. They are in service and used in both career and volunteer
fire departments throughout New York State. One difference between the career
departments and the volunteer departments is that generally the career aerial
apparatus operators have more experience and use and operate the aerial
devices more than their volunteer counterparts.
The complexity and cost of today's aerial apparatus require that in BOTH cases
the driver/operator should strive to, maintain the training and proficiency required
to operate the aerial device safely by knowing the operational and structural
design limits of their apparatus. This can be particularly important if your
department has an older aerial device that could have been designed in the
1930's, built in the 1970's, and is still in first line service. There are many case
studies in which the failure of the aerial driver/operator cost the life of a firefighter
and destroyed the aerial device because they didn't know, or didn't operate the
aerial device as designed in terms of the extension, angle, and load limits.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
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Student Manual
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Page vi
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
UNIT 1 EVOC REVIEW &
APPARATUS CLASSIFICATION and TYPING
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 1
References
1
•
IFSTA
Aerial
Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NYS Fallen
Firefighters
Memorial
Empire State Plaza,
Albany NY
AO-AD Unit 1
1
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
• Welcome
– Why are we here?
– What do we expect to get form the class?
• Prerequisites
– EVOC
– Basic & Intermediate, FF 1 or Essentials
– Truck Company Operations
• Registration
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Acceptable EVOC Prerequisite Courses
•
•
•
•
•
•
AO-EVOC Course 26
ESIP
VFIS
Utica National
Emergency Response
NFA EVOC
AO-AD Unit 1
4
Why are we here?
AO-AD Unit 1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
4
Play Video
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
NYS STUDENT ENROLLMENT CARD
Please print clearly…
2 1 - 0 0
7
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
9
1.
Social Security Number
2.
Student Name – Last name first
3.
Box # 3.
4.
Varies by County
6.
5.
Students FD name & #.
AO-AD Unit 1
7.
21-0079
Box 7.
8.
Students signature
9.
Today’s date
10.
xxxx
1
Course Schedule
• 24 Hours of Instruction
• Unit 1
– EVOC Review
– Apparatus Classification
– Apparatus Typing
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1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-1
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Lesson 1 EVOC Review
• Unit 2
– Aerial Device Components
– Aerial Device Inspections
– Aerial Device Maintenance & Testing
Objectives
• Unit 3
– Power Transfer
– Apparatus Stabilization
AO-AD Unit 1
1
At the conclusion of this lesson the student will:
• Unit 4
•
– Aerial Ladder Operations
– Tactics
• Unit 5
– Aerial Ladder Platform Operations
– Aerial Ladder Platform Tactics
– Tower Ladder Operations
– Tower Ladder Tactics
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•
1
•
• Unit 6
– Aerial Ladder Practical Evolutions
•
• Unit 7
– Aerial Ladder Platform and Tower Ladder
Practical Evolutions
AO-AD Unit 1
Understand the importance of safe and efficient response of
fire apparatus.
Understand the state and federal laws pertaining to driving
apparatus.
Recognize the high incidence of accidents involving fire
apparatus and the associated deaths and injuries to firefighters
and members of the public.
Know the types, conditions and causes of fire apparatus
accidents.
1
Introduction
• Unit 8
– Emergency Procedures
– Final Written Evaluation
– Final Practical Evaluation
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1
Course References
• IFSTA Aerial Apparatus DRIVER/OPERATOR
Handbook, first edition
• NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus
Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications
• NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus
• NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department
Aerial Devices
• NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative
Maintenance
• NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
• NFPA 1971 Emergency Vehicle Technician
Professional Qualifications
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Course References
• Operators/Owners Manuals
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Before any fire apparatus can be placed in service and operated as
designed, it must respond to the incident, delivering its crew and
equipment safely. The Apparatus Operator’s primary responsibility is to
accomplish the task of delivering his unit to the fire ground in a safe and
timely manner. You cannot perform any fire ground activity if you don’t
get there. Failure of a piece of apparatus to respond to a fire situation can
make the difference between life and death, or whether a property is saved
or devastated. Consider what happens when the first due engine at a fire is
involved in a motor vehicle accident. Now the fire department has to deal
with the initial call, as well as a new call involving one of their own units.
Suppose the initial alarm was for a house fire with people trapped. The
first due truck runs a red light and strikes a car. The apparatus rolls over.
The crew of six is trapped, as well as the two occupants of the car. We
now have a major incident to deal with, as well as the house fire. How
many lives are impacted? How many lives may be lost due to our failure
to respond?
Course References
• Fire Department · City of New York
Firefighting Procedures Volume III,
Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower Ladder
Operations
• Fire Department · City of New York
Firefighting Procedures Volume III,
Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial
Ladders
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-2
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Lesson 1
EVOC Review
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EVOC Review
• Understand the importance of safe and
efficient response of fire apparatus.
• Understand the state and federal laws
pertaining to driving apparatus.
• Recognize the high incidence of accidents
involving fire apparatus and the associated
deaths and injuries to firefighters and
members of the public.
• Know the types, conditions and causes of
fire apparatus accidents.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Not only do we have to deal with the human suffering caused by fire
apparatus accidents, we also have to deal with the financial implications
which may result from failure to respond, damage to property, and
apparatus loss. Lawsuits are becoming far more commonplace. Many fire
officers and apparatus drivers have been sued for millions of dollars
because of their actions.
A number of firefighters have been criminally charged because of their
failure to adhere to vehicle and traffic laws, federal guidelines and
standards. The impact to individual firefighters, officers, fire districts and
communities can be very far reaching. The following units are not a
substitute for a certified emergency vehicle operator’s course. It is highly
recommended that all firefighters who will be Apparatus Operators take a
certified class before they become operational with their departments.
Introduction
„
• Emergency Response
• Operator’s first responsibility
„
– Apparatus
– Fellow Firefighters
– Too the scene safely & In a timely matter
– Unit is worthless if it does not arrive
– If involved in MVA, more resources will be
used
AO-AD Unit 1
„
1
„
Every Apparatus Operator needs to know the various classes of Aerials
and Aerial Apparatus equipped with a fire pump (Quints) and how these
classes integrate into overall fire ground operations and strategies. Since
all departments that operate within the incident command system, the
typing of apparatus is intended to assist the incident commander in calling
the exact type of unit he needs to handle the incident.
Introduction
• Results of an Accident
– Human suffering
– Property damage
– Personal Liability
– Financial Ruin
– Criminal Liability
– Political Fallout
AO-AD Unit 1
NFPA Study
1987-1996
272 FF Died in
MVA’s
57% While
Responding
226 Volunteer FF’s
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-3
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Over 25% of firefighters who are killed or injured in the
line of duty were responding to or returning from alarms.
Common Causes of Fire Apparatus Accidents
Common Causes of Fire
Apparatus Accidents
•
•
•
•
•
•
Excessive speed
Failure to stop
Lack of driving skill and experience
Improper backing
Reckless driving
Poor apparatus design or maintenance.
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1
Careful analysis of accidents involving fire apparatus identifies these as
the most common causes.
1. Excessive speed over posted limit during good driving conditions
or excessive speed for adverse conditions.
2. Failure to stop at controlled or uncontrolled intersections.
3. Lack of driving skill and experience by the apparatus
driver/operator.
4. Improper backing of fire apparatus
5. Reckless driving by the public
6. Poor apparatus design or maintenance.
Let’s look at each of these causes. In most cases the apparatus operator has
control over each of these areas, which means with proper training,
practice and supervision, most accidents could be avoided.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-4
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
SPEED:
Failure to Stop
•
•
•
•
•
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Intersections
Red Lights
Stop Signs
School Busses
Traffic in General
How fast is too fast? How much time will really be saved by driving
45mph, rather than 30mph? Generally, most apparatus should never
exceed the posted speed limit.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
If a time and distance problem were calculated over a course of 5 miles,
the difference between 30 and 45 miles per hour amounts to less than 4
minutes. How far are your average response distances? Does weaving
through heavy traffic with a 20 ton apparatus with lights flashing and siren
blowing, going 50 miles per hour on route to a Dumpster fire make sense?
Would it make sense to a judge and jury if on this run the engine blew a
stop sign and struck a car broadside? Speed coupled with rain slick or
snow and ice covered roads adds a new dimension to speed management
of apparatus. Coupled with an inexperienced driver, the excitement of
seeing a column of smoke rising in the distance, the radio blaring with
calls of “hurry up we need that truck now,” are a recipe for disaster.
Drivers must operate their within the vehicles capabilities, and not allow
outside influences to interfere with the safe operation of the apparatus.
Every department should establish SOG’s for all operators and officers
pertaining to apparatus response.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-5
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
INTERSECTIONS:
Accidents involving fire apparatus at intersections account for over one
quarter of the total incidents, and almost 45% of the incidents which are
classified as severe. The vast majority of accidents could be avoided if
apparatus drivers and officers followed the NFPA 1500 guidelines for
intersections. We will discuss these standards and other guidelines and
regulations that govern response in detail later.
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-6
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
LACK OF SKILL-EXPERIENCE:
LACK OF SKILL-EXPERIENCE:
• Driving skills must
be learned and
maintained
• Not every
Firefighter has the
ability to operate
Fire Apparatus
AO-AD Unit 1
4
This cause of apparatus accidents can be positively impacted by a number
of issues. First and foremost is the driver/operator selection process. Every
department should have in place criteria for the selection of drivers. Parts
of this criterion should include physical fitness, vision, and hearing
requirements, mathematical and writing skills, as well as a basic
mechanical aptitude. Every department must have in place a thorough
training program for prospective driver operators.
Not everyone has the potential to be certified to operate Fire
Apparatus
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-7
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
BACKING ACCIDENTS:
Improper Backing
• Backing
accidents are
unacceptable
• Never back
without a spotter
• Unsafe backing
accounts for
28% of all
accidents
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Incidents of this type should never occur, however they are in the top
group of fire apparatus accidents. They account for 28% of all accidents.
All departments should have a written policy that states anytime a vehicle
is backed up, a spotter at the left rear of the vehicle will be present can
eliminate almost all of these occurrences. The spotter can look for any
fixed hazards, other vehicles, as well as well as foot traffic, and can
immediately alert the operator to there presence.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-8
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
OTHER DRIVERS:
As any experienced fire apparatus driver will tell you, you never know
what the other driver is going to do. Good defensive driving habits
coupled with situational awareness will help to reduce these causes of
accidents. Good EVOC curriculum should be a prerequisite before any
driver hits the streets.
The Motoring Public
• Drive defensively
• Always account for the
other driver
• Have an escape route
• Control your emotions
• Practice when or
where ever you drive
• Maintain good driving
habits
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-9
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
POOR DESIGN - MAINTENANCE:
POOR DESIGN - MAINTENANCE
• Spec apparatus to
accepted standards
• Listen to
professionals when
they tell you it won’t
work
• Maintain and repair
your apparatus
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All new fire apparatus today have to meet numerous standards in regards
to handling, braking, and axle loads etc. Departments that design and build
their own apparatus run the risk of circumventing V&T law or NFPA
Standards The problems also continue with manufacturers that market and
sell prototypes and never build another or build a one of a kind custom.
While we can all appreciate the idea of saving money, thought must be
given to what we are putting out on the streets, and the lives that could be
affected. With the liability issues, which surround all areas of society, it is
imperative that we in the fire service protect ourselves. The best defense
against injuries, lawsuits and the like are a good progressive training and
maintenance program.
• Check out the
visibility from the
driver’s seat
• No upward
visibility on this
Rearmount
Apparatus
Play Video
With over 25% of firefighters injured or killed while responding to or
returning from fires, it is obvious that more emphasis must be placed on
driving our apparatus safely and maintaining it properly.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-10
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
More Poor Design
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-11
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS-TERMS:
LEGAL RAMIFICATIONS-TERMS
• Civil Liability
• Criminal Liability
• We are being held accountable for our
actions
– Firefighters
– Police Officers
– Local Governments
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Modern society demands accountability. Firefighters, Fire Officers, and
governments are being charged civilly as well as criminally as a result of
their actions, or lack of proper action. The driver of an emergency vehicle
or the officers of a department are no longer exempt from either criminal
or civil suits. If the apparatus operator is found guilty of improper
operation, or inadequate training, he/she, the officers, and city or town
officials can be held accountable. There are a variety of local, state, and
national requirements and laws which impact fire apparatus
driver/operators training and operations. These are generally classified
into five categories.
1. State motor vehicle and traffic laws
Impacting requirements
2. Nationally accepted standards (NFPA)
• State motor vehicle and traffic laws
• Nationally accepted standards (NFPA)
• State and federal occupational safety
and health regulations (OSHA/PESH)
• Local ordinances
• Organizational SOG’s, SOP’s
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
3. State and federal occupational safety and health regulations
4. Local ordinances
1
5. Organizational SOG’s, SOP’s
There are three principals of law that impact fire apparatus
drivers:
The three principals of Law
• Drivers are subject to all traffic laws unless a
specific exemption is provided.
• Exemptions only apply when the vehicle is
responding to a true emergency
• Drivers can be found criminally or civilly
liable if involved in an accident, even if they
are operating under the provisions of an
exemption.
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1. Drivers are subject to all traffic laws unless a specific
exemption is provided.
2. Exemptions only apply when the vehicle is responding to a
“true emergency”.
1
3. Drivers can be found criminally or civilly liable if involved in
an accident, even if they are operating under the provisions of
an exemption.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-12
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
LEGAL DEFINITIONS:
LEGAL DEFINITIONS
•
•
•
•
True Emergency
Due Regard
Negligence
Gross Negligence
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True Emergency• is defined as a situation in which there is a
high probability of death or serious injury
to an individual(s) or significant property
loss and actions by the emergency vehicle
driver may reduce the seriousness of the
situations.
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True Emergency- is defined as a
situation in which there is a high
probability of death or serious injury to
an individual(s) or significant property
loss and actions by the emergency
vehicle driver may reduce the
seriousness of the situations.
Due regard: - for the safety of others means that a reasonably careful
person performing similar duties and under similar circumstances would
act in the same manner.
Negligence- is a legal deficiency or wrong which results whenever a
person fails to exercise that degree of care which a prudent person would
exercise under similar circumstances. The negligence may be slight,
ordinary, or gross.
Due regard• for the safety of others means that a
reasonably careful person performing
similar duties and under similar
circumstances would act in the same
manner.
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
1
Gross Negligence- is reckless disregard of the consequences of an act of
another person. It occurs when a person’s actions (or lack of) result in the
failure to exercise even a slight degree of care.
Negligence• is a legal deficiency or wrong which results
whenever a person fails to exercise that
degree of care which a prudent person
would exercise under similar
circumstances. The negligence may be
slight, ordinary, or gross.
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LEGAL TERMS-STANDARDS
As mentioned previously, there are a number of requirements and
standards which impact apparatus drivers.
1
•
Gross Negligence• is reckless disregard of the consequences
of an act of another person. It occurs when
a person’s actions (or lack of) result in the
failure to exercise even a slight degree of
care.
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•
•
1
All fire service organizations should review and incorporate all pertinent
portions of each standard into any driver training program, SOG’s, and
SOP’s
Applicable NFPA Standards
• NFPA 1002-Fire Department Vehicle
Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications.
• NFPA 1451-Fire Service Vehicle
Operations Training Program 2002
Edition
• NFPA 1500- Firefighter Occupational
and Safety Standard
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•
NFPA 1002-Fire Department Vehicle Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
NFPA 1451-Fire Service Vehicle Operations Training Program
2002 Edition
NFPA 1500- Firefighter Occupational and Safety Standard
New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law
Federal DOT definitions- “True Emergency”-“Due Regard”
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-13
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire
Department Occupational Safety
and Health Program 2002 Edition
Chapter 6 Vehicles, Equipment,
and Drivers
NFPA
1500
Standard
on
Fire
Department
Occupational Safety and Health Program 2002 Edition
Chapter 6 Vehicles, Equipment, and Drivers
• You must read and understand this
section. See page 1-15
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
1
One of the most important standards that have been used in trials of
apparatus drivers is NFPA 1500 Chapter 6, which states:
6.2.8* During emergency response, drivers
of fire apparatus shall bring the vehicle to a
complete stop under any of the following
circumstances:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
When directed by a law enforcement officer
Red traffic lights
Stop signs
Negative right-of-way intersections
Blind intersections
When the driver cannot account for all lanes of traffic
in an intersection
When other intersection hazards are present
When encountering a stopped school bus with
flashing warning lights
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6.2.7.1 Procedures for emergency response shall emphasize that the safe
arrival of fire apparatus at the emergency scene is the first priority.
6.2.8* During emergency response, drivers of fire apparatus shall bring
the vehicle to a complete stop under any of the following circumstances:
(1)
When directed by a law enforcement officer
(2)
Red traffic lights
(3)
Stop signs
(4)
Negative right-of-way intersections
(5)
Blind intersections
(6)
When the driver cannot account for all lanes of traffic in an
intersection
(7)
When other intersection hazards are present
(8)
When encountering a stopped school bus with flashing warning
lights
6.2.9 Drivers shall proceed through intersections only when the driver can
account for all lanes of traffic in the intersection.
6.2.10* During emergency response or non-emergency travel, drivers of
fire apparatus shall come to a complete stop at all unguarded railroad
grade crossings. Drivers shall ensure that it is safe to proceed before
crossing the railroad track(s).
6.2.11 Drivers shall use caution when approaching and crossing any
guarded railroad grade crossing.
• intersection
• When other intersection hazards are present
When encountering a stopped school bus with flashing warning lights
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-14
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law§ 1104.
New York State Vehicle and Traffic Law
§ 1104. Authorized emergency vehicles
Authorized Emergency vehicles may:
– Park anywhere
– Run red lights and stop signs after checking
traffic
– May break the speed limit
•
•
They must display a red light and a
sound device per the applicable law
The driver has liability for his actions
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Authorized emergency vehicles
(a) The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle, when involved in
an emergency operation, may exercise the privileges set forth in this
section, but subject to the conditions herein stated.
(b) The driver of an authorized emergency vehicle may:
1. Stop, stand or park irrespective of the provisions of this title;
2. Proceed past a steady red signal, a flashing red signal or a stop sign,
but only after slowing down as may be necessary for safe operation;
3. Exceed the maximum speed limits so long as he does not endanger
life or property;
4. Disregard regulations governing directions of movement or turning
in specified directions.
(c) Except for an authorized emergency vehicle operated as a police
vehicle or bicycle , the exemptions herein granted to an authorized
emergency vehicle shall apply only when audible signals are sounded
from any said vehicle while in motion by bell, horn, siren, electronic
device or exhaust whistle as may be reasonably necessary, and when
the vehicle is equipped with at least one lighted lamp so that from any
direction, under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of
five hundred feet from such vehicle, at least one red light will be
displayed and visible.
(d) An authorized emergency vehicle operated as a police, sheriff or
deputy sheriff vehicle may exceed the maximum speed limits for the
purpose of calibrating such vehicles' speedometer. Notwithstanding
any other law, rule or regulation to the contrary, a police, sheriff or
deputy sheriff bicycle operated as an authorized emergency vehicle
shall not be prohibited from using any sidewalk, highway, street or
roadway during an emergency operation.
(e) The foregoing provisions shall not relieve the driver of an
authorized emergency vehicle from the duty to drive with due regard
for the safety of all persons, nor shall such provisions protect the
driver from the consequences of his reckless disregard for the safety
of others.
(f) Notwithstanding any other law, rule or regulation to the contrary,
an ambulance operated in the course of an emergency shall not be
prohibited from using any highway, street or roadway; provided,
however, that an authority having jurisdiction over any such highway,
street or roadway may specifically prohibit travel thereon by
ambulances if such authority shall deem such travel to be extremely
hazardous and would endanger patients being transported thereby.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-15
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Vehicle and Traffic Law
§ 101.
Other Applicable Vehicle and
Traffic Law
•
•
•
•
§ 101. Authorized emergency vehicle
§ 114-b.
Emergency operation
§ 115-a.
Fire vehicle
Every Fire Department should have a
copy FASNY’s Fire Service Laws
http://www.fasny.com/
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Authorized emergency vehicle
Every ambulance, police vehicle or bicycle, correction vehicle, fire
vehicle, civil defense emergency vehicle, emergency ambulance service
vehicle, blood delivery vehicle, environmental emergency response
vehicle, sanitation patrol vehicle, hazardous materials emergency vehicle
and ordnance disposal vehicle of the armed forces of the United States.
1
§ 114-b.
Emergency operation
The operation, or parking, of an authorized emergency vehicle, when such
vehicle is engaged in transporting a sick or injured person, transporting
prisoners, delivering blood or blood products in a situation involving an
imminent health risk, pursuing an actual or suspected violator of the law,
or responding to, or working or assisting at the scene of an accident,
disaster, police call, alarm of fire, actual or potential release of hazardous
materials or other emergency. Emergency operation shall not include
returning from such service.
§ 115-a.
Fire vehicle
Every vehicle operated for fire service purposes owned and identified as
being owned by the state, a public authority, a county, town, city, village
or fire district, or a fire corporation subject to the provisions of subdivision
(e) of section fourteen hundred two of the not-for-profit corporation law or
a fire company as defined in section one hundred of the general municipal
law. Any of the following vehicles shall be fire vehicles only for the
purpose of section one hundred one of this chapter:
1. A vehicle operated by officials of the office of fire prevention and
control in the department of state,
2. a vehicle ordinarily operated by a chief or assistant chief of a fire
department, or a county or deputy county fire coordinator, or county or
assistant county fire marshal, or town or assistant town fire coordinator, or
such vehicle when operated in an official capacity by or under the
direction of such person, and
3. A vehicle specially designed and equipped for firefighting purposes
which is regularly used for firefighting purposes by a firefighting unit on
property used for industrial, institutional or commercial purposes and
which vehicle is owned by the owner or lessee of such property.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-16
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
EMERGENCY RESPONSE SUMMARY;
Summary EVOC Review
If an emergency vehicle driver is to understand the intricacies of driving
under emergency conditions, and have a successful safe career, he/she
must know what qualifications, certifications they must have to properly
operate their unit.
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The AO must have proper departmental guidelines, training, record
keeping, and maintenance programs in place to support their role in the
fire service. The driver/operator must know the legal rights they have as
the driver of fire department apparatus, and must be aware of the
numerous laws, standards and statues that they are required to adhere to
when responding to or returning from calls. To have a positive outcome to
fire and other emergencies, the driver operator must deliver his crew
safely and effectively to the fire ground.
All fire service organizations should have a comprehensive selection and
training program in place for all drivers. The department should have
standard operating guidelines which cover all areas of response and which
include all applicable local, state and federal laws, and nationally accepted
standards.
It is recommended that all driver/operators successfully complete a
certified emergency vehicle operator training course before they become
operational with their department. All firefighters should also remember to
buckle up. Statistics show that the rate of injury to firefighters is
significantly lower if involved in an accident if they are wearing seatbelts.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-17
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Lesson 2 CLASSIFICATION AND TYPING
CLASSIFICATION AND TYPING
Lesson 2
• The Firefighter will recognize, identify,
and type various Aerial Apparatus by
their components and configurations.
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Objectives
The Firefighter will recognize, identify, and type various Aerial
Apparatus by their components and configurations.
Introduction
NFPA 1901, Standard for
Automotive Fire Apparatus
• Standard that most Aerials are built to
• Classified three categories
– Aerial Ladders
– Elevating Platforms
– Water Towers
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NFPA 1901, Standard for
Automotive Fire Apparatus
• Aerial Devices are typed into five main
types.
– Aerial Ladders
– Telescoping Aerial Platforms (Tower Ladder)
– Aerial Ladder Platforms (Ladder Tower)
– Water Towers
– Articulating Aerial Platforms
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Fire departments operate a variety of aerial apparatus. The type of aerial
device a department chooses to use is determined by a number of different
factors. Some of these would include length of device, vertical and
horizontal reach, overall size and maneuverability of the unit, station size
and height, among other factors. All aerial devices are required to meet
NFPA Standard 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus. Aerial
fire apparatus are broken down into three categories, aerial ladders,
elevated platforms, and water towers as classified by 1901. The accepted
typing of aerial devices breaks these units into five main categories. These
include aerial ladders, telescoping aerial platforms, aerial ladder platforms,
water towers, and finally, articulating aerial platforms. This unit will
describe each of the types of aerial devices, major features and
components, as well as basic equipment carried on these versatile trucks.
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-18
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
AERIAL LADDERS
AERIAL LADDERS
• Most Common Type Aerial Device
– 75 to 150 feet plus
• Uses
–
–
–
–
–
–
Rescue
Firefighter and civilian
Ventilation
Forcible Entry
Above ground Access
Fire suppression through elevated heavy master
streams
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The aerial apparatus will carry a large variety of tools to accomplish its
mission. The tool assortment should include a full compliment of ground
ladders, forcible entry tools, both hand and mechanical, salvage covers,
and just about any other type tool or equipment that the fire department
needs to accomplish its mission.
AERIAL LADDERS
• Carry Large Variety Tools
– Hand Tools
– Forcible Entry Tools
– Mechanical Tools
•
•
•
•
Ground Ladders
Generators
Smoke Ejectors
Hydraulic Tools
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Probably the most common type of aerial device used by the fire service
today is the aerial ladder. Aerial ladders come in lengths from 75’ to over
110 feet in length. The main uses of aerial ladder apparatus are victim and
firefighter rescue, ventilation, gaining access to upper floors of buildings
and fire suppression through the use of elevated master stream devices.
1
Tractor Drawn or TILLER
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Aerial ladders are usually mounted on large heavy duty truck chassis
which are either two or three axle units, or three axle tractor drawn
apparatus, sometimes referred to as tiller units. This type of apparatus has
a steer-able rear axle, which requires an operator to steer the rear of the
apparatus. Some departments opt for tractor drawn apparatus due to their
increased maneuverability in narrow congested areas. Some apparatus
manufactures are now offering a steer-able rear axle option on two axle
units to increase maneuverability.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-19
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Mid Mount Aerial
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
The main components of any aerial ladder device would include the
chassis, turntable, and ladder assembly. The turntable mounting on the
chassis when moved in the middle of the vehicle, behind the cab are
typically called mid mount aerials.
1
Apparatus that has the turntable mounted at the rear of the chassis are
called rear mount aerials. Both mid ship and rear mount aerials have their
advantages and disadvantages. One advantage to rear mount units is a
lowering of overall truck length. These units typically have some of the
ladder sections extend over the apparatus cab.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-20
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
• Master
Stream
working on a
Ladder with a
pre-piped
waterway
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Every aerial ladder has some type of master stream capability. Some
apparatus will have a pre piped waterway system to a permanently
mounted master stream device. Others need to have a device hand
mounted at the tip with hose stretched down the aerial to the ground to the
water supply. Many permanently mounted master streams can be remotely
operated from the turntable, ladder tip or other location on the apparatus.
On some older units, halyards were used by firefighters on the ground to
move the master stream device, therefore eliminating the need for a
firefighter at the tip of the ladder.
Master Stream on a
Platform at Work in
a Commercial
Building. What type
Aerial is it?
Master Stream
working on a
Ladder with a prepiped waterway
Master Stream
working on a
Ladder with a
Ladder Pipe
• Master Stream
working on a
Ladder with a
Ladder Pipe
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-21
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
AERIAL LADDER PLATFORMS
AERIAL PLATFORMS
As we stated in the beginning of this unit, NFPA 1901 lists three types of
aerial devices. IFSTA divides the NFPA class into different types of aerial
devices within the platform family.
• Three Types Platforms
• AERIAL LADDER PLATFORMS
– Ladder Tower
• TELESCOPING AERIAL PLATFORMS
– Tower Ladder
• ARTICULATING AERIAL PLATFORMS
• Combination Telescoping and Articulating
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AERIAL LADDER PLATFORMS
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AERIAL LADDER PLATFORMS
• Usually a Platform is a certified ladder with an
attached platform
• Have a prepiped Waterway and Master Stream
• Dual Hydraulic Ladder Controls
– Pedestal or on Platform
– Bucket
• Breathing Air and Electrical Power to the Bucket
• Communications
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AERIAL LADDER PLATFORMS
• Most are built Heavy
Three Axle Chassis
• Usually configured as
a Rear Mount
• Chosen for there
flexibility as a ladder
and as a Platform
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Aerial Ladder
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Generally an aerial ladder platform is a certified aerial ladder with a
bucket or platform attached at the end of the ladder. Aerial ladder
platforms in most cases have a heavy-duty aerial device strong enough to
support the weight of the platform on the end of the ladder, as well as
firefighters or other personnel on the ladder. Some manufacturers produce
lighter duty aerials where no platform is attached. In most cases, aerial
ladder platforms have some type of pre-piped waterway system, which
allows water to be pumped from the base of the truck to the platform at its
full extension. A master stream device is usually mounted permanently in
the platform. Some manufacturers will mount more than one master
stream device in the platforms. Most platform mounted master streams
have the capability of flowing 1000 gallons per minute or more.
Any platform apparatus will have at least two sets of ladder controls, one
at the main control panel, and one in the platform. The platform, or basket
or bucket controls will allow an operator to control the unit the same as the
main operator at the main control station. Aerial ladder platforms also
have the capability of supply breathing air, and electrical power to the
firefighters operating in the platform.
Most aerial ladder platforms are mounted on a three axle chassis with a
rear mount turntable with the platform itself extending over and in front of
the apparatus cab. Some manufacturers produce these units as a mid
mount, with the platform resting at the rear of the truck. Many
departments opt for the aerial ladder platform concept, as it gives them the
flexibility and benefits of both an aerial ladder, and a platform. These
apparatus are typically built from 85 to 110 feet in length.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-22
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
95 foot Rear Mount Tower Ladder
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-23
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
TELESCOPING AERIAL PLATFORMS
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TELESCOPING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
Main Difference:
Telescoping Aerial
Platforms and Aerial
Ladder Platforms
• Escape ladder
mounted on the
telescoping boom
used only in the case
of emergency
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TELESCOPING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Waterway System
• Air and Electrical Power Supplied to the
platform through cords and reels
• Water way piping telescoping in nature
• Generally range from 75 feet to 100 feet.
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NFPA 1901 lists telescoping, as well as aerial ladder platforms under the
same definition. The major difference between telescoping platforms and
aerial ladder platform is that the ladder platform has a certified aerial
ladder, which allows firefighters and rescued citizens easy and continuous
access to and from the bucket. Telescoping aerial platforms generally are
equipped with an escape ladder mounted on the telescoping boom or
device that is used only in the case of emergency for the platform crew.
The telescoping units generally are constructed with two to four sections
of a tubular truss beam, or box beam construction. Both consist of four
sides of material welded or attached together to form a box with hollow
center. Each of the various sections would telescope from each prior
section for extension. These units also have a waterway system, as well as
air, and electrical power, which supply the platform. The water way piping
is usually telescoping in nature, with the electrical and air supply being
routed through cords and reels. Telescoping aerial platforms generally
range from 75 feet to 100 feet.
1
TELESCOPING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Dual Hydraulic Ladder Controls
– Pedestal or on Platform
– Bucket
• Communications
• Most are built Heavy Three Axle Chassis
• May be configured as a Rear Mount or
Mid-Mount
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Rear Mount or Mid Mount
Comparison
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-24
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
95 foot Mid Mount Tower Ladder
Notice the boom as it extends with the escape ladder mounted on top of it
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-25
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
The Bronto Sky Lift, marketed by Emergency One, is a
combination of telescoping and articulating Aerial platform
design.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-26
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
ARTICULATING AERIAL PLATFORMS
ARTICULATING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Some Modifications by Manufacturers are
producing unit that may articulate with a
telescoping boom on the end
• Or may telescope with an articulating
boom
• Bronto Sky Lift
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Bronto Sky Lift
1
Articulating Boom
Telescoping
Sections
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ARTICULATING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Developed in the 1950’s
– Used by the Chicago FD
• Booms are Hinged
• Knuckles or hinges fold together
• May reach 150 feet plus in Special
Applications
• Same control configurations as other units
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Articulating Aerial Platforms were developed in the 1950’s and were first
used in fire service application by the Chicago fire Department. Fire
Commissioner Robert Quinn, nicknamed snorkel Bob, was a strong
advocate of the articulating units, and equipped the Chicago department
with many units to work in conjunction with straight aerial ladders.
The city of Chicago, as well as some other cities still uses a limited
number of articulating platforms. With articulating platforms, the boom
sections are hinged together, rather than telescope together, and the hinge
or knuckle allows the sections to fold together. The boom construction is
similar to telescoping apparatus and is used tactically in the same manner.
Most articulating units range from 55’ in length to 90’ or more. Some
articulating platforms have been constructed to over 150’ in height. Some
fire apparatus manufactures are building units, which are both telescoping,
and articulating. Some apparatus are standard articulating units with a
telescoping section on the platform end. Other builders are producing units
that are standard telescoping units, with an articulating end section at the
platform.
1
85 foot Snorkel
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ALF Aero Chief
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-27
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Setup of an 85 foot articulating platform
Control Panel
Outriggers
Setup of an Articulating Platform
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Basket support bar
Articulating booms
Switch over valve
Waterway
Setup of an Articulating Platform
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Hydraulic Control
Line
Over head view
Setup of an Articulating Platform
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Boom Lock
Spring sensor
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-28
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
AERIAL DEVICES EQUIPPED WITH PUMPS
QUINTS
QUINTS
AERIAL DEVICES EQUIPPED WITH PUMPS
All the characteristics of
• Ladder Tower
• Tower Ladder
• Articulating Platform
• And a pump and related equipment
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QUINTS
AERIAL DEVICES EQUIPPED WITH PUMPS
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In some jurisdictions, these are called Quints, however to be called a quint
in the strict definition, the units must be equipped with a pump, tank, hose,
ground ladders, and an aerial device. Regardless of what these units are
called, they all serve important firefighting functions. Many departments
like the versatility of having a pump equipped aerial device. It saves on
dedicating a Pumper to supply the device. Some departments have
experimented with the quint concept, replacing both engines and ladder
companies. At the present time, many aerial devices being manufactured
today are being equipped with fire pumps.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-29
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
It appears there is a slight trend to utilize apparatus with an aerial device
and a pump (Quint) as an engine for first response. In suburban areas with
new commercial or retail growth, fire departments that previously did not
have aerial devices are researching their use to meet the new building
height and size requirements.
Staffing shortages, budget restraints and justification of price are causing
some departments to attempt to double the new apparatus’s tactical
abilities. Using these reasons, the apparatus is placed in service to be the
first unit of response with the intention of using it for the presenting
problem upon arrival. The intention is to use it as an engine and/or an
aerial unit. Before this becomes policy, consideration should be given to
possible outcomes.
When this unit is placed into service as an engine upon arrival with hand
lines stretched into the structure, then the unit can only be used as an aerial
if it can be utilized from that position. The most common problem is when
an aerial device is needed in a different location from where the unit is
committed as an engine. This may have serious consequences in a rapid
moving fire to another area of the structure.
This system is only feasible if the department has at least two aerial
devices. Then, if the first aerial is committed as an engine, there is another
available to meet the needs for an aerial device.
If the department has one aerial device, then an engine should perform the
engine work and the aerial device should perform the aerial work.
Apparatus is designed for specific functions. The unit may be able to
physically perform as an engine and/or an aerial device, but the fire
ground may dictate differently. Committing an aerial as an engine when
no other aerial is immediately available may result in consequences that
may not be easily defended or justified.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-30
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
TILLERS
TRACTOR DRAWN AERIAL DEVICES
• Two drivers to operate Apparatus operator
\Tiller driver
• All units are considered Mid-Mounts
• Same equipment as past units
• Specific setup procedures should be
followed
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Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
TRACTOR DRAWN AERIAL DEVICES OR TILLERS
Two driver operators operate this type of apparatus. One operator drives
the truck section while the other steers the rear wheels on the trailer.
These units are very maneuverable with experienced operators.
Inexperience may make the device very difficult to move or setup.
TILLERS
AO-AD Unit 1
1
TILLERS
AO-AD Unit 1
1
These apparatus are all considered to be mid-mounts with specific
operating instructions. As with all apparatus manufacturers instructions
and recommendations must be followed at all times.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-31
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
These devices may be transported over the highway by securing the tiller
wheel and operating the vehicle like a typical tractor-trailer.
Usually these apparatus are found in large metropolitan areas with a heavy
saturation of old buildings and very narrow streets. New York City,
Westchester County, Albany, and Buffalo are a few of the areas where
these ladders are found in service. Some older units are found throughout
New York State being used as reserve units.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-32
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
Student Activity
The students will now watch a series of slides. They will
classify the following apparatus. Write your answers on this
sheet of paper.
Student Exercise
Check the correct box.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
#
Show the next 25
slides as time
allows and have
the class type and
discuss
the
apparatus.
Aerial
Ladder
Aerial
Ladder
Platform
Telescoping
Tower
Ladder
Platforms
Combination
Articulating
Telescoping
Platforms
Articulating
Platforms
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-33
Oct 03
Instructor Guide Apparatus Operator- Aerial Device
Unit 1 EVOC, Classification, Typing
This page intentionally left blank.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-34
Oct 03
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
UNIT 2 AERIAL DEVICE COMPONENTS,
AERIAL DEVICE INSPECTION, AERIAL DEVICE
MAINTENANCE AND TESTING
References
•
IFSTA
Aerial
Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-1
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
LESSON 1 AERIAL DEVICE COMPONENTS
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
UNIT 2
• AERIAL DEVICE COMPONENTS
• AERIAL DEVICE INSPECTION
• AERIAL DEVICE MAINTENANCE AND
TESTING
AO-AD Unit 2
Objectives
1
LESSON 1 AERIAL DEVICE
COMPONENTS
At the end of this unit the students will:
• Recognize and identify different components
of aerial apparatus
• Be able to properly inspect the various
components of the aerial apparatus
• Be able to perform simple maintenance
• Understand the required tests and testing
methods of aerial apparatus.
AO-AD Unit 2
1
At the end of this lesson the students will:
• Recognize and identify different components of aerial
apparatus
• Be able to properly inspect the various components of the
aerial apparatus
• Be able to perform simple maintenance
• Understand the required tests and testing methods of aerial
apparatus.
Introduction
In this unit we will look at the various controls of aerial apparatus, as well
as inspection procedures, and discuss the testing of aerial ladder devices.
There will be many apparatus here due to the different types of devices,
different manufacturers and the time span for apparatus that are currently
in service in New York State.
CAB CONTROLS
Each unit has standard fire apparatus controls and gauges, which the
students should be familiar with. These can include but not be limited to:
Brakes
Service Brakes
The brakes that normally
slow and stop the
apparatus.
CAB CONTROLS
• Brakes
– Service
Brakes
– Parking
Brakes
AO-AD Unit 2
1
They can be disc, S-Cam,
or a combination of
types, may be air
operated or hydraulic.
Most apparatus today are
air operated.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-2
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Parking Brakes
Setting of the service brakes by large springs that hold them in the applied
position.
Can be air operated, spring set, or manual mechanical. Most today are air
operated spring sets. The air pressure is released, which causes large
springs to mechanically apply the brakes.
Transmission
CAB CONTROLS
• Transmission
Automatic
From 4- 6 speeds or more, 5 speeds are typical. May be either pushbutton
control, or a “T” handle control, both are electronically controlling the
transmission.
– Automatic
– Manual
Transmissions
• Being Phased
Out
AO-AD Unit 2
1
T-Handle
Shift Pad
Manual Transmissions
These transmissions are being phased out in favor of the automatics. The
NFPA 1901 standard recommends the use automatic transmissions.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-3
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Auxiliary braking devices
Jake brake
Has various levels of braking power
that is driver controlled by a switch.
Basic operation is that it turns the
engine into an air compressor, which
acts to slow the vehicle.
CAB CONTROLS
• Auxiliary
Braking devices
– Jake brake
– Transmission
retarder
– Exhaust brake
– Driveline
Retarder (Telma)
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Transmission retarder
Installed at the output end of the
transmission and hydraulically slows
the output of the transmission, slowing
the drive shaft to reduce the speed of
the vehicle.
Exhaust brake
A valve installed in the engine exhaust
system that opens and closes to apply
backpressure to the engine, slowing
the vehicle.
Driveline Retarder (Telma)
Electro mechanical magnet installed on the drive shaft of the vehicle,
controlled by the driver manually, automatically by the release of the
throttle control or in combination with the brake pedal. Electrical energy
activates several magnets against the disc of the retarder, slowing the drive
shaft to slow the vehicle.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-4
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Instrument Panel Controls
Speedometer
Shows apparatus road speed.
Instrument Panel Controls
•
•
•
•
Speedometer
Tachometer
Engine hour meter
Air pressure gauges
• Voltmeter
• Ammeter
• Air cleaner indicator
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Tachometer
Shows engine RPM. (Revolutions Per Minute)
Engine hour meter
Shows time that the engine has been running.
Air pressure gauge(s)
One or more gauges to show the pressure in the chassis air systems,
typically for the brake system.
Voltmeter
Shows the condition of the batteries in terms of voltage to the system.
Spartan Control Panel
Ammeter
Shows what the alternator is putting out in terms of current to the
electrical system.
Air cleaner indicator
It shows by a remote gauge the condition of the engine air cleaner.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-5
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Other gauges and controls related to the operation of the
aerial device could be:
PTO
Power Take Off, controls the shifting of the aerial device power source
(generally a hydraulic pump)
CAB CONTROLS
• PTO
• Aerial Hour Meter
• Outrigger deployed
indicator
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Aerial hour meter
Indicates the actual hours that the aerial device has been in gear and the
PTO has been operating.
Outrigger deployed indicator
Normally, a light on the cab dash indicates that an outrigger has not been
stowed fully.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-6
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Aerial power switch
Controls the 12 Volt power to the aerial device and turntable.
Generator controls
110 Volt generator controls similar to many heavy rescue apparatus.
CAB CONTROLS
• Aerial power switch
• Generator controls
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-7
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
The hydraulic system consists of several components, the PTO, the pump,
hydraulic reservoir, hoses, raising cylinders, rotation motor, extension
winch, or cylinders.
• Components
– PTO
– Hydraulic Pump
– Hydraulic Reservoir
– Hoses
– Raising Cylinders
– Rotation Motors
– Extension Winch or Cylinders
– Control Valves
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Hydraulic System Hierarchy
PTO
The PTO is the drive unit, which transfers power from the transmission to
the hydraulic pump, which in turn moves the hydraulic fluid thru the
various hydraulic “circuits” to power the various functions of the aerial
device.
PTO Control
Hydraulic Pump
Hydraulic Reservoir
Control Valves
Hoses
Raising Cylinder
Rotation Motors
Extension Winch Or Cylinders
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Hydraulic System Components
• PTO
The hydraulic system may have several ways to check the level of the
fluid.
– Drive Unit Runs Pump from transmission
• Hydraulic Reservoir
– Supplies Fluid to Pump
• Hydraulic Pump supplies fluid under pressure to
Control Valves which supply
– Lift and Extension /Retraction Cylinders
– Rotation Motors and Winches and other slave
systems such as Bucket leveling
AO-AD Unit 2
Each manufacturer may require a particular type of hydraulic fluid. Refer
to the manufacturers specifications for each individual apparatus to make
sure the proper fluid is used. Hydraulic fluids should not be mixed by
brand or type as contamination can occur requiring the entire hydraulic
system to be drained, flushed and refilled. Most hydraulic systems can
take up to fifty gallons of hydraulic fluid.
1
The first is the overflow method, which involves filling the tank until the
fluid just starts to run out of an overflow tube installed at a level in the
tank. This tube would have a valve to prevent “sloshing” overflow.
Another method is to locate a dipstick that is the same as checking the
engine oil level or transmission level in an automatic transmission. The
hydraulic tank dipstick would indicate the proper level of the fluid when
removed and wiped off and replaced in the tank.
Hydraulic Reservoir
• Some are checked
electronically
• Dipstick
• Site Glass
Hydraulic Reservoir Dipstick
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-8
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The third way is for the manufacturer to install a sight glass tube, which is
connected to the hydraulic tank and visually shows the level of the
hydraulic fluid directly.
Note: Never check the aerial hydraulic system with the jacks or
outriggers out or the aerial device raised.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-9
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
OUTRIGGERS, JACKS, STABILIZERS
The stabilization of aerial devices can be accomplished with outriggers,
jacks, stabilizers, or a combination of these.
Stabilization
• Outriggers
• Jacks
• Stabilizers
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Outriggers generally are referred to as the “out and down” or “H” type.
These types consist of beams that move in the in and out directions, and
jacks that move in the up and down directions. These are hydraulically
operated, and can be found on most aerial apparatus. There may be one or
two sets of these depending on the size of the aerial device. There is also
a type of “A” frame outrigger that lowers and telescopes to provide
stabilization. Many of these outriggers have safety pins that should be put
in place when the jacks are deployed. Some pins are also safety interlocks
and must be installed properly to allow the aerial device to operate.
H – Type Outrigger
Safety Pin
Outrigger Control
Outrigger Control
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-10
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Jacks can be of the “A” frame type, or the “Scissors” type. A frame jacks
are usually found on mid-ship mounted or rear mounted aerial devices and
when stowed or deployed form an “A” with the turntable. An additional
jack system can be found on the front and rear of some apparatus to
provide additional stabilization.
Outriggers, Jacks & Stabilizers
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
Scissors jacks are under-slung from the chassis frame and are normally
found on the rearm mount apparatus. They are hydraulically operated, and
will form an “X” when deployed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-11
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The following outriggers swing down.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-12
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Stabilizers are normally of the manual operation and will be found on
older aerial apparatus. They can be of the drop down, screw down type or
may be of the swing out screw down type.
Manual Stabilizers
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
These types generally
have pins or locks to hold
them in the down or out
position.
When these
stabilizers are initially
screwed into place they
should not be “tightened
up” as the apparatus may
normally lift on the side
opposite the operation of
the aerial device and
“tightening up” of the
stabilizers may not allow
you to stow them once
the aerial device is
bedded.
These older stabilization
systems are not to the
current NFPA standards
and provide only minimal
stabilization
of
the
apparatus.
Units with
this type stabilization MUST be operated within the manufacturers design
and load limitations in regards to extension/elevation combination and
firefighter loading.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-13
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
DIVERTER VALVES
DIVERTER VALVES
• Diverter valves are
hydraulic valves that
change the flow of the
hydraulic fluid from
the
outrigger/jacks/stabiliz
ation circuit to the
aerial device
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Diverter valves are hydraulic
valves that change the flow
of the hydraulic fluid from
the
outrigger/jacks/stabilization
circuit to the aerial device
circuit. These valves may be
manually
operated,
electronically, or can be
automatically operated by
interlock switches that will
change the position of the
valve when all the outriggers/jacks/stabilizers are in the fully deployed and
proper position.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-14
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
TURNTABLE PEDESTAL CONTROLS
Each aerial device has its own aerial turntable pedestal controls. There are
standard NFPA required controls and there may be many optional
controls. The standard controls must have a dead-man control, which is
usually a foot-operated switch, an aerial raise control, rotate control, and
extend control and an intercom control.
TURNTABLE PEDESTAL
CONTROLS
• Each aerial device
has its own aerial
turntable pedestal
controls.
• The standard controls
must have a
–
–
–
–
–
dead-man control
an aerial raise control
rotate control
extend control
intercom control
AO-AD Unit 2
1
TURNTABLE PEDESTAL
CONTROLS
• Other Controls May Include
– High idle speed control
– Hydraulic pressure gauge
– Waterway nozzle controls
– Waterway valve controls
– Turntable and rung aligned indicator lights
– 12/120 volt control switches
– Aerial inclinometers and load tables
– Air system controls
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Other controls may include a high idle speed control, a hydraulic pressure
gauge, waterway nozzle controls, turntable and rung aligned indicator
lights, 12/120 volt control switches, aerial inclinometers, load tables, and
air system controls, and waterway valve controls.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-15
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Aerial Inclinometers
Aerial Inclinometers
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-16
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Other specialized controls may include rotation limiter controls, which
restrict the rotation of the aerial device from turning towards the side of an
apparatus where the outriggers have been intentionally “short set” due to
space restrictions.
Specialized Controls
• Rotation Limiter Controls, Which restrict
the rotation of the aerial device
• Cab Obstruction Limiter, Prevents the
rotation, or lowering of the aerial device to
a position where it may crush the cab of
the apparatus
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
There may also be a cab obstruction limiter, which prevents the rotation,
or lowering of the aerial device to a position where it may crush the cab of
the apparatus. There may also be reset switches associated with these
limiters to allow the aerial device to be removed from the position of
limit/obstruction if the limiter switches actually stop the aerial device from
moving.
Intercoms
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Intercoms may be installed that allow the aerial operator to communicate
with the firefighter on the tip or in the platform of an aerial device.
Generally the “master” control is installed at the turntable pedestal with
the hands free end at the tip or in the platform. The master control would
have the on/off switch, listening volume and the talk volume, and the push
to talk switch. The hands free may have a volume control.
Some of the 75’ Quints DO NOT have a turntable control pedestal; they
have the aerial controls at the pump panel.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-17
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Aerial Scope
Pedestal Control
Pedestal Aerial
Ladder Control
Aerial Scope Dead
man Switch
Aerial Scope Controls
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-18
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
LIFT CYLINDERS
LIFT CYLINDERS
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Any aerial apparatus requires lift cylinders to raise the aerial ladder.
There is a control lever that allows raising or lowering the aerial. Some of
these have lift cylinder control valves that must be open to raise or lower
the aerial, but must be closed to lock the aerial in a fixed position when
firefighters are on the aerial or it is being used as a water tower. Newer
aerial apparatus have automatic holding valves installed in the hydraulic
system to hold the aerial in a position once the control lever has been
released and returned to the neutral position.
E-One Aerial Ladder
Aerial Platform
Each manufacturer has its own design of the lift cylinder placement, and
lifting position. Students should become familiar with their specific
apparatus.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-19
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
ROTATION MOTORS
ROTATION MOTORS
AO-AD Unit 2
1
All aerial devices have some form of rotation motor. These are
hydraulically driven and are controlled by a lever on the turntable. The
hydraulic motor driving a gear, against a fixed gear that rotates the
turntable, accomplishes the rotation. Older apparatus may have a handoperated rotation lock while newer units again have the hydraulic holding
valves to keep the device from rotating once the control lever is returned
to the neutral position.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-20
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
EXTENSION / RETRACTION
There are several types of extension and retraction methods. The older
apparatus have a hydraulically driven winch, which controls two cables,
one to extend and one to retract the aerial sections. The other sections are
extended and retracted thru a series of cables attached to each of the
remaining sections of the aerial ladder. The winch controls only the innermid section cables.
EXTENSION / RETRACTION
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Another type of extension system is a set of chains, similar to a bicycle
chain, which may be driven by an electric motor or by a hydraulically
driven sprocket. This chain extends and retracts the inner-mid section of
the aerial. The other sections are still extended and retracted by a series of
cables attached to the remaining sections.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-21
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Additionally sections of box type aerial sections may be by individual
hydraulic cylinders for each section. These may or may not extend or
retract in any fixed order.
The following photos represent
a complete overhaul of a Baker
Aerial Scope 95 foot boom.
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The following photos represent a complete overhaul of a Baker Aerial
Scope 95 foot boom.
1
Show the next 10
slides. 8 are in the
Student Manual.
The photos reveal very well the internal assembly.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-22
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
The last type of extension/retraction is by a pair of long hydraulic
cylinders that push or pull the inner-mid section of the aerial device. The
remainder of the sections are still extended and retracted by a series of
cables.
Extension/Retraction Cylinders
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-23
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
ARTICULATING PLATFORMS
These units are generally of two sections that operate like an elbow. There
are large hydraulic cylinders that raise the individual sections. The
leveling of the platform may be by master/slave hydraulic cylinders or by
cables.
PLATFORM CONTROLS
Elevated platform units will
generally
have
duplicate
controls in the platform or
“basket”. These controls will
allow full operation of the
aerial
device,
including
elevation,
rotation,
and
extension/retraction.
ALF AERO CHIEF
Controls
Additionally the platform
controls may have optional
items
for
operation
of
emergency power units (EPU), and interlock overrides to allow operation
if the unit is “short jacked”. Many apparatus will also have SCBA air
outlets, 120 volt electrical outlets and floodlights, and possibly hydraulic
rescue tool connections. The controls for the waterway valves could be in
the platform, as will the controls to operate the master stream nozzle.
ALF AERO CHIEF
Platform Control
ARTICULATING PLATFORMS
PLATFORM CONTROLS
AO-AD Unit 2
1
A number of indicator lights may be present such as “ok to climb”,
turntable aligned,
waterway valve
open/closed, and
outrigger
not
deployed.
Intercom “hands
free” controls will
also be located in
the
platform.
Inclinometers,
flow meters or
pressure gauges
could also be
installed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-24
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
ADDITIONAL PLATFORM ITEMS
ADDITIONAL PLATFORM ITEMS
• Leveling devices
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Aerial platforms will have some additional components to keep the
platform in the level position. This is normally accomplished by two sets
of small hydraulic cylinders, one set at the base of the aerial and one set at
the platform. These are called master/slave cylinders, and are connected
to a series of hydraulic hoses to keep the platform level relative to the set
up position of the apparatus. These systems may normally be manually
leveled by override switches to allow adjustments if required.
Another type of leveling
system uses a pendulum
connected to a hydraulic
system
which
is
self
contained
and
provides
leveling of the platform
relative to the position of the
pendulum.
A hydraulic circuit that controls a cable arrangement to keep the platform
level in relationship to the truck levels some platforms.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-25
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
WATERWAYS AND MASTER STREAM GUNS
WATERWAYS AND MASTER
STREAM GUNS
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
Many newer aerial devices have pre-piped waterways and permanently
mounted master stream gun or guns. These may have control switches for
the guns at two places, one at the gun itself and one at the turntable
pedestal. These controls allow the operator to move the nozzle up, down,
left, right, and allow the changing of the stream from fog to straight
stream. Additionally the waterway may have a remote controlled valve to
allow the operator to turn the water on and off.
These valve(s) must meet the NFPA 1901 standard for opening and
closing speed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-26
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
AERIAL SECTIONS
AERIAL SECTIONS
•
•
•
•
from two to five individual sections.
enclosed box type
open web truss box type
conventional truss type ladder
Each aerial device is comprised of from two to five individual sections.
These may be of the enclosed box type, open web truss box type, or the
conventional truss type ladder.
• SECTION LOCKS
– Older aerial ladders require rung locks to be
applied when the ladder is positioned for
firefighter
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Enclosed Box Type
AO-AD Unit 2
4
Open Web Truss Box Type
AO-AD Unit 2
1
The box type is two to four fully
enclosed sections, either of
aluminum or steel, or a
combination construction and
extended by individual hydraulic
cylinders. The truss box type is of
riveted
open
web
type
construction, and may be of three
to five sections.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-27
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Conventional truss type aerial ladders may be of aluminum construction or
of steel construction, and may be of three to five sections. Depending on
the tip rating of the aerial device, the steel of the aerial device may be
thicker, heavier and sturdier than others. Tip loads of aerial devices
generally range from 250 pounds to 500 pounds and platforms can be
rated as high as 1000 pounds.
Conventional Truss Type
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
SECTION LOCKS
Older aerial ladders require rung locks to be applied when the ladder is
positioned for firefighter climbing or water tower operation. The sections
would be extended beyond the desired position and the rung locks applied
and the sections
retraced gently into
the locks. This then
combines
the
strength of the
individual sections
into one combined
ladder.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-28
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
BREATHING AIR SYSTEMS
BREATHING AIR SYSTEMS
120 VOLT ELECTRICAL
SYSTEMS
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Many aerial devices have on board air
systems that can be as simple as one or
two air cylinders mounted on the
aerial device to supply air to the
tip/platform and/or the pedestal
operator. These systems are not that
different from air cascade systems that
you may find on rescue or specialty
vehicles.
120 VOLT ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
Many aerial apparatus are also equipped with electrical generators. These
may be wired to body accessories only; however many have electrical
accessories on the aerial device as well. These may be outlets, telescopic
or fixed flood lights, and cable reels. The operator should become familiar
with the controls and operation of the specific systems. Many systems
would be very similar to those found on heavy rescue apparatus.
The generators may be portable, fixed, gas or diesel powered or may be
hydraulically driven self-contained units, or may be PTO driven.
Operators should check their particular apparatus to find out which type is
installed and the proper operation, inspection, and maintenance for the
specific generator.
Hydraulic driven generators may also have a PTO, hydraulic tank, and
associated pump and hoses installed on the apparatus. These would
require some additional controls and switches in the cab in addition to any
aerial controls.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-29
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
LESSON 2 AERIAL DEVICE INSPECTION
Introduction
LESSON 2
Aerial Device Inspections
At the end of this lesson the students
will:
• Be able to properly inspect the various
components of the aerial apparatus
• Be able to perform simple maintenance
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Introduction
• Aerial Devices are a large investment
• Must be inspected and maintained on a
regular schedule
• Unit must be available to respond
• Driver/Operator must know their
Apparatus
• Apparatus should inspected and tested on
a schedule
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1
Driver/Operator
Inspection/Maintenance Skills
• Local SOP’s & SOG’s
– What to do or not to do
• NFPA standard 1002 requires
driver/operators to have basic skills in
apparatus maintenance, inspection, and
testing
• All systems must have some kind of
inspection
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Each aerial apparatus is a large monetary investment by your community.
It becomes your responsibility to make sure that this apparatus is in
excellent ready condition. To that end a comprehensive inspection of the
apparatus is required at some regular interval. This may be on a daily,
weekly, monthly, or annual basis depending on the authority having
jurisdiction, and manufacturer’s recommendations.
There must be a definite policy in every fire department specifying what
constitutes normal maintenance, normal repair, and who performs these
functions. As fire apparatus become more complex, it is imperative that
the driver/operator have a thorough understanding of all the components
of the unit, how they function, and how he can properly inspect and
maintain a unit, which may cost as much as a million dollars. Fire
apparatus that are not ready to respond, or fail to operate properly at the
scene of a fire could cost lives of citizens, or firefighters. Regardless of
whether the truck responds to an emergency call once an hour, once a
week, or only once a month, it must be ready to function to its full
capabilities at any moment. In order for apparatus to operate as designed,
certain inspections, tests and maintenance functions must be performed.
Many aerial failures can be traced to lack of preventive maintenance and
proper repair. NFPA standard 1002 requires driver/operators to have basic
skills in apparatus maintenance, inspection, and testing. This unit will
cover basic inspection procedures and skills needed by the apparatus
operator.
1
All major components and systems require some kind of inspection. This
inspection may be simply a visual inspection or maybe an operational
inspection.
Another component of apparatus readiness is periodic testing. The
apparatus operator may perform some tests, while qualified and or
certified specialists must perform others. We will discuss these tests later.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-30
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
It is important for driver/operators to differentiate between the terms
maintenance and repair. Maintenance usually means keeping the unit in a
state of readiness.
Repairs are generally defined as replacing, or fixing that which is not
operating properly.
Repair (v. i.)v. i.
1. To return.
2. To go; to betake one's self; to resort; ass, to repair to sanctuary for safety.
Definitions Repair
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
3. The act of repairing or resorting to a place.
(v. i.)v. i.1. To return.
2. To go; to betake one's self; to resort; ass, to repair to sanctuary for
safety.
3. The act of repairing or resorting to a place.
4. Place to which one repairs; a haunt; a resort.
5. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or
partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as, to repair a house, a
road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune.
6. To make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify for;
as, to repair a loss or damage.
7. Restoration to a sound or good state after decay, waste, injury, or partial
restruction; supply of loss; reparation; as, materials are collected for the
repair of a church or of a city.
8. Condition with respect to soundness, perfectness, etc.; as, a house in
good, or bad, repair; the book is out of repair.
The Webster's Dictionary.
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4. Place to which one repairs; a haunt; a resort.
5. To restore to a sound or good state after decay, injury, dilapidation, or
partial destruction; to renew; to restore; to mend; as, to repair a house, a
road, a shoe, or a ship; to repair a shattered fortune.
1
6. To make amends for, as for an injury, by an equivalent; to indemnify for; as,
to repair a loss or damage.
7. Restoration to a sound or good state after decay, waste, injury, or partial
restruction; supply of loss; reparation; as, materials are collected for the repair
of a church or of a city.
8. Condition with respect to soundness, perfectness, etc.; as, a house in good,
or bad, repair; the book is out of repair.
The Webster's Dictionary.
Definitions Maintenance (n.)
• 1. The act of maintaining; sustenance; support;
defense; vindication.
• 2. That which maintains or supports; means of
sustenance; supply of necessaries and
conveniences.
• 3. An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a
cause depending between others, by assisting
either party with money or means to carry it on.
See Champerty.
The Webster's Dictionary.
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Maintenance (n.)
1. The act of maintaining; sustenance; support; defense; vindication.
2. That which maintains or supports; means of sustenance; supply of
necessaries and conveniences.
1
3. An officious or unlawful intermeddling in a cause depending between others,
by assisting either party with money or means to carry it on. See Champerty.
The Webster's Dictionary.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
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Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
A good preventative maintenance program will help to insure unit
reliability, lessen out of service time, and helps reduce the overall cost of
fire department operation. The purpose of preventive maintenance is to try
to reduce unexpected failures, which could be life and property
threatening. It should always be remembered that anything mechanical is
prone to possible failure, but with a good maintenance and repair program
in place, the odds of a failure are drastically reduced.
In most fire departments preventive maintenance starts with the
driver/operator. He or she is the person who is most familiar with the unit
and should know when the apparatus is operating at full capability, and
when it is not. Some departments may have a maintenance officer who the
driver/operator reports problems to. This individual may routinely check
and service the apparatus, or may only coordinate needed repairs with
department mechanics or outside service companies. The driver/operator
should be able to perform minor maintenance; however major repairs
should be left to qualified mechanics and repair personnel.
Every fire department should have in place a maintenance and repair
program which should include what type of inspection procedures are
used, what type of repairs are done and by whom, and how the process is
documented. This program should be included in the department’s
standard operating guidelines. The SOG’s should specify the items that the
driver/operators are responsible for checking, and which items the
operator can correct on his own.
Departments generally allow driver/operators to check fluid levels, top off
if needed, tighten loose nuts, bolts and screws, and replace bulbs. More
serious repairs are referred to qualified mechanics. Large departments may
have their own mechanics and repair shops, smaller departments may send
their units out to local repair facilities for maintenance.
NFPA Standards
• NFPA 1071 Standard for Emergency
Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications 2000 Edition
• NFPA 1915 Standard for Fire Apparatus
Preventive Maintenance Program 2000
Edition
• They recommend who and how
emergency vehicles should be
maintained and repaired
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Who ever does the repair work on apparatus should be qualified to repair
heavy trucks and the associated aerials, pumps and equipment which make
up today’s aerial apparatus. There are currently two NFPA standards;
NFPA 1071 Standard for Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications 2000 Edition
1
NFPA 1915 Standard for Fire Apparatus Preventive Maintenance
Program 2000 Edition
These standards recommend who and how emergency vehicles should be
maintained and repaired. The days of the back yard fire department
mechanic are over!
over!
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-32
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The schedule for checks and maintenance functions varies greatly in
departments, from career organizations requiring driver/operators to
perform maintenance checks and inspections at the beginning of the shift,
to volunteer departments who check equipment on a weekly or monthly
basis.
Whatever type Fire Department, apparatus checks and maintenance should
be outlined in SOG’s to insure that the equipment is properly checked and
those checks are properly documented. Proper record keeping keeps a
running history on the apparatus’s reliability, assists in planning for
replacement, and also is important for warranty claims. In the event that
the unit is involved in an accident, accident investigators will review these
records. All operators should be very familiar with their department’s
maintenance record keeping system.
All apparatus should be kept clean and neat. Washing of apparatus is
important to keep the components clean and free from dirt and debris that
may cause damage. The underside of the apparatus should be kept clean
as well. Auxiliary firefighting equipment carried on the apparatus should
also be kept clean and maintained to make sure it is in working condition
at all times.
INSPECTIONS
• NFPA 1002
• Federal DOT pre-trip inspection
• State commercial driver programs
Inspections should be performed daily,
weekly, or bi-weekly
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INSPECTIONS
1
It is highly important that the driver/operator have a systematic method of
checking their apparatus. Having a systematic approach to inspections
ensures that all items and functions are checked and noted every time an
inspection is carried out. Many departments use the inspection
requirements, which are outlined in NFPA 1002, or pre-trip inspection
requirements used in federal DOT, or state commercial driver programs.
These are the types of inspections that career firefighters should use on a
daily basis, and volunteer personnel should use on a weekly or biweekly
basis. Individual departments will need to establish their own program
based on response information, apparatus usage, and other local factors.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-33
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NFPA 1002
Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications 1998 Edition
NFPA 1002
Standard for Fire Apparatus
Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications 1998 Edition
2-2 Preventive Maintenance.
2-2.1*
Perform routine tests, inspections,
and servicing functions on the
systems and components
specified in the following list,
given a fire department vehicle
and its manufacturer’s
specifications, so that the
operational status of the
vehicle is verified.
Battery(ies)
Braking system
• Coolant system
• Electrical system
• Fuel
• Hydraulic fluids
• Oil
• Tires
• Steering system
• Belts
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
2-2 Preventive Maintenance.
2-2.1*
1
Perform routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions on the systems
and components specified in the following list, given a fire department
vehicle and its manufacturer’s specifications, so that the operational status
of the vehicle is verified.
• Battery(ies)
• Braking system
• Coolant system
• Electrical system
• Fuel
• Hydraulic fluids
• Oil
• Tires
NFPA 1002
Standard for Fire Apparatus
Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications 1998 Edition
Tools, appliances, and equipment
(a) Requisite Knowledge: Manufacturer
specifications and requirements,
policies, and procedures of the
jurisdiction.
(b) Requisite Skills: The ability to use
hand tools, recognize system
problems, and correct any deficiency
noted according to policies and
procedures.
•
•
•
•
2-2.2
Document the routine tests,
inspections, and servicing functions,
given maintenance and inspection
forms, so that all items are checked for
proper operation and deficiencies are
reported.
(a)
Requisite Knowledge:
Departmental requirements for
documenting maintenance performed,
understanding the importance of
accurate record keeping.
(b)
Requisite Skills: The ability to
use tools and equipment and complete
all related departmental forms..
AO-AD Unit 2
• Steering system
• Belts
• Tools, appliances, and equipment
1
(a)
Requisite Knowledge: Manufacturer specifications and
requirements, policies, and procedures of the jurisdiction.
(b)
Requisite Skills: The ability to use hand tools, recognize
system problems, and correct any deficiency noted according to
policies and procedures.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-34
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
2-2.2
NFPA 1002
Standard for Fire Apparatus
Driver/Operator Professional
Qualifications 1998 Edition
Document the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions, given
maintenance and inspection forms, so that all items are checked for proper
operation and deficiencies are reported.
• A-2-2.1
• Routine tests, inspections, and
servicing functions should be
performed on a daily, weekly,
monthly, or other periodic
basis as determined by
departmental policy. The
specifications provided by the
manufacturer for these
functions should be followed
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1
(a)
Requisite Knowledge: Departmental requirements for
documenting maintenance performed, understanding the
importance of accurate record keeping.
(b)
Requisite Skills: The ability to use tools and equipment and
complete all related departmental forms.
A-2-2.1
Routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions should be performed on
a daily, weekly, monthly, or other periodic basis as determined by
departmental policy. The specifications provided by the manufacturer for
these functions should be followed.
See Sample Inspection Forms in Appendices.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-35
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
PRE-SERVICE INSPECTION:
This type of inspection, sometimes-called operators check, pre-duty check
or general walk around, all accomplish the same goal. That goal is to
assure that to the best of the driver/operator’s knowledge, the unit is ready
to respond if needed.
PRE-SERVICE INSPECTION:
• Items to be checked
– Batteries,
– Fluid levels, including fuel,
– Amount of water in the booster tank,
– Tire condition,
– And other related items.
• Now start the physical Inspection
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1
There are a number of obvious items that need to be checked on any fire
apparatus. These include condition of the batteries, fluid levels, including
fuel, amount of water in the booster tank, tire condition, and other related
items. A methodical approach to the check in procedure will cover all
critical areas. If records are available from a previous inspection, or the
operator who was assigned to the unit last shift is available, then the new
operator should review the reports and speak with the person he or she is
relieving prior to checking the unit to see if any problems were noted and
if repairs were made. A good method for apparatus operators to use to
inspect their unit is called the walk around method.
Walk Around Method
Walk Around Method
• Observe the vehicle on
approach
–
–
–
–
Fluid leaks
Cleanliness
Physical Damage
Check the last inspection
sheet
– Debrief the last operator
• Begin the WALK
AROUND UNIT CHECK
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1
As the operator approaches the unit he will begin the inspection by
observing the overall appearance of the vehicle and look for any obvious
problems, such as low tire pressure, vehicle damage, or puddles of fluid
under the vehicle. Other conditions such as the apparatus leaning to one
side may indicate a suspension problem. The driver will then start his or
her inspection from the driver’s door and will work their way around the
unit in a clockwise pattern. As the operator circles the unit, all important
areas are checked, including all equipment which is assigned to be carried
in the units compartments. The final step of the inspection will be for the
operator to return to
the cab of the
engine start, the
unit and perform an
operational check
on all the unit’s
systems.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-36
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
WALKAROUND UNIT CHECK:
Left Front Side:
Left Front Side
• Check
– Door and Handrails
– Wheel & Tire
Assemblies
– Brakes
– Springs
– Fluid Leaks
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1
The operator will begin at the driver’s door to begin this type of apparatus
check. The operator will check the driver’s door, latches, and window
glass for proper operation and cleanliness. All handrails and associated
appliances should be properly attached. If the unit has saddle tanks, they
should be checked for secure fuel caps, any evidence of leaking and
damage.
The next area of importance is the wheels and tires. A quick check of the
wheel should be made to check for cracks, loose or missing lug nuts, bent
or broken studs and unusual amounts of brake dust on the wheel. The
wheel should also be inspected for any large amounts of gear oil or grease,
in particular if signs of trailing show both on the wheel and tire. Slight
seepage may be observed, which may not interfere with the unit’s
serviceability.
The operator should look behind the wheel at suspension and steering
gear. Look for problems involving springs, spring hangers, u-bolts,
shocks, and shackles. Most power steering units are frame mounted in this
area. Look for evidence of leaking on the floor and the unit itself. The
unit’s tires should be inspected for cuts, sidewall damage, tread separation,
uneven wear, and other problems. Tire inflation should be at the pressure
recommended by the tire manufacturer, which is usually found on the side
of the tire. The
valve stem also
needs to be checked
by the operator for
cuts, cracks, and
tightness.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-37
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Vehicle Front:
Vehicle Front
•
•
•
•
Physical Damage
Wipers
Warning Devices
Front Suction (If
Equipped)
• Special Tools
• Winches, Rescue
Tools Etc.
• Fluid Leaks
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
As in other areas, the operator will check for any obvious damage to the
front of the apparatus. The
condition
of
the
windshield, wiper blades
and arms should be
inspected. If the apparatus
has any warning devices
mounted to an extended
bumper, these should be
checked for attachment and
visible damage. If the unit
is a quint it may have a
front suction unit which is
normally capped, make
sure the cap is tight enough to prevent air leaks when attempting to draft,
but not so tight as to make it difficult to remove. If the intake is preconnected, the hose should be in good condition and stowed properly. If
an intake valve is provided it should be in the closed position. Many
apparatus have trash or attack lines on the front of the unit. Like the
intakes, they should be inspected for condition, proper storage for road
travel, and all nozzles clean and in proper place. Many apparatus today are
equipped with winches, hydraulic rescue tools and other systems mounted
on the front of the unit. These should also be inspected for proper
operation, damage and cleanliness, as well as being stowed properly.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-38
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Right Front:
Right Front
• General Condition of
Vehicle
• right front
components
• Wheels, Tires
• Suspension
• Cab Parts etc.
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1
The right front inspection of the apparatus would be the same procedure as
used when inspecting the drivers left front side. Again, general condition
is noted of all right front components, wheels, tires, and all associated
suspension parts. Once the right front inspection is completed, then the
driver/operator can continue on the right side of the apparatus, working his
or her way towards the rear.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-39
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Right and Left Rear Side
Inspections
Right and Left Rear Side Inspections:
• General Vehicle
Condition
• Wheels, Tires,
Suspension
• Tire Chains
• Compartments
• All Mounted Tools
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
This part of our inspection process will cover all areas from the rear of the
cab to the tailboard area of the apparatus. As in the front inspection, the
operator shall look for any obvious damage that may have occurred since
his or hers last inspection. Tires, wheels, and suspension components are
checked. Most aerials have dual rear wheels and tires on the rear axle or
axles. These should be checked for condition as is done with the front
inspection with the addition of checking for no contact between tires, and
other parts of the vehicle.
Units should be equipped with mud flaps and these should be properly
attached and in good condition. None of the flaps should be hanging
loosely or dragging on the ground.
Many apparatus in New York State are equipped with automatic tire
chains. This equipment should be inspected at this time by the
driver/operator. These devices are generally turned on and off from the
cab by the driver, and when activated a rotating hub with lengths of chain
swings into place in front of the drive wheels. The chains are swung in a
rotating motion so they fall under the rear wheels as the unit moves
forward or backward, providing enhanced traction in snow or ice
conditions. The driver should
make sure that all links of the
chains are present and in
good
condition.
The
automatic chains should be
lubricated
as
per
the
manufacturer, and should be
operated by the driver at least
once per month. Many
departments remove the hub
and chain units during the
summer months, and then
reinstall the units in the fall.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-40
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The driver should check all
compartment doors, hinges, hold open
devices, and latch mechanisms. The
equipment
carried
in
the
compartments should be inspected at
this time. The equipment that is
carried in each compartment should be
present and properly stowed.
Some departments will inspect each piece of equipment carried at this
time, others will only check for presence, cleanliness, and if the equipment
is properly placed in the right spot in the compartment. If the apparatus is
equipped with side-mounted ladders, they should be checked for
cleanliness, and if they are attached properly.
If the unit is a quint, hard suction hose carried in trays should be checked
for condition and if they are secured in the proper manner. Any hose or
other equipment carried on the exterior sides or running boards of the
apparatus should be checked at this time also. This would include preconnected lines that transverse the mid-ship area of the unit or are stowed
on top of the fender compartments.
Once all compartments and everything else on the left and right sides of
the apparatus have been checked, then the driver can proceed for the rear
and top of unit inspection.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-41
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
TOP AND REAR INSPECTION:
TOP AND REAR INSPECTION
• General Vehicle
Condition
• Compartments
• All Mounted Tools
• Master Streams and
Hose Lays
• Large Hand Tools &
Ladders
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1
Starting at the rear of the unit the operator will check the tailboard for any
new damage. All equipment, which is mounted in this area, should be
secured properly and in working order. This would include portable
extinguishers, hydrant valves, portable master stream devices, and any
other firefighting or related equipment. If the unit is equipped with a rear
compartment, this should be checked in the same manner as the left and
right side compartments. All equipment contained in the compartment
should be inspected for operation, cleanliness, and that it is stowed
properly.
The operator should then check his hose load in the main hose bed area.
He should make sure that there is the proper amount of hose on the
apparatus, and that the hose is properly packed and finished off correctly.
If the unit is equipped with a hose bed cover, it should be checked at this
time for condition, placement, and that the cover is properly secured. All
other equipment, which may be stored in the upper area, should be
checked at this time, including ground ladders, pike poles and other
equipment.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-42
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
After the top rear of the unit is checked, if the unit is a quint, the operator
can then proceed to the top front to check the top of the pump enclosure.
Any equipment stored in this area should be inspected like all other areas
of the apparatus. The booster tank water level should be visually checked
at this time at the filler opening. After the inspection of the top of the
apparatus is complete the operator can proceed to the pump panel
inspection.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-43
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
PUMP PANEL INSPECTION:
PUMP PANEL INSPECTION
The apparatus operator will now check all pump controls at the panel and
associated areas if so equipped. The first area for the operator to check is
the master pump gauges, as well as the individual gauges for discharges.
•
Note: This is not a Pump Operator’s class. This is a review.
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Any gauges that are duplicated in the cab or other areas should be checked
to make sure that they both read the same. Gauge glass should be clean,
not cracked, and no fluid leaks. The operator, after checking the gauges on
the unit, will now proceed to inspect all valves on discharges and intakes.
The operator may wish to open and close each valve to insure proper
operation with no binding, or sticking.
After the operator has checked all discharge and intake valves, he may
then move to the transfer valve if the unit is equipped with a multistage
pump. The valve can be changed from one position to the next and then
back to the original setting.
If the unit has an external intake relief valve, this can be checked after the
transfer valve inspection. Depending on department policy the air bleeder
should be checked to see if is in the proper position, open or closed. The
valve itself should be opened and then closed to check for proper
operation.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-44
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The operator will then check all drains at the panel and at other locations
where drains are located to insure that they are closed. In freezing weather
all drains should be opened to remove any water from the pump and
plumbing. After all the water is drained from the unit, then all drains are
returned to the closed position.
The operator now should check any pressure control devices, such as relief
valves, pressure governors, and any auxiliary cooling systems to assure
proper setting. If the unit has auxiliary fire suppression systems, such as
foam, halon, dry chemical, etc., they should also be inspected for proper
fluid amount, leaks, corrosion, or any obvious damage. The level of the
priming fluid can also be checked at this time. After the operator has
completed is walk around inspection of the engine, he or she can now
move to the units cab.
Note: This is not a Pump Operator’s class. This is a review.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-45
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
INTERIOR CAB INSPECTION:
INTERIOR CAB INSPECTION
• Seat & Mirrors
• Seat Belts & Steering
• Carried Equipment
– Storage & Mounting
• Controls and
Switches
AO-AD Unit 2
1
The first thing the operator should check upon entering the unit’s cab is
that the seat and mirrors are adjusted properly. It is imperative that the
driver has the seat and mirrors set. Many accidents have occurred because
an operator failed to adjust these critical items before the first run of the
day. The seatbelts and occupant restraint devices should also be checked
and adjusted if needed. If the apparatus is equipped with a tilt and
telescoping wheel, this also should be adjusted to the driver at this time.
The operator should check all equipment that is carried in the cab, such as
portable radios, flashlights, etc, for proper storage. All equipment should
be stowed properly so as not to interfere with response. Loose equipment
rolling around the interior of the cab can become a lethal projectile if the
unit is involved in an accident, or makes a sudden direction change.
The driver should inspect the road to pump shift and the aerial PTO
mechanism for proper positioning. The transmission selector lever, or shift
lever for manual transmissions should also be checked for neutral position.
Apparatus with push button transmission selectors normally are checked
with the battery and master switches on. All apparatus should have
operable neutral safety switches, which will not allow the engine to start in
gear.
The operator should check all other switches in the cab for proper
positioning. This would include emergency lights, headlights, radio
controls, heating and air-conditioning levers or switches, and all other
controls and switches.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-46
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
UNDER HOOD INSPECTION:
Once the driver has completed his in cab check, he then can move on to
the engine compartment checks. Most engine and other component checks
should be done prior to the operational check, which will be discussed
later.
Engine oil level should be the first fluid to be checked in the engine
compartment. If the unit has just been running, then the operator will have
to adjust his reading accordingly. All engines have a dipstick to measure
the amount of oil in the crankcase. If the reading is low, then the operator
should immediately add the proper amount and type of oil required for that
unit. If it is not the driver’s duty to add fluids, then the proper person
responsible should be notified.
The cold radiator level is now checked by the operator Check by
removing the cap on the fill opening, usually located on the coolant
system recovery or overflow reservoir, or by viewing through the sight
glass if supplied. There will usually be at least one or two marks on the
inside of the reservoir to indicate the proper level of the antifreeze. The
operator should also inspect the condition of the radiator hoses at this
time. The front of the radiator should be free of leaves, papers, and other
objects that would restrict the flow of air to the unit. Caution should be
used when dealing with cooling systems when the units are warm. Some
engines also have cooling fans, which are activated automatically, so
extreme care should be taken when working around the cooling fan
systems. If the cooling system is low, then the proper coolant should be
added at once.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-47
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
UNDER HOOD INSPECTION
•
•
•
•
Engine Oil level
Radiator level
Engine Air Intake
Power Steering
Fluid
• Automatic
Transmission Fluid
• Belts, Wiring, Air
Lines
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
The engines air intake system needs to be inspected for any obvious
damage, and if the unit is equipped with an air filter restriction gauge, it
should show green, or other proper indication. If the gauge shows red or
other color indicating a restriction, then the air filter probably needs
changing.
Power steering fluid levels, as well as brake fluid levels with vehicles
equipped with hydraulic brake systems should be checked at this time.
Power steering levels should be checked by using the dipstick in the
reservoir or by method specified by the manufacturer. Some systems
require the unit to be checked with the engine running and the fluid at
normal operating temperature. The brake fluid level should be checked in
the master cylinder using the procedure recommended by the apparatus
builder.
Automatic transmission fluid level should be checked in the same
manner as the engine oil level. A dipstick is usually provided for this
check. The proper level, like on the engine oil dipstick should be noted.
Newer apparatus have transmissions that have an electronic readout of the
fluid level. The manufacturer’s recommendations should be followed for
the proper procedure for checking fluid levels. Some require that the fluid
be warm and the engine running at the time of the transmission fluid
check. If this is the case, then the level can be checked after the
operational inspection, which will be discussed later.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-48
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
UNDER HOOD INSPECTION
AO-AD Unit 2
1
All belts, including water pump, air compressor, if equipped, fan, and
alternator, should be inspected for wear and proper adjustment. The
operator should be familiar with the proper feel for tightness of each belt
when properly adjusted.
Electrical wiring should be inspected in the engine compartment at this
time. The general condition of the wiring should be good with no signs of
frayed, loose, or cracked wires or connections.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-49
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
At the conclusion of the engine compartment inspection, the Apparatus
Operator should look for leaks of any fluids used in the vehicles engine or
transmission. Look for oil, transmission fluid, water, hydraulic oil,
power steering fluid, or any other fluid that may be leaking. All hoses
and other lines should be checked condition and indications of leakage.
The operator now has completed the general walk around inspection. To
complete this procedure, the operator should now do a general inspection
under the unit. Again he will look for any obvious signs of damage,
loose or missing parts, etc., of all components found under the apparatus.
This would include, but not be limited to suspension, driveline, and
auxiliary systems. If the apparatus is a quint, the operator should now
check the fluid level in the fire pump gear case for proper level.
The manufacturer’s procedure for this check should be followed. Some
gear cases have dipsticks, while others have simple plugs. Level of the
fluid should be noted, as well as any traces of water in the oil. After
completion of the gear case oil level check, the operator then can move
to the rear of the unit to complete the inspection. After the operator has
completed his or her under vehicle inspection, the inspection of the
aerial device and associated equipment can now be completed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-50
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
AERIAL DEVICE
Aerial Device Inspection
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Outriggers, Jacks, Stabilizers
Turntable Assembly
Turntable Pedestal
Lift cylinders
Aerial Sections
Extension/Retraction Systems
Pre piped Waterways
Breathing Air & Electrical Systems
AO-AD Unit 2
Each aerial device is different and may require some specific inspections.
We will cover general inspection items here. Refer to individual
manufacturer’s inspection procedures and inspection time intervals for
specific apparatus.
1
OUTRIGGERS, JACKS, STABILIZERS
Outriggers, Jacks, Stabilizers
•
•
•
•
•
•
Cleanliness
Leaks
Cracks and Rust
Excessive Wear
Switches
Deformity of parts or
Metal Fatigue
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Inspect all outriggers, jacks, and stabilizers for cleanliness, hydraulic fluid
leaks at cylinders, and any hoses. Look for weld cracks, rust and visible
damage on any areas of the units. Check for scoring of cylinders, or areas
where metal slides on metal or other surfaces. Check to see that any
electrical sensing and or safety switches are in place and functioning
properly. A visual inspection of pin holes should be made to check for
any deformity that would indicate that the jacks may have been retracted
with the pins in place.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-51
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
TURNTABLE ASSEMBLY
Turntable Assembly &
Turntable Pedestal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
The turntable has many items that should be looked at. You will find the
rotation motor located here and you should check the gears below the
turntable, and you should check the rotation motor for leaks and proper
security. The bolts that secure the turntable to the support structure should
be checked to see that they are all in place and sufficiently tight.
Cleanliness & Leaks
Cracks and Rust
Mounting Bolts
Switches
Intercom & Lights
Indicator Lights
Safety Interlocks &
Controls
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-52
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Turntable Pedestal
The turntable control pedestal should be checked to make sure that all
controls function properly and smoothly. Electrical switches should be
checked to make sure that they are working correctly. The intercom
should be checked for proper operation. Any lights that will be necessary
for night operation should be confirmed to be working properly. Any
indicator lights for rung alignment, turntable alignment, waterway valve
position, or any safety interlocks or controls are working.
Lift Cylinders
Lift cylinders
•
•
•
•
Obvious Damage
Hydraulic Fluid Leaks
Connection Points
Retainer Bolts &
plates
• Hydraulic Hoses for
cracks and leaks
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Inspect the aerial lift cylinders
for obvious damage, hydraulic
fluid leaks, connection points,
retainer bolts, and plates.
Inspect the hydraulic hoses for
cracks and leaks and tight
connections.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-53
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Aerial Sections
Aerial Sections &
Extension/Retraction Systems
• Visible Damage
– Dents
– Gouges & Scrapes
– Rust & Corrosion
• Rollers Slides & Pads
• Rungs & Section
Locks
• Cables & Cylinders
• Hydraulic Motors,
Sprockets & Chains
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
The aerial sections should be inspected for any visible damage including
dents, gouges, scrapes, rust, or corrosion. Any visible deformity should
place the apparatus out of service. Check for proper roller, slide, or wear
pad operation and to make sure that they are properly secured. Inspect the
sections for proper or excessive lubrication. Look for missing or damaged
rung covers on aerial ladder apparatus. For aerials with section locks
make sure the locks all operate properly and that they are adjusted to
properly align with the rungs when applied.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-54
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
Extension/Retraction Systems
There are several types of extension and retraction systems.
Some
involve a combination of cables and hydraulic cylinders. Others are only
hydraulic cylinders,
Others are strictly cable systems, and still others are a combination of
hydraulic motors, sprockets, chains, and cable. In any case they need to
be inspected. You should be looking at the condition of any hydraulic
cylinders and checking for leaks, damage, and items that we have
mentioned previously. Cables should be checked for damage, proper
tension, and proper lubrication. Extension and retraction cable and,
hydraulic line, electrical and accessory wiring or air system pulleys should
be checked for wear, lubrication, and damage. Any systems that have
chains and sprockets should be inspected for damage, excessive wear, and
proper lubrication.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-55
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
PRE PIPED WATERWAYS
Pre Piped Waterways
•
•
•
•
Visual damage
Lubrication
Attachment System
Drains & Relief
Devices
• Master Stream Guns
& Nozzles
AO-AD Unit 2
1
The water way piping should be checked for damage, and proper
lubrication. The seals at the telescoping sections should be checked for
damage, and lubrication as necessary. The method of waterway
attachment to the aerial device, usually by bolts, should be checked to
make sure that all bolts are present and sufficiently secured. Don’t forget
to check under the vehicle and inspect any piping and valves for damage,
and proper operation. Newer apparatus are equipped with automatic drain
valves and should also have automatic pressure relief valves. These
should be checked for proper pressure adjustment and operation. Master
stream guns and nozzles should be checked and inspected the same as they
would be on a pumping apparatus.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-56
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
BREATHING AIR SYSTEM
Breathing Air &
Electrical Systems
• Leaks & Damage
• Gauges & Quantity
• Current Hydrostatic
Test
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
The breathing air system should be inspected for any leaks, and proper
valve operation. All hoses should be inspected for damage, and leaks.
Any adjustable pressure regulators, such as a Tescom, should be inspected
for damage and should be checked for proper operation and all gauges
checked. Any air cylinders should be checked for current hydrostatic test
date. All points of connection to the air system should be checked for
proper operation and condition.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-57
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
12/120 VOLT ELECTRIAL SYSTEMS
Apparatus may have 12/120 volt electrical systems that are permanently
installed on the truck or may be portable. Generators may be diesel, gas,
hydraulic, or PTO powered. Each one has its own special requirements
for checking. Some, are of the obvious due to the mode of power, others
are not so obvious. Apparatus operators must refer to the manufacturer’s
documentation for specific and recommended inspection procedures.
Some of the obvious include fluid levels for gas, diesel, and hydraulic
units; these can be coolant, oil, and maybe fuel levels. PTO units can
require more detailed inspections such as driveline, PTO, and mounting.
All generators have some controls that should be checked, as well as the
wiring and accessories.
As you can see apparatus can vary greatly from one manufacturer to
another, as well as improvements over time from the aerial devices
designed and constructed in the 50’s to those of the 2000’s. They have
become more complex, heavier, costlier, and larger than their early
predecessors.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-58
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
OPERATIONAL INSPECTION
Operational Inspection
• Setup Apparatus
• Operate all functions
• Completely extend Apparatus per
manufacture's instructions
• Check all areas that were not visible
during the walk around
• Follow NFPA 1901
• Check Emergency Systems and Auxiliary
Devices
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Once the visual inspection is complete, a full operational inspection
should be conducted. This should include setting up the apparatus, and
operating all the functions of the aerial device. At this time it may be a
good idea to check further, areas of the unit that couldn’t be visually
inspected earlier.
During this operational inspection the aerial device should be fully
extended and inspected completely for items that we have talked about
earlier. Newer aerial devices can be extended and lowered for ease of
inspection. Older aerials are more difficult to do such an inspection
without the aerial being supported at the tip end.
NFPA 1901 has time limits for some of the operations. These can vary for
type of aerial device and the operator should check to see what the limits
are for their particular unit.
The aerial device should operate free from binding, noise, grinding,
twisting, and should be able to extend and raise to the full limits of the
device. At this time the operator should also test any emergency operation
systems to make certain of their operation. Any auxiliary devices should
also be checked for proper operation.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-59
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
LESSON 3 AERIAL DEVICE MAINTENANCE AND
TESTING
LESSON 3
Aerial Device Maintenance &
Testing
GENERAL
At the end of this lesson the students will:
• Comprehend Maintenance and understand
the necessity of a comprehensive program
and the need for a record keeping system
• Understand testing and the types required by
NFPA
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Maintenance
• Scheduled Cleaning
Lubrication
Fluid and Filter Replacements
Cable & Pulley Lubrication
Wear Pads & Blocks
AO-AD Unit 2
As we have mentioned, apparatus can vary greatly in complexity,
appearance, weight, size, and components. Therefore maintenance and
testing likewise has become more complex. The operator may do
maintenance, or it may have to be done by a qualified mechanic. As we
have mentioned, there are NFPA standards, 1071 Emergency Vehicle
Technician Professional Qualifications and 1915 Fire Apparatus
Preventative Maintenance, which recommend who and how emergency
vehicles should be maintained and repaired.
MAINTENANCE
– Exterior
– Interior
– Underside and Components
•
•
•
•
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
Maintenance is anything that can be done to keep the vehicle in a ready
state. This can include regular scheduled cleaning, lubrication, cable
adjustment, hydraulic fluid replacement, chassis lubrication, and the like.
All aerial manufactures have maintenance schedules in their manuals,
which should be consulted prior to any maintenance being performed.
Some of the most significant maintenance items would be the proper
lubrication of any sliding and or rolling surfaces of the aerial sections.
Refer to the manufacturers specifications for the proper lubrication
material, and the surfaces that are to be lubricated. Any cables should be
lubricated with proper cable or wire rope lubricant. Pulleys for the cable
and any wires, or hoses should be lubricated at the point of attachment and
rotation. Some of today’s aerial ladders are equipped with nylon, Teflon,
or similar materials. It is generally recommended by the manufacturers
that the units be cleaned in some manner prior to re-lubrication. This may
be by steam cleaning or by solvent cleaning.
Some of the earlier aerials have manual jacks/stabilizers, which require
preventative maintenance. These generally require some form of
lubrication for moving parts, which may thread, or provide locking or
pinning capabilities.
Outriggers on many more modern apparatus don’t require any
maintenance other than periodic cleaning. These are generally not
lubricated where they slide in and out of the truck due to wear pads that
are made again of Teflon, Nylatron, or UHMW (ultra high molecular
weight) plastic type materials. Keeping the surfaces clean is the best
maintenance.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-60
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
RECORDS
Record Keeping
• Helps schedule maintenance
• Point reoccurring problems
• Risk Management
– May help prevent operator error
AO-AD Unit 2
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
1
Proper documentation and record keeping is important in any maintenance
program. The NFPA standards already mentioned provide guidelines as to
the records and documentation that should be kept by the fire department.
The records should be easily available to the different operators of the
apparatus so that they can reference what maintenance has been completed
and what may be required to be done. There are several computer
programs available to assist in keeping accurate maintenance records.
Aerial Device Testing
TESTING AERIAL DEVICES
• Standards
– NFPA 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire
Apparatus
– NFPA 1914 the Standard for Testing Fire
Department Aerial Devices
• Manufacture's Design Specifications
• Testing Personnel
– Trained
– Qualified
AO-AD Unit 2
1
There are a number of different tests that should be performed at various
time intervals as recommended by the manufacturer and the NFPA 1901,
and 1914 standards, 1901 being the Standard for Motorized Fire
Apparatus and, 1914 the Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices. Aerial apparatus operators should have access to this standard to
be able to review them prior to, or during any testing that they may be
required to conduct or observe. In addition, the manufacturers design
specifications must be consulted prior to testing to assure compliance with
design limitations.
TESTING PERSONNEL
Personnel that may be assigned to do testing of aerial devices should be
properly trained and qualified to perform such tests. Most jurisdictions
hire third a party or companies to do the testing due to specialized training
and equipment required to carry out the testing. This also removes
liability from the fire department for improper or incomplete testing.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-61
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
TYPES OF TESTING
There are basically three different types of testing required by the NFPA
standards. One of these types of testing is very complex and time
consuming and requires special testing equipment to conduct. This is a
non-destructive test (NDT). The second type of testing is an operation
test, and the third is a load test.
Types of Testing
•
•
•
•
Non Destructive Testing
Operational Test
Load Testing
Component Testing
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-62
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Non Destructive Testing
•
•
•
•
Complex
Time Consuming
Special Testing Equipment
Some of the items Checked
– Bolts
– Welds
– Structural Member
AO-AD Unit 2
1
The NDT checks the integrity of all welds on the aerial and support and
outrigger/jack/stabilizer systems by an electromagnetic particle test which
shows any cracks or other defects in the welds and the material welded.
Hardness test may be performed on certain types of aerial devices to
ensure that the material is of the proper type and strength. Thickness tests
may be conducted on other types of aerials to check for interior corrosion,
again to ensure proper aerial strength and metal thickness. All of the
items, which are inspected by the operator, will again be inspected, to
much greater detail, by the testing personnel.
The NDT also will check any fastening devices of the turntable, the aerial
to the turntable, and the aerial sections. The bolts holding the turntable
bearings to the apparatus support structure and the bearing to the base of
the turntable will be inspected for proper type and grade and for the proper
torque. A similar check will be made of the bolts and fasteners for the
stabilizers/jacks/outriggers.
In some aerials bolts or rivets that secure the individual pieces together to
form the aerial device itself will also be checked in a similar manner.
Per the NFPA 1914 standard, a NDT is required at a minimum of five
years, or when other tests or inspections or repairs indicate that such a test
should be conducted. However many testing agencies will only supply a
“certification” sticker for one year.
The NDT inspector will not perform any required maintenance or
adjustments; this will have to be done by personnel specified by the fire
department.
OPERATIONAL TESTING
Operational Testing
• Operational testing
consists of operating
the apparatus as the
manufacture specifies
and recommends
AO-AD Unit 2
1
An operational test is just that, operating the aerial device. The aerial
device is designed to perform its functions within specified time limits.
This test would involve setting up the device to be stable condition and the
fully perform each function. The functions would be raising the aerial
device fully from the bedded position, rotating it 360 digress in each
direction and then fully extending the aerial. All the functions listed
above need to be completed in the specified time by the manufacturer.
Once all functions have been completed the aerial device can be returned
to response ready mode.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-63
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
LOAD TESTING
Load Testing
The actual load is applied to the apparatus
AO-AD Unit 2
1
Load Testing
AO-AD Unit 2
COMPONENT TESTING
1
Ladder Failure
Aerial Test
AO-AD Unit 2
A load test is a test where the design load specification of the aerial device
is checked by actually applying the specified design load to the aerial. A
specific tool for suspending the load from the aerial must be used as
outlined in the NFPA 1914 standard. The load and time limit for the
application can vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Generally, the
loads will range from 250 pounds up to 1000 pounds. This test may be
conducted by the fire department and should be annually.
1
In addition to the aerial and related components, many aerial devices may
have accessory equipment that should be tested as well. This can include,
pre-piped waterways, hydraulic power systems. The waterways should be
pressure tested both retracted and extended, horizontal and elevated, and at
150, 200 and 250 PSI. The pressure gauges and flow meters should also
be checked for accuracy. The test pressure may be reduced to the 200 PSI
if the waterway was only designed to that pressure, so manufacturers
design specifications must be consulted prior to testing. Some aerial
devices have hydraulic systems to power hydraulic tools from the aerial
device. These should also be checked for leaks, operational pressure tests,
and fluid levels. In each case, any swivels, connections, hoses, and
couplings should be checked for wear, cracking, rubbing, and tightness
and securement to the device.
Component Testing
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-64
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
TESTING RECORDS
Group Activity
Proper documentation of any and all test performed on the apparatus is of
the utmost importance. Third party inspection services generally provide
a written record of the tests conducted and the specific times and
measurements that were taken. If the fire department should choose to
perform any tests, they too should keep accurate records.
GROUP ACTIVITIES
The class will now participate in a group activity apparatus walk around as
directed by the instructor.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-65
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 2 Aerial Device Components,
Inspections, & Testing
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 2-66
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 1
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Miami Stabilization
AO-AD Unit 1
UNIT 3: POWER TRANSFER AND
STABILIZATION
References
•
IFSTA
Aerial
Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
1
Unit 3
POWER TRANSFER AND
STABILIZATION
• Power Transfer
• Apparatus Stabilization
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
3
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-1
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Objectives
Objectives
At the end of this unit the students will:
• Place various aerial apparatus into proper
operating conditions
• They will recognize limitations to
stabilization and to safely and properly
stabilize various aerial apparatus
• Aerial apparatus positioning and
placement will be discussed for different
tactical functions.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Introduction
• Positioning is a critical component to aerial
operations
• Positioning of the apparatus may vary
depending on the tactics However poor
• iIitial positioning may severely limit or
render the aerial device un-useable.
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
1
At the end of this unit the students will:
• Put various aerial apparatus into proper operating conditions
• Properly recognize limitations to stabilization and properly
stabilize various aerial apparatus
• Discuss aerial apparatus positioning and placement
Introduction
One of the critical components to aerial operations is the initial positioning
of the aerial apparatus on the fire ground. Positioning of the apparatus
may vary depending on the tactics required. The tactics will be discussed
later in the course. However poor initial positioning may severely limit or
render the aerial device un-useable.
LESSON 1: POSITIONING AND SAFETY
Lesson 1
POSITIONING AND SAFETY
AO-AD Unit 1
1
A size up by the driver/operator when arriving on the scene can be crucial
as far as positioning and stabilization are concerned. The incident
commander may give orders as to the location desired for the aerial
apparatus; however it is the responsibility of the driver/operator to make
sure that the apparatus is positioned and parked correctly. The tactical
objectives presented by the situation and the strategic goals of the IC must
be accomplished.
Size Up
• Driver/operator size up is crucial when
arriving on the scene
• The IC orders the location desired for the
apparatus
• Positioning and stabilization are the
responsibility of the Driver/operator
• The IC’s tactical objectives and strategic
goals must be accomplished.
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Stabilization
• Level Ground
– Hard Surfaces
– Hard Paved Surfaces
– Ground Composition
• avoid soft grassy areas
• Grades
• Other Hazards
– Curbs
– Manholes
– Drainpipes &conduit
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We will talk about positioning here primarily as it relates to stabilization,
and possible obstructions. Consideration must be given to the terrain on
which we park and position the apparatus. Level ground is always
preferred as opposed to grades. Another factor would be the composition
of the ground. Hard paved surfaces designed to support the weight of
today’s apparatus is desirable.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-2
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Avoid soft ground grassy areas. They do not provide adequate support for
the weight of modern fire department aerial apparatus. Additionally the
operator should avoid curbing, storm drain grates, manholes and any other
items or obstacles that could impair the stabilization of the apparatus. Pre
planning can help avoid drain piping or underground chase ways and
conduits that may collapse under the weight of the aerial apparatus.
Poor Ground
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
1
Both units are staged
on soft ground with
plates under their
jacks.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-3
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Operators should strive to position the truck where the operation of the
aerial device is not restricted due to lack of proper stabilization and
terrain. The first in unit can make or break the whole operation if they do
not give tactical consideration to placement of Pumpers and Trucks
(Ladders).
Good Positioning
• First due engines
must make good
size up decisions
for good aerial
utilization
• Position Apparatus
keeping all
stabilzation factors
in mind
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The goal of the driver/operator is to get the full range operation of the
aerial device starting with the initial positioning. With proper training and
knowledge of the aerial apparatus, the driver/operator should be able to
make adjustments in the stabilization process to get full operation as
opposed to limited due to manufacturers design limits and less than
desirable stabilization. An example would be to build box cribbing to give
full stabilization working towards a level or near level apparatus when the
terrain is not conducive to such. (Always follow Manufacturers
guidelines)
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-4
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Overhead Obstructions
•
•
•
•
•
Trees
Power Lines
Cables
Bridges
Building Overhangs
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Notice the wires at the
rear of the truck. The
ladder was swung
under the wires and
then up to utilize it.
The apparatus driver/operator must also be conscious of overhead
obstructions such as power lines, trees, building overhangs as well as
rotational obstructions which again can include trees, but could also
include light poles, signs, fences and similar vertical items.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-5
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Give consideration to additional arriving apparatus and access to
equipment and ground ladders. Access to ground ladders depends on the
type of mounting, whether it be side mount, rear mounted or on hydraulic
ladder racks. Provide sufficient room to allow proper and safe removal of
the maximum length ground ladders however they are carried on the truck.
Positioning
• Consider your
location
• Consider the location
of incoming units
– Do not let access to
your tools be blocked
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-6
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Obstacles
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Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Other obstacles that need to be watched are parked vehicles, hose lines to
apparatus, and hydrants. Also access for EMS vehicles may need to be
considered depending on the type of situation. Parked vehicles, including
our own apparatus may limit or prevent the proper deployment of the
stabilizing system. This could either render the aerial device un-useable or
limit the rotation due to the inability to fully set the
outriggers/jacks/stabilizers.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-7
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
LESSON 2: POWER TRANSFER, STABILIZATION
Lesson 2
Power Transfer & Stabilization
Power Transfer
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The first item to consider for aerial operation is the power transfer to the
hydraulic system to power the device. A Power-Take-Off mounted to the
transmission, coupled to a hydraulic pump supplies the power to the
apparatus to operate the aerial units. Additionally, a 12V “Aerial Power”
switch may be located on the dash near the PTO control. This switch
controls the power to the turntable of the aerial device.
Shifting of the PTO can be accomplished in several ways. They can be
shifted by a manual lever or cable, which is normally pulled to engage and
pushed to disengage. Cables or levers should be provided with a way to
lock them in gear, either by turning or by a rigid holding device. Another
method of shifting a PTO would be by electric switch, which again would
either engage or disengage depending on the position of the switch.
Additionally a PTO can be shifted by an air shift, similar to a fire pump
shift. An indicator light may be provided which will show when the PTO
is engaged.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-8
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
PTO
PTO Shifting
• Lever or Cable
• Electric Switch
• Air Shift
– Indicator Light
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Quints
• Note: Aerial Devices are normally powered
by hydraulics using a PTO to drive a
Hydraulic Pump. These pumps, especially
on older units, are engine speed sensitive.
Some newer units may have constant output
hydraulic systems that will not be as
sensitive. Quints have a transfer case to
drive the pump and a PTO to drive the ladder
hydraulic system. These systems may not
phase together.
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Note: Aerial Devices are normally powered by hydraulics using a PTO
to drive a Hydraulic Pump. These pumps, especially on older units, are
engine speed sensitive. Some newer units may have constant output
hydraulic systems that will not be as sensitive. Quints have a transfer
case to drive the pump and a PTO to drive the ladder hydraulic system.
These systems may not phase together. Some units may even have a
PTO or hydraulically drive generator to complicate things.
Warning: these tools may not all work together. They may have to be
used separately or if used together only with restrictions. Follow the
Manufacturer’s recommendations and test the equipment to be sure it
all works properly.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-9
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Automatic Transmission
Automatic Transmission
• Set Brakes & Chock
wheels
• Engage PTO
– Hot Shift PTO
• May shift into road gear,
no transmission lockout
– Normal PTO
• Shift to neutral
• engage PTO
• Sift back to appropriate
gear
• Quints may have to have
pump engaged
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The first step in putting any aerial device in PTO is for the operator to
make sure that the parking brakes are set. Many of the newer apparatus
will have safety interlocks that will not allow the PTO to be shifted into
gear if the apparatus parking brake is not set and the road transmission is
in drive gear. However some PTO’s are considered “hot shift” and will
shift into gear when the road transmission is in neutral gear as well as
drive gear.
Apparatus with fire pumps also require the fire pump as well as the aerial
PTO to be shifted. The PTO should be shifted first as outlined above.
Then the transmission should be shifted to Neutral gear, and the fire pump
shifted as recommended by the manufacturer, and the transmission placed
in drive gear. In this case there could be as many as three indicator lights
on the dash illuminated, one for PTO engaged, one for fire pump engaged
and the third for transmission “lock up” in drive gear. Also the
speedometer and discharge pressure gauge should indicate the shift as well
as a change in sounds.
To place the apparatus in road mode, the procedure should be
reversed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-10
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Manual Transmissions
Again the parking brake must be set prior to any shifting. The clutch
pedal should be depressed and the transmission shifted to Neutral gear, the
PTO then may be shifted into gear. Then the clutch pedal can be released
to allow the shifting to be completed. Indicator lights, if provided, should
be illuminated.
Manual Transmission
• Set Brakes & Chock
wheels
• Depress Clutch
• Transmission to
neutral
• Engage PTO
• Release clutch
• Indicator light will light
• you should feel the
PTO engage
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If there is a fire pump, after the PTO is engaged, depressing the clutch
pedal and then shifting the fire pump per the manufacturers
recommendations should shift the pump transmission. Now the road
transmission should be placed in the proper pumping gear, and the clutch
pedal released.
To return the apparatus to road mode, reverse the procedure as
above.
Operators should look for signs that the PTO has actually shifted into gear,
which could include the dashboard indicator light and a change in sound
when the hydraulic pump engages and starts pumping fluid, as well as an
indication of hydraulic pressure on any gauges on the apparatus.
If there is a fire pump on the apparatus then there should be an indication
by the speedometer and sound change and pressure indication that the fire
pump has also shifted. Again indicator lights may be present to confirm
the shifts as well.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-11
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
APPARATUS STABILIZATION
Apparatus Stabilization
•
•
•
•
•
•
General
Stabilization
Jacks
Outriggers
Stabilizers
Jack Plates
Ground pads
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Prior to any deployment of the aerial device, the apparatus has to be
stabilized. Stabilizers, jacks, outriggers, or a combination of these can
accomplish this, as we have described earlier.
All apparatus operators must be required to read and understand the
owners’ manual prior to operation so that they know the limitations of the
particular aerial apparatus. Operators should fully understand the load and
limitation charts for their apparatus as published in these manuals.
The vast majority of apparatus will be equipped with auxiliary ground
pads or plates. These are required by NFPA 1901 to help distribute the
load of the jacks/outriggers. Generally they are constructed of ½”
aluminum plate with some kind of handle or hand hole cut out. The
weight on a single jack/outrigger can be more than 50% of the weight of
the entire apparatus when the aerial device is off the side of the truck with
personnel on the aerial.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-12
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
One of the first steps in any apparatus stabilization would be the
deployment of the NFPA compliant wheel chocks as recommended by the
apparatus manufacturer.
Deployment Jacks
• Hydraulic
– Very powerful
• Manual
– Follow Manufacturer’s
Recommendations
• Never adjust a
stabilizers/jacks/outrigger
when the Apparatus in in
operation
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Additionally the apparatus operator must constantly be looking for objects
or other firefighters that may get in the way of moving stabilizers! The
hydraulically operated units can produce enough force and power to crush
a parked vehicle, so a firefighter’s foot with a steel-toed boot wouldn’t
even slow it down.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-13
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Stabilizers/jacks/outriggers may be deployed by a number of different
methods. First is the manually operated type that is generally of some
screw down design. They may have to be rotated, or dropped down and
then screwed down to make contact with the ground. Manual types should
NOT be tightened to raise the apparatus; however they should be just
“snug” to the ground.
Once in operation they should NEVER be adjusted. They may actually
come off the ground during aerial operation, but if adjusted you may not
be able to stow them once the aerial is bedded because they are too
“tight”.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-14
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Different
types
of
controls
can
deploy
hydraulic
stabilizers/jacks/outriggers. They can be by electric switches or manual
levers. Electrical switches operate a hydraulic control valve that moves
the stabilizer/jack/outrigger in the desired direction. Manual levers are
usually a direct hydraulic control to perform the desired function.
Operators should become familiar with the specific type of controls and
what direction of the control moves the stabilizer/jack/outrigger in the
desired direction as well.
Stabilizers/jacks/outriggers
Controls
• Manual Hydraulic
Valves
• Electric Switches
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Once all stabilizers/jacks/outriggers have been deployed, some of them
require safety pins to be put in place. Some of these pins must be inserted
into the stabilizer/jack/outriggers in a specific way or position to allow the
diverter/selector valve to operate. While others the pins are simply back
ups to hydraulic holding valves which hold the stabilizer/jacks/outriggers
in position.
Safety Pins
• No your apparatus
requirements for
stabilization
• Some must be off
ground completely
• Some have only the
front axle off ground
• Some only take the
bubble out of tires
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Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
1
Each manufacturer has different requirements for how far the vehicle
should be off the ground. Some recommend that the entire vehicle be off
the ground supported only by the stabilizers/jacks/outriggers, while others
prefer that only the “bubble” be taken out of the tires and still others like
the front axle off the ground while the rear axle(s) remain on the ground.
Again consulting the apparatus manual should tell what is preferred.
Newer apparatus will be equipped with lights at the
stabilizer/jack/outrigger control station(s) that will indicate full and proper
deployment of the stabilizer/jack/outriggers. If any one light is not lit it is
an indication that some device is not fully or properly deployed and the
operator should make a walk around of the truck to try and find the
problem, as this could prevent the operation of the aerial device.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-15
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
Level Ground
Level Ground
• Stabilization fairly
easily accomplished
• Know your Apparatus
limits
• Reductions are
appraised at the
leveling bubbles and
inclinometers
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Stabilization can be easily accomplished on level ground. Most apparatus
manufacturers allow a 4-degree off level stabilized apparatus to be
operated as if it were level. From 4 to generally 8 to 10 degrees can be
operated at a 50% capacity reduction. That means that the apparatus
either has to have 50% of the rated load on the aerial device or that the
aerial must be operated at 50% extension/elevation. Today’s apparatus
come equipped with inclinometers that are color coded to indicate the
operational load limits. Normally Green for 100% operations with no
limitations, yellow for 50% capacity or operation limits and red for no
aerial operations allowed.
Operators MUST refer to their specific manufacturers’ manual(s) prior to
operations to become familiar with the limitations of each apparatus.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-16
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
On Grades
Apparatus that must be operated on grades or uneven terrain require
additional steps or procedures for proper stabilization. Some apparatus
can over come some grade differentials just by extension of the jacks.
Other times it may require heavy box cribbing to provide a sufficient
surface at a level required to accomplish stabilization at a position that will
allow the apparatus to be operated at full or a minimum 50% capacity.
On Grades
• May be operated on
some grades with
proper stabilization
• Cribbing may be an
alternative
• Place Chocks
accordingly
• More than 8 to 10
degrees is
unacceptable
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Any grade in excess of the 8 to 10 degree allowable by the apparatus
manufacturers will not allow the use of the aerial device at all. The
limitations are not due to poor engineering, however they are due to
twisting and torsion loads placed on the aerial device and the turntable
assembly when the truck is parked at and angle. Additional consideration
should be given to the placement of the wheel chocks on the “downhill”
side of the apparatus if the unit is parked in the uphill or downhill position.
Apparatus with front wheel parking brake capability should have those
brakes applied to provide additional holding when on grades.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-17
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
POWER TRANSFER TO AERIAL DEVICE
Power Transfer from Stabilization
System to Aerial Device
• Automatic Systems
– Stabilizers/jacks/outriggers deployed
– Micro switches engage
– Automatic diverter valve energizes Aerial
• Manual Electric Switches & Manual Levers
– Micro switches must engage
• Some older units have no interlocks or
swithes
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Some Switches and Overrides
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Once the stabilizers, jacks or outriggers have been deployed per the
manufacturers’ requirements the automatic safety interlocks should be
activated. These are normally micro switches that show that the
stabilizers, jacks or outriggers have been fully deployed. Once this has
been accomplished the aerial device is now activated automatically. The
hydraulic power has been transferred from the operation of the
stabilizer/jack/outrigger circuit to the aerial device circuit. An automatic
diverter/selector valve accomplishes this transfer, and once the power has
been transferred the stabilizer/jack/outriggers cannot be operated unless
the aerial device is bedded.
1
Some apparatus have manual diverter/selector valves that must be
activated by the operator after the stabilizer/jack/outriggers have been
deployed. A note to operators here is that the stabilizer/jack/outriggers
will not operate if the diverter/selector valve is in the aerial position and
not the stabilizer/jack/outrigger position.
Older units may not be equipped with any safety interlocks and the aerial
device can be raised out of the bed and rotated without ANY stabilization.
Operators of these vehicles must be aware of the safe and proper operation
of the equipment.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-18
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
LESSON 3: GROUP ACTIVITIES
Group Activity One
• The class will now view a group photos
and discuss placement and stabilization.
Group Activities
The class may now view a group photos and discuss placement and
stabilization.
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Show the next 15
slides and discuss
Size
up
and
Stabilization.
The class may take a short walk in the area of the class and discuss
placement and stabilization.
The class will now participate in outside activities doing PTO shifting and
apparatus stabilization as directed by the instructor.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-19
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 3 Power Transfer & Stabilization
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 3-20
Oct 2003
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 1
UNIT 4 AERIAL DEVICE OPERATIONS
References
•
IFSTA
Aerial
Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
1
Unit 4 Aerial Device
Operations
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-1
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Objectives
Objectives
At the completion of this unit the Apparatus
Operator will
• Learn to operate Aerial Apparatus utilizing
information from past units to safely:
–
–
–
–
–
At the completion of this unit the Apparatus Operator will
Inspect,
Transport
Setup and stabilize,
Operate the apparatus.
Perform risk analysis for ongoing Aerial
operations.
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•
1
Learn to operate Aerial Apparatus utilizing information from
past units to safely:
o
o
o
o
o
Objectives
The Apparatus Operator will understand the necessity
of clear, concise communications
• Know how to position their Apparatus at structures
• Understand specific positioning and placement in
relation to present and future needs
• Select a site and position an aerial safely and
efficiently.
• Understand the need for positioning or staging at
fire scenes
• Be able to raise and extend an aerial ladder and a
tower ladder to a window and roof.
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
Inspect,
Transport
Setup and stabilize,
Operate the apparatus.
Perform risk analysis for ongoing Aerial operations.
The Apparatus Operator will understand the necessity of clear,
concise communications
Objectives
• Understand the practical applications for
each type of Apparatus including these
functions
–
–
–
–
–
–
•
•
Rescue operations
Exposure protection
Ventilation
Elevated fire attack
Improvised standpipe operations
Agricultural structures and silo considerations.
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•
•
•
•
Know how to position their Apparatus at structures
Understand specific positioning and placement in relation to
present and future needs
Select a site and position an aerial safely and efficiently.
Understand the need for positioning or staging at fire scenes
Be able to raise and extend an aerial ladder and a tower ladder
to a window and roof.
Understand the practical applications for each type of
Apparatus including these functions
o
o
o
o
o
o
Rescue operations
Exposure protection
Ventilation
Elevated fire attack
Improvised standpipe operations
Agricultural structures and silo considerations.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-2
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Introduction
Introduction
The student will now apply all their learned skills to
operate their Aerial Device.
• Specific to the Aerial in use
• Learn basic operation
• Supplemented with hands on
• Every department must have their own training
program
• All manufacturers have their own programs
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In the previous units and lessons, you learned about aerial device
components, stabilization, and power transfer. In the next two units, you
will learn and practice basic operations of aerial ladders, aerial ladder
platforms, and articulating platforms. In the following units will give you
a basic overview of the operational concepts of these units. You will build
on this basic operational lesson with training information for the specific
type of device your department operates. Every department should have a
formal training program for its aerial devices that covers all aspects of the
specific unit. Every device manufacturer offers training and other
materials specific to its apparatus. This material is a source of information
to build a training curriculum.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-3
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
LESSON 1 AERIAL LADDERS-
LESSON 1
AERIAL LADDERS-
BASIC AERIAL LADDER OPERATIONBASIC AERIAL LADDER
OPERATION
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After accomplishing stabilization and positioning at the incident scene and
the mission of the unit has been determined, general operation of the
device may begin.
Ladder Operations
• Raise & Extend as straight as possible
– Raise
– Rotate
– Extend
– Lower to target
• One function or operation at a time
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An aerial ladder must be raised and extended as straight as possible
without a slant or twisting effect in the ladder assembly. An old rule of
the fire service that pertains to aerial devices is raise, rotate, extend, and
then lower. In most training circles it was felt that most operators should
only attempt one evolution at a time. This is a good rule to follow,
especially for the new operator who has no or limited experience. It
should also be noted that when more than one function is used at a time,
the hydraulic pressure is now split between operations, thus slowing each
function down.
Control Pedestals
Control Pedestals
Main Controls
• Raising and lowering the ladder
• Rotating the turntable
• Extending and retracting the ladder
sections
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Control Pedestals
Other controls
• Hydraulic pressure gauge
• Engine start button
• Ladder speed controls
• Ladder power switch
• Intercom controls
• Ladder angle and load charts or indicators
• Deadman pedal and safety switches
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Most control pedestals have at least three main controls for the aerial
device.
These include a lever or control for:
• Raising and lowering the ladder
• Rotating the turntable
• Extending and retracting the ladder sections
Some of the other controls found on the pedestal could include:
• Hydraulic pressure gauge
• Engine start button
• Ladder speed controls
• Ladder power switch
• Intercom controls
• Ladder angle and load charts or indicators
• Deadman pedal and safety switches
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-4
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
OPERATIONS
OPERATIONS
Depending on what the aerial ladder is going to be used for, i.e., rescue,
ventilation, or fire suppression, the operator raises the ladder to the angle
needed initially, and then proceeds to rotate the turntable.
• Raise Ladder to correct
height
• Rotate slowly to position
• Lower to target
• All valve movement must
be slow and uniform
– No jerks or high rotation
speeds
• Be aware of devices on
ladder tip
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Perform all rotations slowly with the hydraulic controls slowly being
opened and closed to start and stop rotation. Serious damage to the aerial
ladder or firefighters can occur with misuse of the controls.
One of the most common problems with operators is high rotation speeds,
which will cause sudden starts and stops. After the final rotation is
complete, the operator can now extend the ladder towards his target. After
the proper extension has been reached, the operator can now fine-tune his
elevation angle, and rotation if needed. As a safety note, be aware of
aerials with waterways that could be damaged if extended into an obstacle.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-5
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Positioning ladder
• Cantilever
– Unsupported position
– No part may rest on
anything
• Supported
– Tip rest evenly on part
of the target
• Follow the
manufacturers
recommendations
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
When an aerial ladder is positioned off a structure, the ladder is considered
to be in the cantilever, or unsupported position. That is no part of the
ladder is touching the object. Although the aerial ladder is designed to be
operated in this manner within load limitations, restricting ladder
extension and minimizing tip loads can reduce strain on the ladder. In its
best use, the aerial ladder is raised slightly away from the edge of the
target, then, when firefighters and other loads are added to the ladder, it
will settle slightly to the target placing the aerials truss members in tension
for which many aerials are designed.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-6
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Ladder Forces
• Lateral Force
– Sideways force may
be exerted by wind,
water stream rescue
attempts
• Twisting Force
– Probably caused by
uneven loading or
uneven support
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
It should be noted that most new aerial devices only should be operated in
the cantilever, or unsupported position, with no part of the ladder ever
touching the target. Severe damage to aerial devices, both old and new
can occur if one beam of the ladder is rested on an object, and the ladder
loaded. This causes a twisting action that can severely damage the device,
and possibly cause a catastrophic device failure.
Aerial Collapses
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-7
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Notice the other optional controls and gauges
on the panel
Control Pedestal
Configuration
Left lever controls
extension and
retraction
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Let’s take a closer look at operating an aerial ladder, and see how our
basic raise, rotate, and extend work. Generally there are three main
control levers to accomplish these functions. NFPA 1901 requires a
common layout for our three main ladder controls.
Middle lever
controls rotation
Right hand lever
raises or lowers
the ladder
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Control pedestal configuration
• Left hand lever will control extension and retraction
• Middle lever controls rotation
• Right hand lever for raising and lowering the ladder
Left lever controls
extension and retraction
Pedestal Levers
• Left lever controls extension and retraction
– Move in the direction you want the tip to go
• Middle lever controls rotation
– Move lever ahead to swing to the left and back to go
right
• Right hand lever raises or lowers the ladder
– Move lever back to go up ahead to go down
Middle lever controls
rotation
• Move the levers in the appropriate direction
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Right hand lever raises
or lowers the ladder
For elevation and lowering the ladder, moving this lever in one direction
operates a hydraulic control that admits oil under pressure from the
hydraulic pump to the top of the lift cylinders. Returning this lever to the
neutral position stops the flow of oil and holds the ladder in place.
Moving the lever in the other direction opens a valve that allows oil to
flow from the top of the cylinders returning the ladder towards the bedded
position.
In ladder rotation, the rotation lever directs oil to the turntable motor
rotating the ladder according to the direction the lever is moved. All aerial
ladders usually have a manual means to rotate the ladder in the event of
mechanical failure.
To extend the aerial ladder, the extension/retraction lever is moved in the
appropriate direction. This lever also controls an oil valve to a motor
rotating a cable drum or other device through suitable reduction gears or
cylinders. In most cases, the extension lever is moved away from the
operator at the pedestal to extend the ladder, and moved toward the
operator to retract the ladder. Each aerial ladder apparatus has a
recommended engine speed to properly power the hydraulic pump. This
speed is usually predetermined and set at the factory, where the engine
will automatically increase speed at the activation of one of the outrigger
or ladder controls.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-8
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tip Controls
Some tips may have electric
control switches that work exactly
the sale
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Some aerial ladders have, as an
option, ladder controls for the
three main ladder functions
located at the ladder tip. These
controls usually are electric
over hydraulic and in some
cases operate at a reduced
speed.
SUMMARY
• To become a proficient operator you must
study and train to remain proficient and
competent
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SUMMARY
The above information is a basic general overview of the operating
characteristics of aerial ladders. The fact cannot be over emphasized that
to become a proficient aerial ladder operator, the firefighter most
constantly study and train with his department’s apparatus.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-9
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
LESSON 2: OPERATING AERIAL LADDERS
LESSON 2
OPERATING AERIAL LADDERS
• Training
• Familiarization
– Control location must
be memorized and
recognizable by feel
alone
– They should readily be
able to describe every
control location and
action by memory
alone
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Let’s go into greater detail in the operation of aerial ladders. As we said
earlier, firefighters and company officers must be thoroughly trained in the
operation of their apparatus. Safe efficient operation can only be achieved
through a comprehensive training program developed by or for the
department with their specific apparatus and department operation in
mind. Classroom study, operator, and company drills will help insure safe
effective operation on the fire ground. Before any driver operator is
allowed to drive or operate aerial apparatus on his own or on the fire
ground, he should be thoroughly trained and certified as an operator.
The first step in the training process should be a complete familiarization
program of all the devices controls and what their functions are, and how
they interact with each other. Operators should understand all functions
and operations of all stabilization controls, operating control levers or
valves, and all safety devices. Operators should be able to identify all
controls by feel, without having to read a label or sign as to what the given
control operates. The beginning process of apparatus training should be
dedicated to total familiarization of the location of all controls.
Proper fire ground positioning of aerial ladders will be covered in later
lessons; however, we will discuss some basic principals. It is imperative
that the apparatus be positioned so that stress factors on the device are
limited as much as possible. The apparatus should be placed as close to
the structure as allowable, with the turntable of the unit aligned with the
target area. Operators should always be aware of the surface they are
placing the apparatus on, example soft terrain, etc., as well as overhead
obstructions, and possible collapse hazard.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-10
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Ladder Operation
• Release ladder locks
if necessary
• Remove tiller station if
necessary
• Install ladder pipe if
needed
• Checks for hazards
• Raises ladder slightly
above the required
height
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
The first step in actually operating the aerial ladder after positioning and
stabilizing the unit is to raise the aerial from the ladder bed. After
hydraulic power is transferred from the stabilization system to the aerial
ladder by switching the diverter valve, if so equipped, the operator is ready
to raise the ladder. It should be remembered that with any control, the
farther the control is opened or closed, the faster the unit responds to the
control input. New operators should avoid fast operating speeds until well
trained and experienced. Any full speed operations through the range of
the aerials motion should be avoided if possible to limit stress on the unit.
To raise the aerial ladder, release the ladder hold down lock or locks first.
This is done manually on older units or automatically when the PTO is
engaged for ladder operation on most modern apparatus.
Some Tractor drawn aerial ladders have tiller operator’s station on the
aerial ladder. It may need to be moved at this time. On some units, all
that’s required is to remove the steering wheel, on other units the whole
tiller station will need to be moved to the side.
If the aerial ladder is not equipped with a prepiped water way and ladder
pipe, and the unit is going to be used for an elevated master stream, the
hose and ladder pipe should be attached on the unit at this time.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-11
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Ladder Operation
• Rotate to target
– Rotate slowly with no
sudden stops or valve
movements Stop gradually
by feathering valve
• Extend ladder
until tip
of fly is above target
• Lower ladder to target
– Stay about 6 inches away
so ladder will not touch
target when loaded
• Be aware of prepiped
waterways
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Before the operator makes his first control input to raise the aerial ladder,
he makes a final scan of the area where he intends to operate the unit.
This scan should include any overhead obstructions, including trees,
power lines, buildings etc. It is imperative that no firefighters are allowed
on the aerial ladder while it is being raised, rotated, or extended. The
additional weight of firefighters on the ladder imposes additional stress on
the ladder, and places firefighters at greater risk of injury or death.
The operator now activates the lever for raising the device. The aerial
controls on most modern apparatus are linked automatically to the unit’s
engine throttle, when the control is moved to the raise position; the
apparatus engine automatically increases engine rpm. The operator should
raise the ladder to an angle slightly above the final operating angle. The
final operating angle is where the unit will be used.
After the ladder has been raised, the operator now activates the rotation
control in the direction he wants the ladder to go. He should rotate the
ladder to have the tip of the ladder pointed or inline with the area where
the ladder will be used.
Rotation should be done very smoothly with no sudden starts or stops.
High rotation speeds should not be used if possible, and all starts and stops
to and from higher rotation speeds should be made gradually. This will
require operators to lead their stops to the target area.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-12
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
After the operator has the ladder pointed in the direction of use, it is time
to extend the ladder. The operator activates the control for extension and
retraction. Usually the farther the control lever is moved the faster the
extension or retraction, as well as all other ladder functions.
Ladder Operation
• Rotate to target
– Rotate slowly with no
sudden stops or valve
movements Stop gradually
by feathering valve
• Extend ladder
until tip
of fly is above target
• Lower ladder to target
– Stay about 6 inches away
so ladder will not touch
target when loaded
• Be aware of prepiped
waterways
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
The operator extends the ladder until the tip of the fly section is slightly
above the target work area. After the extension of the ladder is complete,
the operator now lowers the ladder to the target. On older aerial devices,
some manufactures recommended that the aerial be placed in the
supported position, where both ladder beams touched the surface of a wall,
etc, after the ladder was loaded by weight. Most modern apparatus are
designed to operate in the cantilever, or unsupported position, therefore
the ladder tip should be about four to six inches above the target surface as
weight is added to the ladder such as firefighters climbing, the ladder will
settle onto the surface. Extreme care must be taken when lowering the
ladder to its target if equipped with a pre piped waterway, as to avoid
damage to the waterway components.
The operator can now check his rung
alignment indicator if so equipped, and
activate any ladder locking devices.
These locking devices usually consist
of locks for the elevation cylinders,
rotation, and extension. On some
aerial devices, after the rung locks are
set, the ladder must be slowly retracted
back against the locks. This procedure
effectively makes the aerial ladder into
a semi rigid structure, rather than three or four separate sections.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-13
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Aerial Ladder Limitations
• Load limitations
– Elevation and
extension
•
•
•
•
•
Cold conditions
High heat
High winds
Grades
Low angles
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
After the operator has checked all safety devices, he can now authorize
firefighters to climb the aerial ladder. The operator must assure proper
load limitations are not exceeded for the ladder, and that proper spacing by
climbing firefighters is maintained. Most aerial builders will specify a
given weight limit for each section of a ladder, as well as a tip load. Some
aerial devices when used for elevated master stream application will have
their overall load limit reduced while flowing water. Some devices will
have load limitations dependant upon angle of elevation and length of
ladder extension. Operators must be thoroughly familiar with their
specific apparatus load and angle limitations. Again, emphasize that no
personnel should be on an aerial device during extension or retraction.
The nature of the fire service is such that firefighters and equipment are
subject to many dangerous and adverse conditions. Aerial devices are no
exception. Many times the aerial ladder apparatus is subjected to
extremely cold temperatures, high heat, high and gusting winds and other
weather and fire conditions which can negatively affect the apparatus.
Operating on grades, at low angles, and at or exceeding the load factors of
the unit has caused many ladder failures.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-14
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Most aerial ladder overturning or structural failures have been caused by
or involved in a combination of overextension and overloading of the
ladder, as well as operating at low angles. It should be remembered that
the safest conditions for aerial ladder operations are those on solid, level
surfaces, with little or no wind and above freezing temperatures.
Aerial Ladder Failures
• Overextension &
Overloading
Watch the Master Stream in the video
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Low angle operation
coupled
with
high
ladder loading subjects
the aerial ladder to its
ultimate
structural
capacity. Critical ladder
assemblies can be bent
or twisted thus causing a
catastrophic failure of
all or part of the ladder.
An operator’s failure to
delicately handle the
aerial ladder at high
loads and low angles
also
causes
severe
damage to the apparatus
and
injury
to
firefighters.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-15
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Aerial Ladder Failures
Low Angle Operations
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Today’s aerial apparatus, built to comply with NFPA 1901, have far more
safety features than do apparatus built prior to 1991. Aerial ladders built
today are required to support a minimum load of at least 250 pounds at
any angle or extension.
1
Operators of older units must be familiar of their unit’s load and extension
limitations. It is possible to attain an extension and angle where no load
can be placed on the ladder of some older units. Aerial ladder failures
during water and ice rescues have been documented. Again, older aerial
ladders do not have the tip load capability to handle these types of
emergencies.
Aerial Ladder Failures
• Low Angle Ladder Pipe Operation
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Aerial Ladder Failures
•
•
•
•
Low Angle Ladder Pipe Operation Failures
Shutting water off
No back pressure to support ladder
Some SOPs require 2 engines to supply
the device to have an uninterrupted flow
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
The use of older lightweight ladders for ladder pipe operations at
extremely low angles has accounted for some ladder failures. These
failures often occurred when the water supply to the ladder pipe was shut
down. While water was flowing, the backpressure from the ladder pipe
stream helped overcome gravity. When the water stopped, the extra
support was gone, and the extra weight of the ladder pipe and hose was
enough to cause the ladder to fail.
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-16
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
It is standard operating procedure in some departments to supply ladder
pipes and other elevated master streams from two engines, thus if one fails
or shuts down, there still is an uninterrupted flow of water to the ladder
pipe.
Aerial Ladder Failures
•
•
•
•
•
High winds or gusts
Cause ladder to twist or sway
Lateral or twisting force applied to unit
The truss fails
Older units may be supported by guy
lines during high winds
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A severe hazard to firefighters working on aerial ladders is high winds and
wind gusts. These pose a serious threat to the ladder itself. Ladders can
become twisted or deformed due to high-sustained winds or gusts. High
dynamic loads caused by winds can negatively affect aerial device
capability. Most manufactures will specify wind speed limitations in their
operating manuals. It is the responsibility of the operator to be familiar
with these and all other operational limitations of his apparatus.
Some older aerial ladders could be stabilized with guy ropes during high
wind conditions. Check the operator’s manual to see if this procedure is
applicable to your apparatus.
Aerial Ladder Failures
Winter Operations
• Cold temperatures
• Rain & Freezing Rain
• Sleet & Snow
Problems
• Ice & Snow buildup
• Physical property of ladder
changes with the low ambient
temperature
• Lubrication may help Ice
buildup
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
Cold air temperatures, rain, freezing
rain, sleet, and snow can cause severe
problems for the apparatus operator
and his ladder. Hydraulic oil viscosity
increases, thus slowing hydraulic
function. The physical properties of
aerial ladder structural members
change
in
extremely
cold
temperatures.
Metal is more
susceptible to shock and shock
loading. The build up of ice on aerial
ladders can pose a severe threat to
firefighters and the apparatus. Ice
build up can add several hundred or
more pounds to the weight of the
ladder, thus exceeding the maximum
load capability and leading to a possible collapse of the ladder. Ice build
up can damage auxiliary systems as well as damaging structural
components.
Lubrication of moving and sliding components with grease or other
approved lubricants will help reduce the build up of ice on these
components. The operator’s manual should be consulted to determine the
proper procedures for dealing with ice build up and removal. Operators
must remember that any build up of ice on their unit will adversely affect
its performance and operational capabilities.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-17
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
There are times when the aerial ladder will be subjected to products of
combustion and high temperatures. This is the nature of the job to which
fire department apparatus are exposed. Avoid direct flame contact with
the aerial ladder if possible. Clean smoke and soot particles and other
materials off the ladder after every use, and lubricate it as necessary. If
the ladder has been exposed to direct flame contact or extremely high
temperatures, the unit should be inspected and tested according to NFPA
1914 before it is returned to fire suppression duty.
Aerial Ladder Failures
• Exposure to Fire
• Avoid direct contact
• Clean smoke and
soot particles
• If exposed Re-inspect
ladder
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-18
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Returning to Service
• Scan the area
• Drain the hose(s) or waterway if used for
master stream operations
– Reduces weight and pressure on system
• Disengage all ladder locks and safety
devices
• Older ladder may have to be extended to
release ladder locks
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Returning to Service
• Retract ladder fully and carefully to stops
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
It is now time to place the unit back in service and return to the fire
station. The operator’s first step will be to scan the area around the aerial
ladder for any hazards that may have developed and to make sure there are
no personnel on the ladder. If the unit was used for ladder pipe operation,
any water should be drained from hose or the pre-piped waterway at this
time. This procedure will reduce overall weight on the ladder and will
prevent the build up of pressure within the waterway system. Failure to
properly drain waterways can cause severe damage to seals that are
located between waterway sections. Waterway drains should be left open
while the ladder is retracted to also avoid a build up of air and water
pressure within the system. After the draining of the system has been
completed, the operator can now disengage any locking or safety devices
that were activated prior to use. These would include elevation, rotation,
and extension locks if so equipped.
– Be sure it is not resting on any support
• Check for hazards and rotate ladder back
to cradle alignment
• Lower ladder to bed checking alignment
arrows or indicator lights
• Bed ladder per aerial specs
• Reposition Tiller station
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On some older aerial ladders, it may be necessary to slightly extend the
ladder before unlocking the extension or ladder locks. After all locks have
been disengaged, the ladder can now be retracted. It should be noted that
if the ladder is touching any part of a structure or target, it should be raised
slightly before retracting. The operator must assure that no part of the
ladder will encounter a target before retraction.
The operator now operates the retraction control and retracts the ladder.
As the ladder reaches full retraction, the operator should slow the
retraction before reaching the stops. Damage to the unit may occur if the
ladder is retracted at high speed into the ladder stops.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-19
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Returning to Service
• Activate diverter valve
• Raise and or Retract stabilizers, jacks, or
outriggers
• Disengage PTO
• Walk around and visually check unit
• Ready for transport
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
After full retraction has been achieved, the operator checks the area for
hazards and prepares to rotate the ladder back in line with its bedded
position in the cradle. The operator moves the rotation control in the
direction he wants the ladder to move. The farther the valve is opened, the
faster the unit will rotate. As stated earlier, high rotation speeds should be
avoided and all starts and stops should be feather in and out to avoid over
shooting the objective.
Before the aerial device is lowered to its bedded position, the operator
should insure that units with
pre piped waterways have their
nozzles in the stowed or travel
position and the waterways
drained. The operator now
activates
the
raise-lower
control to the lower position,
again checking that the ladder
is properly aligned with the
cradle, or if so equipped with
indicator arrows or lights.
Speed of lowering should be
reduced when approaching the
cradle and the ladder gently
rested on the cradle when full
lowering is achieved. Some
manufactures have special
procedures for bedding aerial
ladders.
In all cases, the
manufactures recommended procedures should be followed.
After the aerial ladder is properly cradled, any hold down locks, tillers
operating station and other apparatus specific procedures can be
completed to ready the apparatus for road travel. After these procedures
are complete, the outrigger or stabilizers can be raised. This usually is
done by operating the diverter valve from the ladder position to the
stabilizer position. After the stabilizers are stowed, the PTO can be
disengaged and the unit is now ready for road travel.
Note: Operators should always follow the manufactures policy for the
proper sequence of placing an aerial back service
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-20
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
Summary
SUMMARY
• Know your apparatus.
• Practice with your apparatus as much as
possible
• Never allow personnel on the ladder when
retracting the ladder
• Make all control inputs slowly and
smoothly
• Keep rotation speeds to a minimum
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Summary
• Always be aware of obstructions and
changing conditions
• Avoid low angles if possible
• Do not exceed load or angle limitations
• Engage all safety devices supplied
• Maintain and test your ladder per
manufacture’s policy
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Safe operation of aerial ladders can best be ensured by firefighters
following an adequate and apparatus specific training program. Constant
practice with their apparatus through its entire function range, in or at
structures within their response area will make them better operators and
will enhance the overall operation of the department. This chapter only
covers the basic principals of aerial ladder operations. Firefighters will
need to consult their departments SOP’s, as well as the manufacturers
operating manual for specific information on the operation of their aerial
ladder. There are a number of basic safety and operating procedures that
should be followed for all makes of aerial ladders.
•
Know your apparatus.
•
Practice with your apparatus as much as possible
•
Never allow personnel on the ladder when retracting or extending
the ladder
•
Make all control inputs slowly and smoothly
•
Keep rotation speeds to a minimum
•
Always be aware of obstructions and changing conditions
•
Avoid low angles if possible
•
Do not exceed load or angle limitations
•
Engage all safety devices supplied
•
Maintain and test your ladder per manufacture’s policy
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-21
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
LESSON 3: AERIAL LADDER TACTICS
Introduction
LESSON 3
AERIAL LADDER TACTICS
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Basic Tactical Skills
•
•
•
•
•
•
The basic tactical skills that we will discuss are:
Rescue operations
Exposure protection
Ventilation
Elevated fire attack
Improvised standpipe operations
Agricultural silo considerations
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As this is an Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device course, it is the intent to
give the students the basic information to allow them to safely set up and
operate a given aerial device. We will not spend a lot of time on specific
tactics for aerial apparatus. However, we will spend some time on a
limited number of basic tactical skills.
• Rescue operations
• Exposure protection
1
• Ventilation
• Elevated fire attack
• Improvised standpipe operations
• Agricultural silo considerations.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-22
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
RESCUE OPERATIONS
Rescue Operations
•
•
•
•
•
Deploy apparatus
Victims in panic state
Properly position ladder at roof or window
Raise & Rotate & tip above victims
Safely Lower & Extend tip to victims
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Rescue Operations
• Window
– 4-6 inches off sill with
top rung even with sill
• Roof
– 4-6 inches off roof with
approximately 6 feet of
ladder over roof for
safe mounting
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
The basic tactical skill will be to properly position an aerial ladder to a
window to affect a rescue, as well as properly position the aerial device to
a roof for a rescue. In both cases the aerial device needs to be properly
positioned to allow the safe removal of the most victims with the least
amount of aerial ladder movement. This will be accomplished by lining
up the center of the turntable of the aerial device with the desired target.
As mentioned this could be a window or windows, or a location on a roof.
In each of these situations, we are talking about removing civilians who
have become trapped.
In these cases the
victims will be in a
panic state and we have
to respond accordingly.
For this reason we must
properly position the
apparatus, transfer the
power to operate the
aerial
device,
and
properly stabilize the
vehicle prior to aerial
device movement.
Once this has been accomplished, the aerial device should be raised from
the bed to be a position ABOVE the intended victim, rotated to the target,
and then extended to the position where when the aerial device is
LOWERED to the victim the extension is so that it would safely reach the
victim. The position of the tip of the aerial ladder should be considered if
the victim is presenting in a window or on a roof of a building.
For a window, generally
the tip of the aerial ladder
should be 4-6” off the sill
with the top rung in the
window. For a roof, the
beams of the aerial ladder
should be approximately
the same 4-6” above the
roof with the tip of the
aerial
extended
approximately 6’ to allow
the victims to safely
mount the aerial ladder to descend to the ground.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-23
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
EXPOSURE PROTECTION
Exposure Protection
• Placement
Considerations
– Wind direction
– Wind speed
– Building placement
and type
• Master Stream
Operation
• Aerial ladders
– Ladder pipes
– Waterways
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For exposure protection we must
consider the placement of the
apparatus to allow us to both
protect exposures and to protect
our apparatus as well.
Also
consider wind direction as a factor
as well as wind speed. Spacing
between buildings and the building
construction should also be given
consideration as to placement for
exposure protection due to possible
collapse and fire extension.
In winter operations icing of the
aerial ladder must also be
considered for added weight to the
aerial ladder.
For exposure protection, we are in
a mode for master stream
operations. For aerial ladders this
may mean using a pre-piped
waterway, or the laying of hose
lines up the aerial ladder and the
attachment of the ladder pipe to the
tip of the aerial, and halyard
controls for ground movement of
the ladder pipe.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-24
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Ladder Pipes Operations
• Ladder pipe to be set
up before aerial is in
position
• Ladder should be
moved as little as
possible
• During use consider
nozzle reaction forces
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Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
The operation of the aerial device should not be considered until the
master stream device is applied to the ladder if necessary. Once either
type of master stream device is readied, the aerial may be moved into
position. Here again it would be by raise, rotate, and extend. The aerial
device should be in position before any water is applied. There should be
limited movement of the aerial device with water flowing, especially with
the older light duty aerial ladders, as a catastrophic failure of the aerial
device could occur.
In instances where a ladder pipe is used, the nozzle reaction must be
considered when positioning the aerial ladder. Each manufacturer has
their own design limitations, which must be adhered to. Consult specific
manufacturer’s operational manuals.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-25
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
VENTILATION
For ventilation, the operation of the aerial device again is in the same
order of events as previous tactics. However here we should consider if
we are going to position to ventilate a roof and what type of roof it is, or if
we are going to ventilate a window.
Ventilation
• Deploy the Aerial
• Consider wind
direction
• Roof type
• Roof materials
• Tools needed
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Consideration again has to be given to wind direction. Fire location as it
would affect the operation or exposure to the aerial ladder also should be
taken into account. We may also want to consider the type of tools or
equipment that may be used for the actual ventilation procedure, whether
it is hand tools or power saws.
Position of the aerial ladder is dependent upon the location of the
ventilation to be performed as we have mentioned both window and roof
operations have to be taken into account. Position of the aerial ladder
would not be very different than for rescue operations.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-26
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
ELEVATED FIRE ATTACK
Elevated Fire Attack
• Same mode of operation
as exposure protection
• Only a defensive posture
• Positioning dependent on
– Fire location
– Fire volume
• Consider building type
and construction for
possible collapse
AO-AD Unit 1
1
In this instance, the position of the aerial ladder would be as required by
the presenting fire location and volume. With elevated master streams,
the mode of operation is defensive, and possible structural failure should
be considered. Aerial ladder operation for elevated fire attack again would
be very similar to the exposure protection, including the limitations of
extension and elevation of the aerial device within manufacturers
recommended limits.
IMPROVISED STANDPIPE OPERATIONS
Any aerial device may be used as an improvised standpipe. Simply
remove the nozzle from the master stream device, whether it be manually
attached or a pre-piped device. A hose line may be attached in the place
of the nozzle and advanced into the building or onto a roof to supply
attack lines, or exposure protection lines as required.
Improvised Standpipe Operations
• Any Aerial Device may be used
• Same mode of operation as exposure protection or elevated fire
attack
• Remove the nozzle from master stream
• Attach a hose line
• Put into position at window or roof
• Begin operation
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1
The operation of the aerial device will remain the same as it has
previously, raise, rotate, and extend to the desired area.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-27
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Agricultural Silo Considerations
AGRICULTURAL SILO CONSIDERATIONS
• Be aware: Silos are unique structures
• Normally we do not flow water into silo
fires
• Tremendous danger of collapse
• Not designed to hold up the added weight
of water
• Rescue may be our greatest challenge
AO-AD Unit 1
1
In the rural upstate area of New York, fire departments may be called
upon to use aerial devices for both silo fires and silo rescues. The silo fire
maybe no more than as we have outlined previously for exposure
protection or elevated fire attack.
The most difficult operation would be the silo rescue, where an individual
has become either trapped in the silo, or injured and trapped. In this case,
aerial apparatus operators must be very proficient in the operation of the
device to safely and properly use the aerial in this application. It would be
recommended to consult your specific aerial manufacturer prior to using
the aerial in this manner.
Agricultural Silo Considerations
• Silo Rescue
• Provide access for
rescuers
• Remove victims
• Operator must be
proficient
• Use ropes systems for
rescue
• Know you aerial devices
specifications and
limitations
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 4 Aerial Ladder Operations
1
In this situation the aerial device may be used to remove the victim with a
system of ropes and tag lines to a stokes basket. Again, weight limitations
of the aerial, and the extension and elevation have to be taken into account
to keep the operation within safe limits.
Aerial Errors
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Unit 4
Complete
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 4-28
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
UNIT 5 BASIC OPERATION & TACTICS
AERIAL PLATFORMS AND TOWER LADDERS
References
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5
Basic Operation & Tactics
Aerial Ladders &Tower Ladders
AO-AD Unit 1
1
•
IFSTA
Aerial
Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-1
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Objectives
Objectives
At the completion of this unit the
Apparatus Operator will
• Utilize information from past units to
safely
inspect,
transport,
setup,
stabilize, and then operate the
apparatus.
• Perform risk analysis and site
evaluations before and during setup
and ongoing operations.
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
In this unit, the student will learn to operate Aerial Apparatus.
They will utilize information from past units to safely:
• Inspect the apparatus
• Transport the apparatus
• Setup and Stabilize the apparatus
• Operate the apparatus
They will perform risk analysis and site evaluations before and during
setup and ongoing operations.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-2
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Introduction
Introduction
The student will now apply all their learned
skills to operate their Aerial Devices.
• Telescoping Aerial Ladder Platforms
• Telescoping Platforms
• Articulating Platforms
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
Telescoping Aerial Ladder
Platforms
• Telescoping aerial
ladder platforms are
equipped with a
certified ladder with a
platform attached to
the end of the ladder
• Called Ladder Towers
In the previous unit we learned basic operating procedures for aerial
ladders. In this unit we will cover basic operations of telescoping aerial
ladder platforms, telescoping aerial platforms and articulating platforms.
In this unit we will call telescoping platforms and articulating platforms
Tower Ladders. We will call telescoping aerial ladder platforms Ladder
Towers
As we noted in Unit 1, Lesson 2, the difference in these units is
telescoping aerial ladder platforms are equipped with a certified ladder
with a platform attached to the end of the ladder.
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1
Telescoping Aerial Platforms
or Telescoping Platforms
• Are devices that have
a work platform
attached to the end of
boom type rigging
They have a noncertified ladder
attached to the top of
the boom structure for
emergencies
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Articulating Platforms
• The articulating aerial
platform two booms
with a knuckle and
has a basket or
platform attached to
the end of the upper
boom
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May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-3
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Lesson 1 Basic Operations
LESSON 1
Basic Operation
Telescoping aerial platforms are devices that have a work platform
attached to the end of boom type rigging, not a ladder. An example of this
type of device would be Aerialscope, and Sutphen apparatus.
Tower Ladder &
Articulating Platform
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
These apparatus usually have a non-certified ladder attached to the top of
the boom structure to be used in case of emergency. The boom structure
carries the load, not the ladder. Most tower ladders are equipped with a
waterway system, and a master stream appliance in the platform.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-4
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
TOWER LADDERS & ARTICULATING PLATFORMS
Set-up Procedure
•
•
•
•
•
Size up
Select correct site for operations
Position aerial safely
Secure the unit
Follow Manufacturers recommendations
for stabilization
AO-AD Unit 1
BASIC OPERATION OF TOWER LADDERS1
Set-up Procedure
The basic set up of aerial ladders and tower ladders are generally the same.
As always, fire department operators should follow the manufactures
recommendation for the proper set-up procedure for their apparatus.
After the apparatus is positioned for operation on a safe surface, with as
little obstruction to the target as possible, the operator will secure the
apparatus and begin the process of setting the stabilizers.
• PTO
• Deploy Jacks,
Stabilizers, Outriggers
• Level and secure
• Install pins or locks
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
Again, how the apparatus stabilization is accomplished will be specific to
each brand of apparatus. After the brakes are set, the operator will engage
the PTO to power the hydraulic pump on the apparatus. The operator then
sets the diverter valve to the outrigger position. Some devices will have a
fast idle switch to be engaged while deploying the stabilizers or outriggers.
The outriggers are deployed as per manufacturer’s recommendation. After
full deployment and leveling, the operator should put any safety pins or
devices in place.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-5
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Operations
• Select diverter valve to aerial
• Mount Pedestal
– Release all hold locks
– Operate all controls smoothly and carefully
• Operator now allows Firefighters to man
the platform
– Operator must not allow the platform to be
overloaded
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1
Tower Ladder Stabilization
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
The diverter valve is then placed in the boom or ladder position for tower
operation. As we mentioned in Unit four, operational speed of the device
is determined by the amount of control lever input from the operator. The
farther the lever is pushed or pulled will determine the speed of the
function selected. High-speed operations of any aerial apparatus should be
avoided, even by experienced operators because of the high dynamic
stress placed on the device assemblies. Damage to the apparatus and injury
to firefighters can occur, particularly when a high-speed rotation is
stopped suddenly.
1
The operator mans the main control station, which is usually mounted on
the unit’s turntable. Any hold down locks should be released by the
operator if not down automatically. The operator can now allow
firefighters to man the platform aerial. The operator must assure that
platform weight limitations not be exceeded by firefighters and equipment.
By having firefighters enter the platform at this time, eliminates the need
for them to either climb a raised ladder, or have the pedestal operator
move the platform to the ground for boarding.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-6
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Operations
• Establish
communications with
crew in platform
• Crew must be
secured with safety
belts
• Scan area for hazards
and safety
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Once personnel have manned the platform, the operator should establish
communication with the platform crew by means of the unit’s intercom
system. All members manning the platform should be secured by safety
belts or other means. The operator confirms that all firefighters are
secured with safety devices before any movement of the tower ladder.
Depending on department SOP, the pedestal operator or platform crew can
now raise the boom from the cradle, after scanning the area of operation
for any obstructions or hazards.
Tower Ladder Operations
• Pedestal operator will
usually run the
bucket/platform from the
cradle and turn over
control to the platform
– SOP’s may dictate what
person will run the bucket
/platform during operations
• Pedestal operator never
leaves the control in case
he has to override an
unsafe operation
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Many departments require the pedestal operator to raise the boom from the
cradle before turning over control to the platform crew. After the unit is
raised above the cradle, some departments have the platform crew
takeover all operations. These departments feel that the firefighters in the
platform have a better view of the area of operation, and can place the
device in operation more efficiently than the pedestal operator.
Other departments feel that the
pedestal operator should maintain
overall control of the device for
possible smoother operation due to
mechanical factors. Regardless of
which policy is followed, all
personnel, pedestal and platform
must always be observant of any
hazards or obstructions that may be
in the operational area of the tower
ladder.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-7
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
In all cases a pedestal operator must remain at the control stand at all times
to monitor the apparatus and to override the platform controls if an
emergency arises or a dangerous condition is unseen by the platform crew.
Tower Ladder Operations
• Raise & Extend as straight as possible
– Raise
– Rotate
– Extend
– Lower to target
• One function or operation at a time
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1
Tower Ladder Operations
• Raise & extend
platform above
target
• Rotate slowly to
target
• Do not allow
anyone on any
Device while the
Platform is being
moved
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
The platform is now raised to just above its intended angle of operation.
Either the platform or the pedestal operator activating the raise control to
the raise position accomplishes this. This should be done smoothly and
slowly. As the raise control is moved, the engine throttle on most units
will automatically increase to supply more power to the hydraulic pump.
After the platform has been elevated to just above its intended angle of
elevation, the boom can now be rotated until the platform is aligned with
its intended target. The operator engages the rotation control lever and
slowly and smoothly moves the lever in the proper direction of rotation.
High-speed rotation should be avoided and all starts and stops must be
done slowly. Operators should gradually slow their rotation so as to be
able to stop the platform at the intended target without overshooting. As
we have previously noted, firefighters should not be on the ladder portion
of a device through any of its operational movements, as this extra weight
increases the stress on the unit, and could cause damage to the ladder or
injury to firefighters.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-8
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Operations
• Lower platform slowly to target
• Stay 4 to 6 inches from target
– Be aware of devices mounted under the
platform
• Master streams
• Cooling nozzles
• Leveling devices
• Both pedestal and platform operator must
monitor device loading
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Cantilever and Supported
Positioning
• Cantilever
– Unsupported position
– No part may rest on
anything
• Supported
– Tip rest evenly on part
of the target
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Tower Ladder Operations
• Lowering the Tower
Ladder
• Basically the opposite
• Clear the ladder and
all boom surfaces and
return boom to cradle
• Be sure all locks and
safeties are working
properly
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
The tower ladder can now be extended until the platform or basket is just
slightly above its target. The device can then be lowered to its objective.
The final angle of degree on lowering will be dependant on load factors
and what the aerial platform will be doing. Operators must be aware of
possible hazards to waterways and other equipment mounted under booms
or ladders that may be damaged when the unit is lowered near a building
or other target.
Most modern apparatus are designed to operate in the unsupported
position. With this in mind, operators should position the aerial device
around four to six inches above the target. Operators should also check
the rung alignment indicators on the unit to insure proper alignment before
firefighters are allowed to climb the device. Any aerial platform locking
devices, if so equipped, should be activated at this time. During all phases
of aerial platform operation, the operators, both pedestal, and basket, must
monitor load factors, so that the total device load is not exceeded. If the
unit is used for water application, some devices have a restriction on
platform load. Some manufacturers will reduce the total load on the
device by as much as 50% when water is flowing.
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-9
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Operations
• Operate controls
smoothly and gently
– Remember the valve
controls the flow of
hydraulic fluid
– The farther the valve is
moved the faster the
device will move
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
The tower ladder lowering sequence is basically opposite of the raising
sequence. Any firefighters who are on the ladder sections should climb
either to the ground or to the platform. Note that load limitations must be
observed. Any locking devices should be removed before any device
movement. Again these would include elevation locks, extension,
retraction locks, and rotation locking devices. The tower ladder then can
be raised slightly up and away from its original work position. This
raising should help to insure clearance from buildings or other obstacles.
The pedestal operator or the platform operator can either do this function.
Whichever control area is responsible for repositioning, or stowing the
device, operators must always be observant for hazards in the area, such as
trees, wires buildings, or other aerial devices.
Control inputs should be smooth and deliberate, with excessive speeds
being avoided. Operate the retraction controls to retract the device. In
some instances, a de-icing valve or high power assist may be needed to
retract the platform. These deices may need to be employed due to ice
build-up on the unit, or low angle with high basket loads. Operators
should follow their manufacturer’s recommendations for these devices.
As the aerial platform reaches the stops, retraction speed should be slowed
so when full retraction is reached, the unit is not full powered against the
stops.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-10
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Operations
•
•
•
•
Lift platform from target
Retract platform
Rotate to align with cradle
Bed boom & platform
– Depending on department
procedures the pedestal
operator platform operator
may bed the device
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
After the platform is fully retracted, the operator now moves the rotation
lever in the direction he wants the turntable to rotate, and rotates the unit
until the ladder or boom is directly above its travel cradle. Most apparatus
builders will have some style of turntable alignment indicator, either
mechanical such as aligning arrows, or electronic, with colored lights
indicating proper positioning.
As we have noted, department policy will dictate if the tower ladder is
stowed in its travel position by the platform or basket operators. After the
ladder or boom has been stowed for travel position, the operator can than
stow the outrigger or jack assemblies per manufactures recommendation,
and fire department SOP. It should be noted that some builders require the
boom sections of the aerial platform to be re-bedded after the jacks and
outriggers have been stowed in the travel position.
It is imperative that fire departments have in place detailed operating
procedures for tower ladders. These SOP’s should be developed using
information obtained from the unit’s builder. This information, coupled
with departmental operating policies will help to insure safe and efficient
operation of the aerial tower ladder. Along with highly detailed operating
manuals and SOP’s, many departments issue a brief reference guide for
the operation of tower ladders. These guides are only a quick review of
how to put a device into operation.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-11
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Let’s look at one of these quick reference sheets which pertains to a 75’
Mack Aerialscope...
Tower Ladder Operations Review
Putting a tower ladder into operation.
• Proper positioning of the apparatus- Basket in
line with objective, ideally 32’ from building, cab
15 degrees away from building. Scan for
obstructions
• Set maxi brake
• Shift transmission to neutral
• Switch PTO button to on
• Check PTO light
• Chock Wheels
AO-AD Unit 1
The following is a quick review of putting a tower ladder into
operation.
1
•
Tower Ladder Operations Review
Putting a tower ladder into operation.
• Jack/boom lever in jack position-safety
guide man in position
• Lower jacks and outriggers simultaneously
to full stroke- adjust for leveling if needed.
• Place jack/boom lever in boom position.
• Close panel door for safety
• Set 6 mechanical locks with pins in four
jacks and two
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Tower Ladder Operations Review
Putting a tower ladder into operation.
• Check motor cover deck – Clear of all objects.
• Operator to turntable pedestal-activate switches
(4) and intercom-foot on dead man pedal.
• Basket crew mans basket-notifies pedestal man
when ready.
• Position basket-raises, rotates, and extendsRoof-front of basket just above parapet. No
parapet, basket on roof. Window-middle rail of
basket even with sill. Fire escape, middle rail of
basket even with balcony railing at either end of
front rail.
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Proper positioning of the apparatus- Basket in line with objective,
ideally 32’ from building, cab 15 degrees away from building.
Scan for obstructions
Set maxi brake
Shift transmission to neutral
Switch PTO button to on
Check PTO light
Chock Wheels
Jack/boom lever in jack position-safety guide man in position
Lower jacks and outriggers simultaneously to full stroke- adjust for
leveling if needed.
Place jack/boom lever in boom position.
Close panel door for safety
Set 6 mechanical locks with pins in four jacks and two outriggers.
Check motor cover deck – Clear of all objects.
Operator to turntable pedestal-activate switches (4) and intercomfoot on dead man pedal.
Basket crew mans basket-notifies pedestal man when ready.
Position basket-raises, rotates, and extends-Roof-front of basket
just above parapet. No parapet, basket on roof. Window-middle
rail of basket even with sill. Fire escape, middle rail of basket
even with balcony railing at either end of front rail.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-12
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Tower Ladder Operations Review
To place the tower ladder back in service, the following procedure will
be followed.
Return tower ladder to service
• Properly move away from the targetraise, retract, and rotate to inline with
cradle.
• Carefully bed boom
• Remove mechanical safety locks and
pins (6)
• Safety guide man in position
• Double check area of tower ladder- all
firefighters, tools clear of apparatus.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Tower Ladder Operations Review
Return tower ladder to service
•
•
•
•
•
•
Jack/boom lever in jack position
Raise jacks and outriggers fully
Re-bed boom
Shut off switches and intercom at
pedestal panel.
Remove wheel chocks
Disengage tower ladder PTO switch.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
1. Properly move away from the target- raise, retract, and rotate to
inline with cradle.
2. Carefully bed boom
3. Remove mechanical safety locks and pins (6)
4. Safety guide man in position
5. Double check area of tower ladder- all firefighters, tools clear of
apparatus.
6. Jack/boom lever in jack position
7. Raise jacks and outriggers fully
8. Re-bed boom
9. Shut off switches and intercom at pedestal panel.
10. Remove wheel chocks
11. Disengage tower ladder PTO switch.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-13
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
ARTICULATING AERIAL PLATFORMS:
ARTICULATING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Two types of articulating aerial devices
– articulating water tower
• Designed to only flow water to nozzle on the boom
– articulating aerial platform
• Designed similar to a tower ladder with some
mobility restrictions
• Very few number in the fire service
• City of Chicago made them popular
AO-AD Unit 1
1
These units, while not as popular as Aerial Ladders and Tower Ladders,
can still be found in some fire departments state and countrywide. The
City of Chicago, in 1958, was the first department to begin using these
apparatus. As with all aerial apparatus, these units have their own
advantages and disadvantages on the fire ground. Because of the limited
numbers of these devices in service, we will only spend a brief amount of
time explaining their operation.
There are two types of articulating aerial devices. These are the
articulating water tower, and the articulating aerial platforms. Both types
of apparatus are designed with two or more boom sections attached at a
turntable and basically powered in the same manner as aerial ladders and
tower ladders. A common brand name in the fire service for these units is
snorkel.
The difference between the two basic types of articulating apparatus is that
the water tower usually only has a nozzle of large capacity flow rate
attached to the upper boom. The articulating aerial platform has a basket
or platform attached to the end of the upper boom, also usually containing
a master stream appliance. It should be noted that some builders today are
offering units which both have telescoping and articulating features in one
unit.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-14
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
ARTICULATING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Constructed of two or
more booms with a
knuckle or hinge
• Hydraulically
operated and
controlled
• Stabilized the same
as our other towers
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Like other aerial apparatus, the booms are hydraulically operated by
controls from a control station at the turntable or base of the truck, and in
the case of articulating platforms, from the platform. Unlike tower
ladders, the basket or platform controls are usually direct hydraulic
control. As with any other aerial device, proper stabilization, and fire
ground positioning is imperative for safe and efficient operation.
Articulating devices require, in some instances, more operating room than
regular aerial ladders and platforms, therefore positioning on the fire
ground in relation to other aerial devices must be considered.
General operation of articulating apparatus is much like that of tower
ladders or aerial ladders with a few minor differences. With articulating
apparatus usually the lower boom is raised first before the upper boom,
and operators have two areas of concern in regards to safety.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-15
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Some general rules apply to these units.
ARTICULATING AERIAL
PLATFORMS
• Platforms usually extend
ahead of the turntable, never
behind.
• Operators at both control
stations must watch the
platform area and knuckle area
as the unit moves
• Failure to watch the knuckle or
hinge area could result in the
assembly striking power lines
or other objects, which may
cause serious injury to
firefighters and damage to the
apparatus.
AO-AD Unit 1
•
Platforms usually extend ahead of the turntable, never behind.
•
Operators at both control stations if so equipped will have to watch
not only the platform area, but also the joint or knuckle area where
the lower and upper boom attaches as the unit moves on the fire
ground.
•
Failure to watch the knuckle or hinge area could result in the
assembly striking power lines or other objects, which may cause
serious injury to firefighters and damage to the apparatus.
1
With these, and other aerial devices, the manufactures operating
recommendations should be strictly followed when these units are
operated. With some apparatus of a combination design of both
telescoping and articulating, their design and operational complexity
requires even more reliance on proper SOP’s and training guidelines.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-16
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
LESSON 2
TOWER LADDERS & TACTICS
LESSON 2
TOWER LADDERS & TACTICS
Introduction
AO-AD Unit 1
1
In the past, the Fire Departments placed primary reliance on the use of
aerial ladders as an exterior means of access to the upper floor of
buildings. They also placed full reliance on metal aerials for developing
elevated large caliber streams when water towers were phased out.
LESSON 2
TOWER LADDERS & TACTICS
• Aerial ladders were the forerunners
• Tower ladders still have undeveloped
potential
• Provides excellent exterior access making
ventilation faster and rescue capabilities
more effective
• Supplies superior large caliber streams
AO-AD Unit 1
1
The Tower Ladder (TL) was introduced to the fire service several years
ago. Its full potential is still being developed. The effectiveness of this
apparatus in ladder company operations on the exterior of buildings for
access to the interior, and for rescue purposes is without question. In
addition, it also provides a superior elevated large caliber stream
capability.
In regard to its large caliber stream capability, it must be emphasized that
this apparatus does not change firefighting policy, which is based
primarily on aggressive interior attack. The use of masks plus the benefit
of improved ventilation capability has relegated exterior streams to an
inactive or minor role in routine fire suppression practices. The need for
effective exterior streams in certain cases, however, must be recognized
whenever conditions, as evaluated by the officer in command of
operations, indicate their use.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-17
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladder Tactics
• Placement
• Plugged streets and
parking lots may
require a Guide Man
– Direct to the proper
location
– Spot as outriggers,
jacks, etc. are
extended
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
When encountering streets that are narrow and lined with parked cars, the
apparatus may have to be parked so that the outrigger can be placed
between parked cars. A guide man is necessary to enable the Driver
Operator to position the apparatus so that the outriggers will clear parked
cars or other obstructions. The guide man is to remain in position until the
outrigger is fully lowered on the operator’s blind side. The guide man
tilting the hinged outrigger pad can obtain some additional clearance.
Outriggers can easily be
placed between parked
cars when necessary.
Jacks and outriggers
must be on firm ground
and locked.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-18
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Communications
•
•
•
•
Usually equipped with Intercoms
Portable radios as backups
Clear concise transmissions
Common terminology
–
–
–
–
–
–
EXTENDED BOOM” – Reach out with boom.
“RETRACT BOOM” – Return outstretched boom.
“RAISE BOOM” – Increase angle of elevation.
“LOWER BOOM” – Decrease angle of elevation.
“BOOM LEFT” – Rotate boom to pedestal man’s left.
“BOOM RIGHT” – Rotate boom to pedestal man’s
right.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Note: There are various models Tower Ladders in the field and
companies involved must refer to their manuals for specifics.
Communications
Most tower ladders are provided with an intercommunication system
(intercom), allowing basket to pedestal communications and vice versa,
which is the most effective means of communications between basket and
pedestal.
Difficulty when transmitting orders dealing with basket movements is due
primarily to misunderstood terminology. To alleviate this problem the
following terms should be used when transmitting orders from basket to
pedestal man:
•
“EXTEND BOOM” – Reach out with boom.
•
“RETRACT BOOM” – Return outstretched boom.
•
“RAISE BOOM” – Increase angle of elevation.
•
“LOWER BOOM” – Decrease angle of elevation.
•
“BOOM LEFT” – Rotate boom to pedestal man’s left.
•
“BOOM RIGHT” – Rotate boom to pedestal man’s right.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-19
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Note: In some models, the basket control man faces the opposite
direction in relation to the pedestal man. It is for this reason that the
reference point is the pedestal and not the basket position.
Communications
• Pedestal man needs clear accurate
descriptions of activities and needs
• Pedestal controls normally are smoother
working – better control of platform
movements
– The intercom between pedestal and basket
should be used for operational control of
apparatus to achieve the desired
coordination.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
When the basket is being controlled from the pedestal, it is most important
to keep the pedestal man informed regarding the results of the basket
movement, as the pedestal man is incapable of judging the exact distance
the basket is from an object. For example, the basket man can direct the
pedestal man in the following manner: “Boom left some ten feet, now at 8
feet, 6 feet, 4 feet, 2 feet, 1 foot, careful, 6 inches, stop.” These directions
through the intercom must be utilized whenever the need arises for
accurate steady movements.
Since the pedestal controls allow smoother movements, the pedestal man
should, in most cases, operate the controls to perform delicate operations
if visibility permits.
The intercom between pedestal and basket should be used for operational
control of apparatus to achieve the desired coordination.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-20
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Intercoms
• Radio communication
might better be
handled by the
pedestal man and
relayed to the
platform
• Portable radios
should be carried for
emergency use
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Emergency operations dealing with strategic action and tactical usage of
Tower Ladders require instant communications between officer in
command and members in basket. The most effective means is to have
man at pedestal monitor all the portable radio communications and relay
orders or other pertinent information to basket via intercom. A portable
radio is difficult to hear due to noise in the basket especially if a master
stream is in operation. Portable radios are prone to malfunction when wet
and in picking up communications from other operations when boom is
extended at or over roof levels in immediate area thereby causing some
confusion. Portable radios should be utilized in basket operation if basket
man operating is alone for venting or search purposes as a means of
coordinating operations with interior forces or as means of communication
should he leave basket for any reason, such as search or rescue.
During a daily check of apparatus and at initial stages of placing a Tower
Ladder into operation, a test of the intercom system should be made. If
results are negative, members shall rely on portable radios for
communication from pedestal and basket.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-21
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
By monitoring portable radio transmissions, the pedestal man can be
continuously aware of changing fire conditions, location of other units
during operations, orders issued by officer in command of fire or company
officer, or any information regarding safety of members and fire
extinguishment that will effect the Tower Ladder operation. He can relay
these communications via intercom to basket or, from basket to officer in
command of operation should Portable radio at basket be ineffective.
General Precautions
• No member shall operate in the basket unless
he is wearing the installed safety belt or a life
belt or Personal Harness that is secured to a
substantial part of basket. If this is too confining,
it is possible to provide working room by forming
a loop, one foot in diameter, in a lifesaving rope
around a substantial part of the basket using a
bowline to secure the loop, and then hook the
life belt or Personal Harness onto this loop.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
APPARATUS POSITIONING
In the event of failure of both intercom and Portable radio
communications, unit should have a preset plan by which pedestal man
can relay orders or information vocally or by hand signal, e.g., tap boom
with tool or move boom slightly to attract attention to the pedestal.
General Precautions
No member shall operate in the basket unless he is wearing the installed
safety belt or a life belt or Personal Harness that is secured to a substantial
part of basket. If this is too confining, it is possible to provide working
room by forming a loop, one foot in diameter, in a lifesaving rope around
a substantial part of the basket using a bowline to secure the loop, and then
hook the life belt or Personal Harness onto this loop.
• Factors related to Positioning
– What wall to work on –life factor decision
– Fire conditions - location and extent of fire
– Type of occupancy – time of day
– Type of structure – height and area
– Street conditions –Overhead wires, trees
– Location of Pumpers and hydrants
– Condition and stability of building
– Ground stability
AO-AD Unit 1
POSITIONING OF APPARATUS
General
1
Generally, placement depends upon conditions encountered on arrival.
The Officer in Command of a fire should give specific instructions
regarding the placement of apparatus and the operations to be performed.
In the absence of a superior, the Tower Ladder officer must base his
decision for placement of the Tower Ladder on the following conditions:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
What wall to work on – based on the life factor
Fire conditions location and extent of fire
Type of occupancy – time of day
Type of structure – height and area
Street conditions – traffic encountered. Overhead wires, trees.
Location of Pumpers and hydrants
Condition and stability of building
Ground stability
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-22
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Size Up
Arriving first provides the choice of positions best suited for
initial operations.
Size Up
• Arriving first provides the choice of
positions best suited for initial operations.
• Arriving second requires positioning that
will not block out other responding units.
• Circling the block and coming back may
improve tactical positioning and “scrub
area.”
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Note: “Scrub area” is defined as that area of a building wall, which can
be touched by the basket.
Scrub Area
• “Scrub Area” is
defined as that
area of a
building wall,
which can be
touched by the
basket.
AO-AD Unit 1
Arriving second requires positioning that will not block out other
responding units. It may be necessary or advantageous to circle the block
and come in from the opposite end of the street, if such action will
improve the effective “scrub area.”
1
Mid- mount tower ladders have a greater scrub area than rear mounted
tower ladders. Scrub area can also be adversely affected by compartment
and pump panel configurations. Some tower ladder apparatus have better
scrub areas than other tower ladders based simply on the design and the
manufacturer who built the vehicle.
Scrub Area
• Mid Mounts normally have a greater Scrub
Area than Rear Mounts
• Truck configuration may have a huge
impact on Scrub Area
– Mounted equipment
– Compartment configurations
AO-AD Unit 1
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-23
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Generally, the apparatus should be parallel to the building. Occasionally
the cab of the apparatus will reduce the scrub area of the bucket. This
condition can be corrected by parking the apparatus with the front end
angled about 15 degrees from the building line. This will put the cab
portion of the apparatus farther away than the rear portion, and in this way
the boom can be operated the full extent of its scrub area.
Apparatus Placement
• Parallel with Building
• 15 degree offset to
allow for cab
• Bucket /platform even
with target
This angle should
be around 15º
AO-AD Unit 1
1
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Bucket
Alignment
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-24
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Corner Positioning of
Tower Ladders
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Positioning at a corner building affords coverage on two fronts. This
enables coverage over a much wider area, permitting greater access and
observation points to check stability of building, etc. Notice shall be taken
of location of streetlights, traffic signals and electrical utility poles and
wires at street corners (or other locations). Placement of TOWER
LADDER shall be made to retain as much effective operating area of the
basket as possible on both fronts of the building. (See Figure 1)
Positioning apparatus perpendicular to building will considerably reduce
scrub area and should be avoided whenever possible. However, where the
ground is of doubtful stability, such as vacant lots or other unpaved areas
that may have hidden voids, and plank pads for outriggers are deemed not
substantial enough, it may be more advantageous to position apparatus
perpendicular or nearly perpendicular to the fire building. This will tend
to equalize pressure on outriggers resulting from lateral movement of the
boom thereby reducing the possibility of the apparatus “pole vaulting”
should the footing of an outrigger collapse. (See Figure 2)
Regardless of initial placement, it must be realized that as conditions
change, repositioning may be required and may be accomplished quickly
and safely with proper training and planning.
Positioning Tower Ladders at the corner of buildings
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-25
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Operations at One and Two family Dwellings
During operations at one and two family private dwellings or any structure
with an alleyway between the fire building and an exposure, placing the
Tower Ladder turntable in line with the alley affords frontal coverage and
also coverage into the alley for exposure protection, extinguishment,
rescue, ventilation, search and entry.
Operations at Residences
• Setting up at
corners or alleys
provides
–
–
–
–
–
–
Frontal coverage
Exposure protection
Extinguishment
Rescue
Ventilation
Search and entry
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Operations at Residences
AO-AD Unit 1
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-26
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Rescue Operations from windows, roofs
Rescue Operations
• Window operations
– Platform top rail at
window sill
– Victim enters platform
through gates
• Operators - load limits
must be strictly
adhered to
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Rescue Operations
• Roof operations
• Bucket lowered to
roof
• Bucket moved to
edge of roof
• Victims enter through
gates
• Operators - load limits
must be strictly
adhered to
AO-AD Unit 1
1
When tower ladders are
used for rescue from
windows, it is generally
placed so the platform
top rail is even with the
windowsill.
Another
method often used is for
the basket to be placed so
that the victim can enter
the basket thru the gates
or doors on the basket.
This method will be
dependent on the design and location of the basket gate or door, as well as
the angle of the basket to the target.
Towers ladders are an excellent tool for rescue of victims from roof areas,
as well as a means of transporting firefighters and equipment to the roof.
In most cases, the floor of the basket can be placed directly on or very
close to the roof. When the basket is lowered to the roof, the operator must
be aware of the waterway and other structures being damage by parapets,
roof edges, or other building components.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-27
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Tower ladder crewmembers must be aware of load limitations when using
the unit for moving firefighters and equipment, as well as rescuing
victims. Apparatus structures can become overloaded quickly when
performing rescues involving numerous victims.
Rescue Operations
• During rescue operations
– Operators - load limits must be strictly
adhered to
– Victims must be escorted at all times
– On a tower ladder the victims must be taken
to safety
• Leave someone with remaining victims
– On a ladder tower the victims may be
escorted down the ladder if deemed safe
• Do not exceed manufacturers load limits
AO-AD Unit 1
1
When being used for rescue, a tower ladder crew member should stay with
the remaining victims while the basket is being lowered. With the top rail
of the basket positioned at the windowsill or fire escape railing, a
firefighter should assist the victim into the basket. Victims should not be
allowed to jump into the basket at any time. Ladder tower apparatus, those
with a certified ladder with basket attached, allows the flexibility of
leaving the basket in one location, and having the victims descend the
ladder.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-28
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Having the victims descending the ladder will require firefighters to assist
them, and to closely monitor load limits. Local department standard
operating procedures should specifically address the many conditions that
the tower ladder and crew will face, and how these conditions should be
handled.
Ladder Tower
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-29
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Tower Ladders and Fire Suppression:
Fire Suppression
• Prepiped waterways
• Various water
connections
• Relief valves
• Nozzles and tips
• Power tools
• Prepiped breathing air
• Attack lines
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
Defensive firefighting usually requires the use of elevated master streams.
The tower ladder is well suited for these types of operation. All tower
ladders are equipped with a pre piped waterway to the basket, as well as a
master stream device mounted in the basket. Various types of connections,
as well as relief valve systems can be found on various units in the field.
Usually found in the basket are a variety of nozzles or tips for the master
stream device, as well as in some instances, a short length of attack line, as
well as a variety of hand, and sometimes power tools.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-30
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Fire Suppression
AO-AD Unit 1
Note-The combined weight of all the equipment carried in the basket
will reduce the total load capacity of the unit and must be considered
when operating a master steam at the basket. Most tower ladders have a
maximum gallon per minute flow rate capacity.
1
Specific operating procedures for use of tower ladders when used for
suppression should be developed following manufacturers guidelines by
every department.
Fire Suppression
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-31
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
General Rules for tower ladder operation when used as an
elevated master stream.
General Rules for Elevated
Master Stream Operations
• Establish a separate water supply for the tower ladder.
Engines that are supplying hand lines should not be
used to supply tower ladders at the same time.
• Firefighters manning the basket should have full
protective clothing, as well as SCBA, even though the
tower is equipped with its own air system.
• Straight bore nozzles will usually penetrate farther and
be less affected by wind and evaporation as fog or
combination nozzles. Regardless of the type of nozzle,
adequate flow and pressure must be supplied to the
master stream device.
AO-AD Unit 1
•
Establish a separate water supply for the tower ladder. Engines that are
supplying hand lines should not be used to supply tower ladders at the
same time.
•
Firefighters manning the basket should have full protective clothing, as
well as SCBA, even though the tower is equipped with its own air
system.
•
Straight bore nozzles will usually penetrate farther and be less affected
by wind and evaporation as fog or combination nozzles. Regardless of
the type of nozzle, adequate flow and pressure must be supplied to the
master stream device.
•
Tower ladder streams should never be deployed into an occupied
building.
•
Tower ladder streams can be used from street level, to above the
roofline.
•
The tower ladder stream can be used in some cases for ventilation of
certain type structures.
•
In most cases the tower ladder stream should be directed of the ceiling
above the seat of the fire, the stream should enter a window at an angle
of approximately 30 degrees.
•
Tower ladder operators must be aware of pushing fire into uninvolved
buildings or areas.
•
Any large caliber stream should never be directed into a ventilation
hole while any interior operations are being conducted.
•
Basket and pedestal, operators should not allow streams to impact
walls and other solid objects at close range.
•
While flowing water, all movements of the device should be made
slowly. Movement of the master stream device in the basket, either up
and down, or side to side will have apply reaction forces to the entire
device. In extreme cases, damage or injury can occur due to misuse of
controls of appliances and controls.
1
General Rules for Elevated
Master Stream Operations
• Tower ladder streams should never be deployed into an
occupied building.
• Tower ladder streams can be used from street level, to
above the roofline.
• The tower ladder stream can be used in some cases for
ventilation of certain type structures.
• In most cases the tower ladder stream should be
directed of the ceiling above the seat of the fire, the
stream should enter a window at an angle of
approximately 30 degrees.
• Tower ladder operators must be aware of pushing fire
into uninvolved buildings or areas.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
General Rules for Elevated
Master Stream Operations
• Any large caliber stream should never be directed into a
ventilation hole while any interior operations are being
conducted.
• Basket and pedestal, operators should not allow streams
to impact walls and other solid objects at close range.
• While flowing water, all movements of the device should
be made slowly. Movement of the master stream device
in the basket, either up and down, or side to side will
have apply reaction forces to the entire device. In
extreme cases, damage or injury can occur due to
misuse of controls of appliances and controls.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
General Rules for Elevated
Master Stream Operations
• All departments should have
specific operational policies and
procedures in place for proper
utilization of these versatile
apparatus
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Elevated Master Stream Ops
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
All departments should have specific operational policies and
procedures in place for proper utilization of these versatile apparatus.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-32
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Operator’s Operational Responsibilities:
Operator’s Operational
Responsibilities
• Remain at pedestal until properly relieved by member
trained in unit’s pedestal operation.
• Maintain and monitor portable radio communications and
relay orders and pertinent information to basket via
intercom. He shall also relay information received from
basket via intercom to Officer in Command at fire.
• Watch movement of boom and be prepared to override
basket controls if boom in danger of striking obstacle,
e.g., corner of building, light post, wires, traffic sign or
cab of apparatus.
• Override if cable reel in danger of striking object or cab
of apparatus. Fluorescent paint or tape on cable drum
would be an aid during night operations.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Operator’s Operational
Responsibilities
• Be prepared to take over controls should basket controls
become erratic or inoperative.
• Frequently evaluates footing of apparatus jacks and
outriggers for signs of undermining and/or street
pavement collapse. Monitoring water run off is critical
especially on certain types of occupancies such as paper
mills, rag factories, mattress factories, or other high
water absorbent occupancies. Tower ladders are
capable of applying water at a rate of 1,000 – 2,000
gallons per minute. Multiply even the 1,000 gallons per
minute by 8.34 lbs per gallon and the tower ladder is
applying over 4 tons of water per minute into building
already under demolition due to the fire. It is not a
question of if this building will collapse, (absent of any
appreciable water run off), but rather when it will
collapse.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Operator’s Operational
Responsibilities
• The operator should monitor hydraulic pressure for signs
of a possible hydraulic leak that might cause the loss of
boom movement. Loss of fluid from the main reservoir
due to a broken line is rapid and the boom will lock into a
position. Many new apparatus have hydraulic alarms
that will sound when there are problems with the
hydraulic system.
• Advise basket if change in water supply is anticipated,
e.g., switching source of supply, bust length, Engine Co.
apparatus overheating, etc.
• If member(s) leave basket for search or roof operations,
he shall not move boom unless member(s) are advised
of his intentions and they in turn give approval, or a
visible life hazard should occur.
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
•
Remain at pedestal until properly relieved by member trained in unit’s
pedestal operation.
•
Maintain and monitor portable radio communications and relay orders
and pertinent information to basket via intercom. He shall also relay
information received from basket via intercom to Officer in Command
at fire.
•
Watch movement of boom and be prepared to override basket controls
if boom in danger of striking obstacle, e.g., corner of building, light
post, wires, traffic sign or cab of apparatus.
•
Override if cable reel in danger of striking object or cab of apparatus.
Fluorescent paint or tape on cable drum would be an aid during night
operations.
•
Be prepared to take over controls should basket controls become
erratic or inoperative.
•
Frequently evaluates footing of apparatus jacks and outriggers for
signs of undermining and/or street pavement collapse. Monitoring
water run off is critical especially on certain types of occupancies such
as paper mills, rag factories, mattress factories, or other high water
absorbent occupancies. Tower ladders are capable of applying water at
a rate of 1,000 – 2,000 gallons per minute. Multiply even the 1,000
gallons per minute by 8.34 lbs per gallon and the tower ladder is
applying over 4 tons of water per minute into building already under
demolition due to the fire. It is not a question of if this building will
collapse, (absent of any appreciable water run off), but rather when it
will collapse.
•
The operator should monitor hydraulic pressure for signs of a possible
hydraulic leak that might cause the loss of boom movement. Loss of
fluid from the main reservoir due to a broken line is rapid and the
boom will lock into a position. Many new apparatus have hydraulic
alarms that will sound when there are problems with the hydraulic
system.
•
Advise basket if change in water supply is anticipated, e.g., switching
source of supply, bust length, Engine Co. apparatus overheating, etc.
•
If member(s) leave basket for search or roof operations, he shall not
move boom unless member(s) are advised of his intentions and they in
turn give approval, or a visible life hazard should occur.
1
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-33
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Overhead Obstructions
Overhead Obstructions
• Bridges,
• Elevated Trains and
Highways,
• Wires
• Trees
• any other obstructions
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
Bridges, Elevated Trains and
Highways, Wires and other
obstructions
must
be
considered.
Apparatus
should be maneuvered so
that it is parallel to the
objective and the basket is in
line with target, close to the
building line.
At an intersection with overhead obstructions, Tower Ladders should be
positioned so that the boom can be raised between then.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-34
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Overhead wires may interfere with Tower Ladder operations. Officer in
Command of operations should have wires removed by the utility
company involved when fire conditions warrant.
Overhead Obstructions
• Trees and Wires
• May work around
them
• Power may be shut
off
• Trees may be
trimmed
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
When trees obstruct operations, it is possible to extend or raise boom
through light branches. However, retraction or lowering of the boom
through branches may present a problem and some cutting may be
required.
Company drills, should be held in positioning apparatus for operation with
overhead obstructions in order to familiarize personnel with limitations of
apparatus function under these conditions and possible alternatives, such
as placing apparatus on sidewalk and precautions necessary, at corner and
extending boom parallel with front of building. Also, practice at
intersections with light posts, traffic signs or signals, intersecting overhead
wires, etc., in order to enable personnel to judge where and how apparatus
is to be positioned for maximum coverage under similar circumstances.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-35
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Positioning on Hills
Positioning on Grades
• Position only in uphill
or downhill direction
never transversely
• Chock all four wheels
• All boom operations
must be done slowly
or the unit may Skip
(slide) away on its
jacks and outriggers
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Sudden starts and stops should be avoided
under all operating conditions.
AO-AD Unit 1
Position apparatus parallel to the direction of slope so that boom
operations will be in the “uphill” direction. If possible, apparatus should
be facing “downhill,” e.g., if facing downhill, turntable past the objective,
or if facing uphill, turntable before objective.
Set the parking brake and chock all four wheels to assure that apparatus
does not move prior to setting of all jacks and outriggers.
Positioning on Grades
Note:
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
1
All operation of boom
should be performed at
low
speed
and
delicately while on
steep inclines. Sudden
stops in maneuvering
can cause damage to
apparatus and/or cause
apparatus to “skip”
downhill. Maneuvering
in
the
downhill
direction must be done
delicately and with
extreme
caution
avoiding
sudden
starting and stopping.
All “violent” reactions
should be avoided so
that excessive “shock”
loads are not applied to
the apparatus.
Note: Sudden starts and stops should be avoided under all operating
conditions.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-36
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Retracting and/or raising of the boom may be required for “uphill”
operation. By retracting and/or raising the boom, the load will be rotating
on a shorter radius, thereby reducing the torque requirements for uphill
rotation. See charts for illustration of boom positioning when operating on
various grades.
Operating on Grades
• Boom operations may be limited
• The degree of the slope will severely limit
the range of operation
• Note: When the apparatus is in other
than a “level configuration” its
performance, stability and safety
factors are reduced in proportion to the
degree of deviation
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Operating on Grades
• Boom operations may be limited
• The degree of the slope will severely limit
the range of operation
• Note: When the apparatus is in other
than a “level configuration” its
performance, stability and safety
factors are reduced in proportion to the
degree of deviation
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Operating on Grades
• Note: Disregard for
the aboverecommended
procedures and
practices may cause
serious damage to
the apparatus and
could cause an
accident involving
personnel.
AO-AD Unit 1
Note: When the apparatus is in other than a “level configuration” its
performance, stability and safety factors are reduced in proportion to the
degree of deviation. For example, the rotation system was designed for
level operation. When the chassis is on a slope (from front to rear) the
rotating function now includes the work of “lifting” the boom uphill. If
the boom is retracted and raised to its greatest elevation, this added load
is at its minimum value.
When the boom is extended and in a
horizontal position, this added load is at
its maximum. The degree of the slope
adds to the “lifting” force required in
either configuration. Therefore, under
certain conditions the operator may have
to retract the boom, raise the boom or
both in order to rotate uphill on steep
inclines. Because of this added “load”
the operator must never rotate at high
speeds when on a slope and must always
“feather” his controls when starting or
stopping in order to avoid shock loads.
1
Note: Disregard for the above-recommended procedures and practices
may cause serious damage to the apparatus and could cause an accident
involving personnel.
MANUFACTURES RECOMMENDATIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED FOR
EACH INDIVIDUAL UNIT WHEN OPERATING ON LEVEL OR
GRADES.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-37
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
OPERATIONS
Flat Roof Operations
Flat Roof
• Excellent way to get
to the roof
• Carries
• Tools
• Ropes
• Ladders
• Anchor point
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Tower Ladder is a convenient, sure, safe means of access to the roof. In
some cases, such as Row Frame Brownstone buildings, it may also be the
fastest means of access.
When used for ventilation purposes, an axe, halligan, power saw, 6-foot
hook (pike pole) and lifesaving rope must be placed in bucket. Personnel
shall make full use of installed safety belts, ladder belts and/or Personal
Harness. When roof is isolated, pedestal man shall make certain that
basket is not moved until all personnel are safely back in the basket and
maintain radio contact with personnel on roof. If a life hazard should
appear requiring movement of boom, the pedestal man shall so advise roof
personnel and get their permission prior to movement.
When encountering a roof with an exceptionally high and/or steep cornice,
judgment must be made as to the stability of the roof and, if doubtful, the
use of the lifesaving rope from basket shall be used to get on roof. Rope
will be tied to a substantial part of basket (rear metal post). It will also be
of assistance in regaining position in basket especially if the cornice is
sloped, steep, high or slippery.
When operating on roof of questionable stability, with hand tools or power
saw, full use of the Personal Harness and lifesaving rope should be used to
limit travel of operator of tool to a radius of no more than ten feet from
basket.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-38
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Peaked Roof
Peaked Roof Operations
• Keep basket close to roof
level. Secure members to
basket with harnesses or
rope.
• Use portable ladder, laid flat
on roof, to help distribute
weight of FF
• If condition permits, place
basket onto the roof and have
members work from the
basket.
• Be sure ceilings are pushed
down
AO-AD Unit 1
1
On most peaked roofs, effective operations may be performed directly
from the basket. There are some situations, however, where because of
parapets or setbacks the basket cannot reach the roof surface. In these
cases, the use of a roof ladder in conjunction with the Tower Ladder is
indicated after placing the basket at a self-contact point.
When instability of the roof is suspected, exercise extreme caution:
•
•
•
•
Keep basket close to roof level. Secure members to basket with
harnesses or rope. Do not engage in prolonged operations.
Use portable ladder, laid flat on roof, to help distribute weight of
member(s) over a greater area.
If condition permits, place basket onto the roof and have members
work from the basket.
When operating on stores, commercial buildings and similar
structures with hanging ceilings, ten-foot hooks or portable ladders
may be used to push down ceilings below roof openings, operating
from basket.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-39
Instructor Guide– Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 5 Aerial Platform Operations
Power Saw use from Basket
Power saw can be effectively used from basket to open up peaked roofs as
follows:
Peaked Roof Operations
•
• Position the basket on the roof as close to the ridgepole
as possible. Check stability of roof.
• Start saw in basket, keep outside basket until shut off.
• Operator shall wear installed safety belt. May extend
operating range with a safety rope secured to platform
• Saw operator hooks his Personal Harness to loop in Life
Saving Rope, places one foot on roof and other in the
basket. Backup man takes a firm hold on the operator’s
Personal Harness or Life Belt.
• Proceed to remove cut roofing and push down any
ceiling below.
• Area beneath basket area shall be kept clear to prevent
injuries from falling objects and tools. Tie off the saw.
AO-AD Unit 1
•
1
•
•
•
•
Position the basket on the roof as close to the ridgepole as possible.
Check stability of roof with available tools.
Saw is started in basket and then held outside the basket. It shall
be kept outside until shut off.
Operator shall wear installed safety belt. This belt gives him
enough play to reach the edge of the platform and have one foot on
roof. If safety belt is not used, for any reason, a Rope shall be tied
to a substantial part of the basket, other than the railing, with a
bowline. The loop of the bowline shall be large enough to reach
the edge of the basket platform.
Saw operator hooks his Personal Harness to loop in Life Saving
Rope, places one foot on roof and other in the basket. Backup man
takes a firm hold on the operator’s Personal Harness or Life Belt.
Proceed to remove cut roofing and push down any ceiling below.
Area beneath basket area shall be kept clear to prevent injuries
from falling objects and tools. As an added precaution, a utility
cord shall be attached to handle of saw to prevent it from falling.
Cord to be lashed to basket or held by backup man.
Note: The size of the cut will depend on the reach of the operator. He
shall never over-extend himself. Reposition basket if larger opening is
necessary.
Summary
Summary
Tower ladders are a versatile tool for the fire
service; however this great piece of
apparatus is only as good as its operators
and crew. Incident commanders must be
familiar with tower ladder uses and
limitations, to fully use their potential on
the fire ground. Only thru constant training
can firefighters become proficient in the
total potential of tower ladders.
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Tower ladders are a versatile tool for the fire service; however this great
piece of apparatus is only as good as its operators and crew. Incident
commanders must be familiar with tower ladder uses and limitations, to
fully use their potential on the fire ground. Only thru constant training can
firefighters become proficient in the total potential of tower ladders.
May 03
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Oct 03
Page 5-40
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 6 Aerial Device Tactics
UNIT 6 AERIAL APPARATUS TACTICS
Practical Exercises
Aerial Ladder
References
•
IFSTA Aerial Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 6-1
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 6 Aerial Device Tactics
Objectives
At the completion of this unit the Apparatus Operator will
•
Operate the aerial device properly and safely accomplishing all
the tasks on the skills sheet.
o Understand the
communications
necessity
of
clear,
concise
o Know how to position their Apparatus at structures
o Understand specific positioning and placement in
relation to present and future needs
o Select a site and position an aerial safely and efficiently.
o Understand the need for positioning or staging at fire
scenes
o Be able to raise and extend an aerial ladder and a tower
ladder to a window and roof.
o Understand the practical applications for each type of
Apparatus including these functions
ƒ Rescue operations
ƒ Exposure protection
ƒ Ventilation
ƒ Elevated fire attack
ƒ Improvised standpipe operations
ƒ Agricultural structures and silo considerations.
The operator will be prepared to be evaluated using the supplied skills
sheet
All skills will be demonstrated to pass the practical section.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 6-2
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 6 Aerial Device Tactics
AERIAL LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Firefighter Skill
Accomplish
Task
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for full aerial coverage of Bldg.
Firefighter makes sure apparatus maxi brake is engaged
Firefighter engages apparatus PTO
Firefighter chocks wheels (optional depending on
apparatus)
Firefighter lowers outriggers and jacks, using pads and
locking devices, Checks for obstacles
Firefighter checks to see that apparatus is level
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using appropriate
control, raises ladder up from bed to the appropriate
angle
Firefighter rotates ladder into position for raising,
extends ladder to objective. Engage ladder locks
1" to 2" above window sill, 3 ' to 6' above roof level
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
Ladder 2" out from the objective, ladder will only touch
the objective when members climb the ladder
Firefighter extends ladder and releases ladder locks
Firefighter re-beds ladder
Firefighter removes locks and disengages jacks and out
riggers
Firefighter disengages PTO
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 6-3
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Unit 6 Aerial Device Tactics
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Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 6-4
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 7 Aerial Device Practical
AERIAL APPARATUS TACTICS
Practical Exercises
Tower Ladder / Ladder Tower
References
•
IFSTA Aerial Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA
1002,
Standard
for
Fire
Driver/Operator Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department
Aerial Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Apparatus
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997
Tower Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997
Ladder Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 7-1
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 7 Aerial Device Practical
Objectives
At the completion of this unit, the Apparatus Operator will
demonstrate the skills they have learned by
•
Utilizing clear, calm, and concise communications
•
Understand specific positioning and placement in relation to
present and future needs
•
Selecting a site and positioning an aerial safely and efficiently.
•
Raising and extending an Aerial Device to a window and roof.
Practical Skills
Students must show the ability to operate their aerial device. If more
than one type of device is present, multiple evolutions may be
considered as time allows.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 7-2
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 7 Aerial Device Practical
TOWER LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Firefighter Skill
Accomplish
Task
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for tower bucket to achieve maximum scrub area.
Firefighter makes sure maxi brake is engaged.
Firefighter engages PTO.
Firefighter chocks wheels
(Optional depending on apparatus).
Firefighter lowers jacks and outriggers, using pads and
locking devices. Firefighter checks for obstacles before
lowering.
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using the appropriate
controls, raises boom from bed to proper angle.
Firefighter rotates boom into position for raising, once
in position, boom will be extended to place bucket at
objective.
Firefighter retracts boom, rotates and re-beds boom.
Firefighter unlocks jacks and outriggers and re-beds it,
puts pads away.
Firefighter disengages PTO.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 7-3
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 7 Aerial Device Practical
This page intentionally left blank.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 7-4
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
NYS Department of State
Office of Fire Prevention & Control
APPARATUS OPERATOR
AERIAL DEVICE
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
UNIT 8 AERIAL APPARATUS
EMERGENCY PROCEEDURES
FINAL EVALUATIONS
Outreach Training
Course 79
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Unit 8 AERIAL APPARATUS
EMERGENCY ROCEEDURES
FINAL EVALUATIONS
• Emergency Procedures
• Practical Evaluation
• Written Evaluation
AO-AD Unit 1
1
References
•
IFSTA Aerial Apparatus
Handbook, first edition
•
NFPA 1002, Standard for Fire Apparatus Driver/Operator
Professional Qualifications
•
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
•
NFPA 1914, Standard for Testing Fire Department Aerial
Devices
•
NFPA 1915 Fire Apparatus, Preventative Maintenance
•
NYS OFPC Course 78 Apparatus Operator-Pump
•
NFPA 1071 Emergency Vehicle Technician Professional
Qualifications
•
Operators/Owners manuals
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
DRIVER/OPERATOR
Mack Trucks
LTI
Pierce
American La France
Snorkel
Sutphen
Grumman
KME
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book VI March 15, 1997 Tower
Ladder Operations
•
Fire Department · City of New York Firefighting
Procedures Volume III, Book II March 15, 1997 Ladder
Company Operations: Use of Aerial Ladders
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-1
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Objectives
Objectives
At the completion of this unit, the Apparatus
Operator will demonstrate the skills they
have learned by
• Understanding Emergency Procedures
and how to apply them to the specific
Apparatus they will operate
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
At the completion of this unit, the Apparatus Operator will demonstrate
the skills they have learned by
1
•
Understand Emergency Procedures and how to apply them to
the specific Apparatus they will operate
Emergency Procedures
Introduction
• Emergency Procedures
– General Overview
– Many Manufactures
• Final Evaluations
– Practical
– Written
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Emergency Procedures
Since there are many different manufacturers of aerial devices with
different options available, there are as well many different types of
emergency procedures and operations. We will make mention of a
couple examples here in the text and presentations, however the aerial
apparatus driver/operator MUST read, review and become familiar with
their specific emergency controls and procedures.
• Many Manufacturers
– Different type aerial with different options
– With as many emergency proceedures
• Apparatus
– Very complex
• Using an emergency procedure is dangerous
– Generally when using emergency procedures none of
the safety features built into the unit will work
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Today’s apparatus are again very complex and have many safety
interlocks that generally are overridden during the emergency
operations of the device. Extreme Caution must be taken during
emergency procedures.
The emergency operations/procedures are to allow the driver/operator
to properly stow the aerial device and make the apparatus road ready to
return to the station. There are generally two types of failures that
require emergency procedures to be performed. One would be
electrical failure; the other would be hydraulic failure.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-2
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Failures
Generally Two Types
• Electrical
– Normally occurs with a loss of the electrical system
modern units use an electrical over hydraulic system
• Hydraulic
– Usually caused by a pump or PYTO failure
• Emergency operations/procedures are designed
to return the Aerial to transport mode not for
further operations
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Gas Powered Hydraulic Pump
• This type unit is
found on older
units and on units
that do not have
electric over
hydraulic control
systems
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Electrical Backup Units
The electrical failure would mean that electrical power to operate some
controls is lost. In this case the safety interlocks and electrical controls
will not work. An electrical override of some sort would likely be
found on the truck that would allow, under emergency conditions, the
operator to move the aerial device. In some cases where the tip or
platform controls are operated electrically, those controls would
become in operable.
In case of hydraulic failure, an emergency power unit, a separate
electrically driven motor unit would be supplied to provide limited
hydraulic power to the aerial device and the outrigger/jacks to allow the
operator once again to stow the aerial device and make the apparatus
road ready. Generally hydraulic failure is the failure of the PTO or the
hydraulic pump.
The worst failure would be of the apparatus engine completely shuts
down and the electrical system fails. In this case the driver/operator
must rely only on the power stored in the apparatus battery system to
allow the emergency functions to be operated.
• Overrides and a
back up pump to
actuate the systems
necessary to put the
Aerial back in
transport mode
AO-AD Unit 1
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
1
Emergency Procedures
• Go over the emergency procedures of the
unit you are training on.
• Your instructors will have a demonstration
performed
• You may now perform the procedure if
time allows
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Aerial Errors
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-3
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
Practical Evaluations
FINAL EVALUATIONS
Practical
Written
AO-AD Unit 1
1
Students must show the ability to operate their aerial device. If more
than one type of device is present, multiple evolutions may be
considered as time allows.
Final Written Evaluation
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-4
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
TOWER LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Firefighter Skill
Accomplish
Task
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for tower bucket to achieve maximum scrub area.
Firefighter makes sure maxi brake is engaged.
Firefighter engages PTO.
Firefighter chocks wheels
(Optional depending on apparatus).
Firefighter lowers jacks and outriggers, using pads and
locking devices. Firefighter checks for obstacles before
lowering.
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using the appropriate
controls, raises boom from bed to proper angle.
Firefighter rotates boom into position for raising, once
in position, boom will be extended to place bucket at
objective.
Firefighter retracts boom, rotates and re-beds boom.
Firefighter unlocks jacks and outriggers and re-beds it,
puts pads away.
Firefighter disengages PTO.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-5
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
This page intentionally left blank.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-6
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
AERIAL LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Firefighter Skill
Accomplish
Task
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for full aerial coverage of Bldg.
Firefighter makes sure apparatus maxi brake is engaged
Firefighter engages apparatus PTO
Firefighter chocks wheels (optional depending on
apparatus)
Firefighter lowers outriggers and jacks, using pads and
locking devices, Checks for obstacles
Firefighter checks to see that apparatus is level
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using appropriate
control, raises ladder up from bed to the appropriate
angle
Firefighter rotates ladder into position for raising,
extends ladder to objective. Engage ladder locks
1" to 2" above window sill, 3 ' to 6' above roof level
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
Ladder 2" out from the objective, ladder will only touch
the objective when members climb the ladder
Firefighter extends ladder and releases ladder locks
Firefighter re-beds ladder
Firefighter removes locks and disengages jacks and out
riggers
Firefighter disengages PTO
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Page 8-7
Instructor Guide – Apparatus Operator - Aerial Device
Office of Fire Prevention and Control – Oct 03
Unit 8 Aerial Device Evaluations
Page 8-8
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Appendices
NOTES
Appendices
Contents
NFPA JPR, Aerial Devices
Sample Inspection Form
Vehicle & Traffic Law Excerpts
Tower Ladder Skills Evaluation
Aerial Ladder Skills Evaluation
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-1
Aug 2003
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Appendices
NOTES
NFPA 1002
Chapter 2 General Requirements
2-1 General - Prior to operating fire department vehicle, the driver operator shall meet the job
performance requirements defined in Sections 2-2 to 2-3.
2-2.1 Preventative Maintenance – Perform routine test inspections and servicing functions on the
systems and components specified in the following list, given a fire department vehicle and
manufactures specifications, so that the operational status of the vehicle is verified.
1)
Batteries
2)
Braking System
3)
Coolant system
4)
Electrical System
5)
Fuel, Oil & hydraulic Fluids
6)
Tires, Steering system & Belts
7)
Tools, appliances and equipment
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Manufactures
Specifications
AHJ Policies, procedures
& requirements
Requisite Skills
Course/Unit
Use of small hand
tools
Recognize
system
problems
Correct deficiencies
as noted IAW polices
& procedures.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-2
Aug 2003
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Appendices
NOTES
2-2.2 Document the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions, given maintenance and inspection
forms, so that all items are checked for proper operation and deficiencies are reported.
a. Requisite Knowledge: Departmental requirements for documenting maintenance performed,
understanding the importance of accurate record keeping.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Departmental requirements for
documenting maintenance performed,
Requisite Skills
Course/Unit
The ability to use tools and equipment and
complete all related departmental forms
Understanding the importance of accurate
record keeping
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-3
Aug 2003
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Appendices
NOTES
2-3 Driving/Operating.
2-3.1*
Operate a fire department vehicle, given a vehicle and a predetermined route on a public way that
incorporates the maneuvers and features specified in the following list that the driver/operator is
expected to encounter during normal operations, so that the vehicle is safely operated in compliance
with all applicable state and local laws, departmental rules and regulations, and the requirements of
NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, Section 4-2.
• Four left and four right turns
• A straight section of urban business street or a two-lane rural road at least 1 mile (1.6 km) in length
• One through-intersection and two intersections where a stop has to be made
• One railroad crossing
• One curve, either left or right
• A section of limited-access highway that includes a conventional ramp entrance and exit and a section
of road long enough to allow two lane changes
• A downgrade steep enough and long enough to require down-shifting and braking
• An upgrade steep enough and long enough to require gear changing to maintain speed
• One underpass or a low clearance or bridge
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skills
Course/Unit
The effects on vehicle control of liquid
surge, braking reaction time, load factors,
general steering reactions, speed, and
centrifugal force
The ability to operate passenger
restraint devices, use automotive
gauges and controls.
Applicable laws and regulations;
Maintain safe following distances,
Principles of skid avoidance, night driving,
shifting, and gear patterns;
Maintain safe following distances, maintain
control of the vehicle while accelerating,
decelerating, and turning,
Negotiating intersections, railroad crossings,
and bridges; weight and height limitations
for both roads and bridges
Maintain reasonable speed for road, weather,
and traffic conditions, operate under adverse
environmental or driving surface conditions,
Identification and operation of automotive
gauges; and proper operation limits.
Operate safely during non-emergency
conditions use automotive gauges and
controls.
Office of Fire Prevention and Control
Page 1-4
Aug 2003
Apparatus Operator-Aerial Device
Appendices
NOTES
2-3.2*
Back a vehicle from a roadway into restricted spaces on both the right and left sides of the vehicle, given
a fire department vehicle, a spotter, and restricted spaces 12 ft (3.66 m) in width, requiring 90-degree
right-hand and left-hand turns from the roadway, so that the vehicle is parked within the restricted areas
without having to stop and pull forward and without striking obstructions.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics,
spotter signaling, and principles of safe
vehicle operation.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to use mirrors, judge
vehicle clearance, and operate the
vehicle safely
2-3.4*
Turn a fire department vehicle 180 degrees within a confined space, given a fire department vehicle, a
spotter for backing, and an area in which the vehicle cannot perform a U-turn without stopping and
backing up, so that the vehicle is turned 180 degrees without striking obstructions within the given
space.
a. Requisite Knowledge: Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the effects of liquid surge, spotter
signaling, and principles of safe vehicle operation.
b. Requisite Skills: The ability to use mirrors, judge vehicle clearance, and operate the vehicle safely.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to use mirrors,
judge vehicle clearance, and
operate the vehicle safely.
Vehicle dimensions, turning characteristics, the
effects of liquid surge, spotter signaling, and
principles of safe vehicle operation.
2-3.5*
Maneuver a fire department vehicle in areas with restricted horizontal and vertical clearances, given a
fire department vehicle and a course that requires the operator to move through areas of restricted
horizontal and vertical clearances, so that the operator accurately judges the ability of the vehicle to pass
through the openings and so that no obstructions are struck.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Vehicle dimensions, turning
characteristics, the effects of liquid
surge, spotter signaling, and
principles of safe vehicle operation.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to use mirrors,
judge vehicle clearance, and
operate the vehicle safely.
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2-3.6*
Operate a vehicle using defensive driving techniques under emergency conditions, given a fire
department vehicle and emergency conditions, so that control of the vehicle is maintained.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
The effects on vehicle control of
liquid surge, braking reaction time,
load factors, general steering
reactions, speed, and centrifugal force
The ability to operate passenger
restraint devices
Applicable laws and regulations
maintain safe following distances,
maintain control of the vehicle
while accelerating, decelerating, and
turning,
Principles of skid avoidance, night
driving, shifting, and gear patterns
maintain reasonable speed for road,
weather, and traffic conditions
Negotiating intersections, railroad
crossings, and bridges; weight and
height limitations for both roads and
bridges
Course/Unit
operate safely during nonemergency conditions, operate
under adverse environmental
or driving surface conditions,
Identification and operation of
automotive gauges; and proper
operation limits.
Use automotive gauges and
controls.
2-3.7*
Operate all fixed systems and equipment on the vehicle not specifically addressed elsewhere in this
standard, given systems and equipment, manufacturer’s specifications and instructions, and
departmental policies and procedures for the systems and equipment, so that each system or piece of
equipment is operated in accordance with the applicable instructions and policies.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Manufacturer specifications and
operating procedures
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to deploy, energize, and
monitor the system or equipment and to
recognize and correct system problems.
Policies and procedures of the
jurisdiction.
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NFPA 1002
Chapter 4 Apparatus Equipped with an Aerial Device
4-1* General The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter
Professional Qualifications (Outreach Course 91 Basic Firefighter), and the job performance
requirements defined in Sections 4-1 through 4-2 shall be met prior to certification as a fire department
driver/operator — aerial.
4-1.1 Perform the routine tests, inspections, and servicing functions specified in the following list in
addition to those specified in the list in 2-2.1, given a fire department aerial apparatus, so that the
operational readiness of the aerial apparatus is verified.
1) Cable systems (if applicable)
2) Aerial device hydraulic systems
3) Slides and rollers
4) Stabilizing systems
5) Aerial device safety systems
6) Breathing air systems
7) Communication systems
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Manufacturer specifications and
requirements, policies, and
procedures of the jurisdiction.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to use hand tools, recognize
system problems, and correct any
deficiency noted according to policies
and procedures.
4-1.2* Perform the practical driving exercises specified in 2-3.2 through 2-3.5, given a fire department
aerial apparatus and a spotter for backing, so that each exercise is performed safely without striking the
vehicle or obstructions.
Operate a fire department aerial apparatus over a predetermined route on a public way, given the
maneuvers specified in 2-3.1, so that the vehicle is safely operated in compliance with all applicable
state and local laws, departmental rules and regulations, and the requirements of NFPA 1500, Standard
on Fire Department Occupational Safety and Health Program, Section 4-2.
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4-2 Operations.
4-2.1 Maneuver and position an aerial apparatus, given an aerial apparatus, an incident location, a
situation description, and an assignment, so that the apparatus is properly positioned for safe aerial
device deployment.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
Capabilities and limitations of
aerial devices related to reach,
tip load, angle of inclination, and
angle from chassis axis
The ability to determine the
appropriate position for the
apparatus
The effects of topography,
ground,
and
weather
conditions
on
safe
deployment; and use of the
aerial device.
Be able to maneuver apparatus into
proper position and avoid obstacles
to operations
Course/Unit
4-2.2 Stabilize an aerial apparatus, given a properly positioned vehicle and the manufacturer’s
recommendations, so that power can be transferred to the aerial device hydraulic system and the device
can be safely deployed.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
Aerial apparatus hydraulic
systems, manufacturer’s
specifications for stabilization,
stabilization requirements
The ability to transfer power from the
vehicle’s engine to the hydraulic
system
The effects of topography
and ground conditions on
safe stabilization.
The ability to operate vehicle
stabilization devices
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4-2.3 Maneuver and position the aerial device from each control station, given an incident location, a
situation description, and an assignment, so that the aerial device is properly positioned to safely
accomplish the assignment.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
Aerial device hydraulic systems,
hydraulic pressure relief systems,
gauges and controls, cable
systems.
The ability to raise, rotate,
extend, and position to a
specified location
Communications systems, electrical
systems, emergency operating systems,
locking systems, manual rotation and
lowering systems, stabilizing systems,
aerial device safety systems, system
overrides and the hazards of using
overrides.
The ability to lock, unlock,
retract, lower, and bed the
aerial device
Course/Unit
Safe operational limitations of the given
aerial device, safety procedures specific to
the device, and operations near electrical
hazards and overhead obstructions
4-2.4 Lower an aerial device using the emergency operating system, given an aerial device, so that the
aerial device is safely lowered to its bedded position.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Aerial device hydraulic systems, hydraulic
pressure relief systems, gauges and controls,
cable systems, communications systems,
electrical systems, emergency operating
systems, locking systems, manual rotation
and lowering systems, stabilizing systems,
aerial device safety systems, system
overrides and the hazards of using overrides,
safe operational limitations of the given
aerial device, safety procedures specific to
the device, and operations near electrical
hazards and overhead obstructions.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to
rotate
and
position
to
center, unlock,
retract, lower,
and bed the
aerial device
using
the
emergency
operating
system.
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4-2.5 Deploy and operate an elevated master stream, given a master stream device and a desired flow, so
that the stream is effective and the device is operated safely.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to connect a water
supply to a master stream device
and control an elevated nozzle
manually or remotely.
Nozzle reaction, range of
operation, and weight limitations
Chapter 5 Apparatus Equipped with a Tiller
5-1* General. The requirements of Fire Fighter I as specified in NFPA 1001, Standard for Fire Fighter
Professional Qualifications (Outreach Course 91 Basic Firefighter), and the job performance
requirements defined in Chapter 4, Sections 4-1 through 4-2 and Section 5-2 shall be met prior to
certification as a fire department driver/operator — tiller.
5-2 Operations.
5-2.1* Perform the practical driving exercises specified in 2-3.2 through 2-3.5 from the tiller position,
given a qualified driver, a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller, and a spotter for
backing, so that each exercise is performed safely without striking the vehicle or obstructions.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Capabilities and limitations of tiller
aerial devices related to reach, tip
load, angle of inclination, and angle
from chassis axis
The effects of topography, ground,
and weather conditions on safe
deployment; and use of a tiller
aerial device.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to determine the
appropriate position for the
tiller
Be able to maneuver the
tiller
into
proper
position, and avoid
obstacles to operations.
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5-2.2 Operate a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller from the tiller position over a
predetermined route on a public way, using the maneuvers specified in the list in 2-3.1, given a qualified
driver, a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller, and a spotter for backing, so that the
vehicle is safely operated in compliance with all applicable state and local laws, departmental rules and
regulations, and the requirements of NFPA 1500, Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety and
Health Program, Section 4-2.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Principles of tiller operation,
methods of communication
with the driver, the effects on
vehicle control of general
steering reactions, night
driving,
negotiating
intersections.
Manufacturer’s
limitations
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to operate the
communication system between the
tiller operator’s position and the
driver’s compartment and passenger
restraint devices
Maintain control of the tiller
while
accelerating,
decelerating, and turning
Maintain control of the tiller
while
accelerating,
decelerating, and turning;
operate the vehicle safely
during
non-emergency
conditions
operate
under
adverse environmental or
driving surface conditions.
operation
5-2.3 Position a fire department aerial apparatus equipped with a tiller from the tiller position, given the
apparatus operating instructions, an incident location, a situation description, and an assignment, so that
the aerial device is properly positioned and stabilized to safely accomplish the assignment.
Requisite Knowledge
Course/Unit
Principles of positioning and
stabilizing
the
aerial
apparatus from the tiller
position.
Requisite Skill
Course/Unit
The ability to determine the
appropriate position for the
tiller
The ability to maneuver the
tiller into proper position, and
avoid obstacles to operations.
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Sample Check List
Courtesy of
Potsdam Fire Department
Vehicle Equipment and Safety Checklist
Date __________________
Driver ________________________________
Miles _________________
Hours __________
Truck-5
General Inspection
Comments
Emergency Lights \ Warning devices
Head Lights \ Marker Lights
Turn signals \ Brake \ Back up
Work \ Scene Lights
Tires
Engine oil
Anti Freeze
Power Steering fluid
Belts
Truck radio
Trucks condition
Cab Equipment
Comments
(2) Head Set
Portable Radio #1 (turn on and test)
(2) Traffic Vest
Jump Seats
Drivers side
(2) Flashlights
(1) Water Fire Extinguisher
Comments
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Truck Exterior
Drivers Side (Front to Rear of truck)
(1) 10’ Roof Ladder
(1) 28’ Extension Ladder
(1) 35’ Extension Ladder
(1) High Rise Pak W\ 150’ 1.75” hose
Nozzle : ____ Spanner : ____
Gated “Y” : ____
Passenger Side
(Front to Rear of Truck)
(1) 14’ Extension Ladder
(1) 28’ Extension Ladder
(1) 40’ Bangor Ladder
(1) 4” Hose clamp
Rear
(4) Large Diameter spanners
(2) Regular spanners
(1) 10’ Attic Ladder
(2) 8’ Pike Poles
(2) 12’ Pike Poles
(2) 16’ Pike Poles
200’ 2.5” Hose
300’ 4” Hose
Bucket \ Ladder
(2) 4500 PSI Air Tanks
Pressure : _____
(1) 16’ Roof Ladder
(3) Ladder Belts
(1) 2.5” Nozzle W\ 10’ of hose
(1) 1.5” Nozzle W\ 10’ of hose
(1) Halligan Tool
(1) 4’ Closet Hook
(1) Flat Head Axe
(1) Pick Head Axe
(1) 2.5” Set of Stack Tips
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Compartments
Drivers side
Compartment # 1 (Starting at front of truck)
(4) Coats w\ Gloves and helmets
(1) SCBA w\ Mask :____
Nomex Hood : _____
PASS alarm :____ Flash light : ____
Tank press : ______ Hydro : _______
(5) Traffic cones
(5) Ladder Belts
(1) Can Opener (Roof tool)
(2) cord adapters
(1) 4’ Pike Pole
(1) Pick
(1) Detroit lock breaker
(1) 6’ Pry bar
(1) Lock Breaker
(1) 2.5” DBL male adapter
(1) 2.5” DBL female adapter
(1) rope throw bag
Compartment # 2
(1) High rise pack
200’ 1.75” hose _____ Nozzle : _____
Gated “Y” : ________
Entry saw
Gas can (mixed gas)
Compartment # 3
(1) Wheel chock
(1) Rope bag
(1) Hose roller
(3) Tarps
Compartment # 4
( 1) Tarp
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Compartments
Passengers side
Compartment # 1 (Starting at front of truck)
(2) Coats w\ Gloves and helmets
(1) SCBA w\ Mask :____
Nomex Hood : _____
PASS alarm :____ Flash light : ____
Tank press : ______ Hydro : _______
(1) Dry Chem extinguisher
(1) CO2 extinguisher
(2) pr Boots
(1) Traffic flag
(1) Pick-head axe
(1) Flat head axe
Compartment # 2
(1) Utility rope
(1) 2.5” Play pipe
(1) High rise pack
(1) 2.5” Cellar distributor
Compartment # 3
(1) First aid kit
(1) Box rubber gloves
Compartment # 4
(1) 2.5” Cellar nozzle
(1) Deck gun nozzle 500 GPM
(1) Deck gun nozzle 1000 GPM
(2) 2.5” DBL females
(1) 2.5” DBL male
(1) 2.5” male cap
(1) 4” STZ cap
(1) 4” STZ X 2.5” adapter
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Vehicle and Traffic Law
§ 101. Authorized emergency vehicle
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
Every ambulance, police vehicle or bicycle, correction vehicle, fire vehicle, civil defense emergency
vehicle, emergency ambulance service vehicle, blood delivery vehicle, environmental emergency
response vehicle, sanitation patrol vehicle, hazardous materials emergency vehicle and ordnance
disposal vehicle of the armed forces of the United States.
§ 114-b.
Emergency operation
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
The operation, or parking, of an authorized emergency vehicle, when such vehicle is engaged in
transporting a sick or injured person, transporting prisoners, delivering blood or blood products in a
situation involving an imminent health risk, pursuing an actual or suspected violator of the law, or
responding to, or working or assisting at the scene of an accident, disaster, police call, alarm of fire,
actual or potential release of hazardous materials or other emergency. Emergency operation shall not
include returning from such service.
§ 115-a.
Fire vehicle
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
Every vehicle operated for fire service purposes owned and identified as being owned by the state, a
public authority, a county, town, city, village or fire district, or a fire corporation subject to the
provisions of subdivision (e) of section fourteen hundred two of the not-for-profit corporation law or a
fire company as defined in section one hundred of the general municipal law. Any of the following
vehicles shall be fire vehicles only for the purpose of section one hundred one of this chapter:
1. a vehicle operated by officials of the office of fire prevention and control in the department of state,
2. a vehicle ordinarily operated by a chief or assistant chief of a fire department, or a county or deputy
county fire coordinator, or county or assistant county fire marshall, or town or assistant town fire
coordinator, or such vehicle when operated in an official capacity by or under the direction of such
person, and
3. a vehicle specially designed and equipped for firefighting purposes which is regularly used for
firefighting purposes by a firefighting unit on property used for industrial, institutional or commercial
purposes and which vehicle is owned by the owner or lessee of such property.
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§ 1103.
Public officers and employees to obey title; exceptions
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
(a) The provisions of this title applicable to the drivers of vehicles upon the highways shall apply to
drivers of all vehicles owned or operated by the United States, this state, or any county, city, town,
district, or any other political subdivision of the state, except as provided in this section and subject to
such specific exceptions as are set forth in this title with reference to authorized emergency vehicles.
(b) Unless specifically made applicable, the provisions of this title, except the provisions of sections
eleven hundred ninety-two through eleven hundred ninety-six of this chapter, shall not apply to persons,
teams, motor vehicles, and other equipment while actually engaged in work on a highway nor shall the
provisions of subsection (a) of section twelve hundred two apply to hazard vehicles while actually
engaged in hazardous operation on or adjacent to a highway but shall apply to such persons and vehicles
when traveling to or from such hazardous operation. The foregoing provisions of this subdivision shall
not relieve any person, or team or any operator of a motor vehicle or other equipment while actually
engaged in work on a highway from the duty to proceed at all times during all phases of such work with
due regard for the safety of all persons nor shall the foregoing provisions protect such persons or teams
or such operators of motor vehicles or other equipment from the consequences of their reckless
disregard for the safety of others.
§ 1110.
Obedience to and required traffic-control devices
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
(a) Every person shall obey the instructions of any official traffic-control device applicable to him
placed in accordance with the provisions of this chapter, unless otherwise directed by a traffic or police
officer, subject to the exceptions granted the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle in this title.
(b) No provision of this title for which signs are required shall be enforced against an alleged violator if
at the time and place of the alleged violation an official sign is not in proper position and sufficiently
legible to be seen by an ordinarily observant person. Whenever a particular section does not state that
signs are required, such section shall be effective even though no signs are erected or in place.
(c) Whenever official traffic-control devices are placed in position approximately conforming to the
requirements of this chapter, such devices shall be presumed to have been so placed by the official act or
direction of lawful authority, unless the contrary shall be established by competent evidence.
(d) Any official traffic-control device placed pursuant to the provisions of this chapter and purporting to
conform to the lawful requirements pertaining to such devices shall be presumed to comply with the
requirements of this chapter, unless the contrary shall be established by competent evidence.
(e) For purposes of this article, "intersection" shall include the area embracing the juncture of a highway
with a private road or driveway and "intersecting roadway" shall include an intersecting private road or
driveway.
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§ 1144.
Operation of vehicles on approach of authorized emergency vehicles
| History | References | Notes of Decisions |
(a) Upon the immediate approach of an authorized emergency vehicle equipped with at least one lighted
lamp exhibiting red light visible under normal atmospheric conditions from a distance of five hundred
feet to the front of such vehicle other than a police vehicle or bicycle when operated as an authorized
emergency vehicle, and when audible signals are sounded from any said vehicle by siren, exhaust
whistle, bell, air-horn or electronic equivalent; the driver of every other vehicle shall yield the right of
way and shall immediately drive to a position parallel to, and as close as possible to the right-hand edge
or curb of the roadway, or to either edge of a one-way roadway three or more lanes in width, clear of
any intersection, and shall stop and remain in such position until the authorized emergency vehicle has
passed, unless otherwise directed by a police officer.
(b) This section shall not operate to relieve the driver of an authorized emergency vehicle from the duty
to drive with reasonable care for all persons using the highway.
§ 1217.
Following emergency fire vehicles prohibited
| History | References |
The driver of any vehicle other than one on official business shall not follow any authorized emergency
fire vehicle in the same lane or an adjacent lane to the one being used by such fire vehicle at a distance
closer than two hundred feet while such fire vehicle is displaying one or more red or combination red
and white lights, or one white light which must be a revolving, rotating, flashing, oscillating or
constantly moving light, nor shall such driver drive into or park his or her vehicle within the block or
where there is no block, within one thousand feet of where such fire vehicle has stopped in answer to a
fire alarm.
§ 1218.
Crossing fire hose
| History | References |
No vehicle shall be driven over any unprotected hose of a fire department when laid down on any street
or private driveway, to be used at any fire or alarm of fire, without the consent of the fire department
official in command.
§ 2335-a.
Prohibition of rate increases for persons involved in emergency use of vehicles
| History |
No insurer authorized to transact or transacting business in this state, or controlling or controlled by or
under common control by or with an insurer authorized to transact or transacting business in this state,
which sells a policy providing motor vehicle liability insurance coverage in this state shall increase the
policy premium in connection with the insurance permitted or required by this chapter solely because
the insured or any other person who customarily operates an automobile covered by the policy has had
an accident while operating a motor vehicle in response to an emergency, where the insured was either
responding to a call to duty as a paid or volunteer member of any police or fire department or first aid
squad; or was performing any other function on behalf of the state, any political subdivision thereof, a
public authority, public benefit corporation, or any other governmental agency or instrumentality in a
public emergency.
HISTORY:
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Snowmobiles
21. "Operation as emergency vehicle." The operation or parking of an authorized ambulance, police or
civil defense snowmobile, including attendant equipment, displaying one or more lighted, red or
combination red or white lights which is revolving, rotating, flashing, oscillating or constantly moving
light and which snowmobile is engaged in transporting a sick or injured person, pursuing an actual or
suspected violator of the law or responding to, or working or assisting at the scene of an accident,
disaster, police call, alarm or other emergency but shall not include returning from such service.
4. No person shall operate an authorized ambulance, police or civil defense snowmobile as an
emergency vehicle unless it is equipped with one or more lighted, red or combination red or white lights
which is revolving, rotating, flashing, oscillating or constantly moving light having a minimum candle
power of sufficient intensity to be plainly visible from a distance of five hundred feet in all directions
under normal atmospheric conditions.
7. All terrain vehicle
An all terrain vehicle (ATV) is excluded from the definition of motor vehicle found in Vehicle and
Traffic Law § 125 and is therefore not a vehicle for the purposes of the Penal Law which defines vehicle
as a " 'motor vehicle', 'trailer,' or 'semi trailer' as defined in the vehicle and traffic law" (Penal Law §
10.00 [14]). Accordingly, defendant's motion, at the conclusion of the People's case, for dismissal of the
count charging unauthorized use of a motor vehicle (Penal Law § 165.05) involving an ATV, is granted.
People v Church, 148 Misc. 2d 909
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TOWER LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter Skill
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for tower bucket to achieve maximum scrub area.
Firefighter makes sure maxi brake is engaged.
Firefighter engages PTO.
Firefighter chocks wheels
(optional depending on apparatus).
Firefighter lowers jacks and outriggers, using pads and
locking devices. Firefighter checks for obstacles before
lowering.
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using the appropriate
controls, raises boom from bed to proper angle.
Firefighter rotates boom into position for raising, once
in position, boom will be extended to place bucket at
objective.
Firefighter retracts boom, rotates and re-beds boom.
Firefighter unlocks jacks and outriggers and re-beds it,
puts pads away.
Firefighter disengages PTO.
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AERIAL LADDER SKILLS EVALUATION
Name
Date
Type Apparatus
Firefighter will accomplish an assigned task per Instructor.
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter Skill
Does not
Accomplish
Task
Firefighter checks that truck is placed in proper position
for full aerial coverage of Bldg.
Firefighter makes sure apparatus maxi brake is engaged
Firefighter engages apparatus PTO
Firefighter chocks wheels (optional depending on
apparatus)
Firefighter lowers outriggers and jacks, using pads and
locking devices, Checks for obstacles
Firefighter checks to see that apparatus is level
Firefighter ascends pedestal and using appropriate
control, raises ladder up from bed to the appropriate
angle
Firefighter rotates ladder into position for raising,
extends ladder to objective. Engage ladder locks
1" to 2" above window sill, 3 ' to 6' above roof level
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
To the side, 1'to 3' above balcony of fire escape
Ladder 2" out from the objective, ladder will only touch
the objective when members climb the ladder
Firefighter extends ladder and releases ladder locks
Firefighter re-beds ladder
Firefighter removes locks and disengages jacks and out
riggers
Firefighter disengages PTO
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