123
Engineering Data
General Information
Periodic Symbols for Elements
Actinium
Aluminum
Americum
Antimony
Argon
Arsenic
Astatine
Barium
Berkeliyum
Beryllium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
Cadmium
Calcium
Californium
Carbon
Cerium
Cesium
Chlorine
Chromium
Ac
Al
Am
Sb
Ar
As
At
Ba
Bk
Be
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Ca
Cf
C
Ce
Cs
Cl
Cr
Cobalt
Copper
Curium
Dysprosium
Eisteinium
Erbium
Europium
Fermium
Fluorine
Francium
Gadolinium
Gallium
Germanium
Gold
Hafnium
Helium
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
Iodine
Iridium
Co
Cu
Cm
Dy
Es
Er
Eu
Fm
F
Fr
Gd
Ga
Ge
Au
Hf
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Iron
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lawrencium
Lead
Lithium
Lutetium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mendelevium
MdMercury
Molybdenum
Neodymium
Neon
Neptunium
Nickel
Niobium
Nitrogen
Nobelium
Osmium
Oxygen
Fe
Kr
La
Lr
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mn
Hg
Md
Nd
Ne
Np
Ni
Nb
N
No
Os
O
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Plutonium
Polonium
Potassium
Praeseodymium
Promethium
Protoactinium
Radium
Radon
Rhenium
Rhodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
RuSamarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
Silver
Sodium
Pd
P
Pt
Pu
Po
K
Pr
Pm
Pa
Ra
Rn
Ru
Rh
Rb
Sm
Sc
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Strontium
Sulfur
Tantalum
Technetium
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium
Yttrium
Zinc
Zirconium
Sr
S
Ta
Tc
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Sn
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Y
Zn
Zr
Typical Municipal Sewer Discharge Limits (U.S.A.)
CONTAMINANT
DISCHARGE LIMIT
Dissolved Hydrocarbons
BCD
Grease & Oil
pH
Total Suspended Solids
Phenols
Cn (total)
Cu (total)
Cr (Hex)
Cr (total)
Cd
Zn (total)
Pb
Hg
Ni
Ag
Arsenic
Ba
Se
PCB’s
Th
THO
Total Metals
TTO
2.0 ppm
145 lbs/day
50-100 ppm (50 ppm average)
5.5 - 9.5
145 lbs/day
2.0 ppm
0.1 ppm
0.5 ppm
0.5 ppm
1.0 ppm
0.25 ppm
1.0 ppm
0.3 (0.1 for battery mfg.)
0.01
1.0
0.4 ppm
0.1 ppm
50.0 ppm
0.5 ppm
0.008 ppb
0.05 ppm
2.0 ppm
2.0 ppm
2.0 ppm
NOTE:
THO - Total Hazardous Organics
TTO - Total Toxic Organics
Trace Concentration Units (PPM, PPB, and PPT) in Perspective
Unit
1 part per million(ppm
1 part per billion(ppb)
1 part per trillion(ppt)
Length
1 inch/16 miles
1 inch/16,000 miles
Time
Money
1 minute/2 years
1 cent/$10,000
1 second/32 years
1 cent/$10million
1 inch/16 million miles
(A 6” leap on a journey to the sun)
1 second/320 centuries
1 cent/$10 billion
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124
Engineering Data
Conversion Factors
1 mg/L (ppm)
17.118 mg/L
1 grain/gallon
1 million gallons/day
1 mg/L
1 gr/gallon (17.1 mg/L)
1 cubic inch
1 cubic centimeter
1 liter
1 quart
1 cubic foot
1 U.S. gallon
1 Imperial gallon
1 cubic foot water
1
1
1
1
1
1
inch
foot
centimeter
yard
square centimeter
square inch
Multiply
Atmospheres
Barrels of Oil
Centimeters
Centimeters
Cubic Centimeters
Cubic Centimeters
Cubic Feet
Cubic Feet
Cubic Feet/min.
Cubic Inches
Cubic Inches
Cubic Inches
Cubic Meters
Cubic Meters
Feet
Feet
Feet of Water
Feet of Water
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons
Gallons/min.
Inches
Inches of Hg.
Inches of Hg.
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
8,345 lbs/million gal
1 grain/gallon
142,857 lbs/million gal
694.4 gal/minute
2.6 grams/minute
0.0926 ounces/minute
0.347 pounds/hour
8.345 pounds/day
44.9 grams/minute
1.58 ounces/minute
5.925 pounds/minute
142.20 pounds/minute
16.39 cubic centimeters
0.061 cubic inch
61.02 cubic inches
0.0353 cubic feet
0.2642 U.S. gallon
0.9463 liter
28.32 liters
8.345 pounds
3.785 liters
231 cubic inches
0.1337 cubic foot
0.8327 Imperial gallon
4 quarts
1.2 U.S. gallons
62.425 pounds
7.4805 U.S. gallons
28.32 liters
2.54 centimeters
0.3048 meter
0.3937 inch
0.9144 meter
0.155 square inch
6.452 square centimeters
By
To Obtain
14.7
42.0
.03281
.3937
.06102
.0002642
7.4805
.1728
7.4805
.004329
16.387
.0005787
264.17
35.31
30.48006
.3048006
.4335
.8826
3,785.43
231
.83268
.13368
.13368
.0254
1.133
.491
psi
gallons (U.S.)
feet
inches
cubic inches
gallons (liq.)
gallons (liq.)
cubic inches
g.p.m.
gallons
cubic cm.
cubic ft.
gallons (liq.)
cubic ft.
centimeters
meters
psi
Inches of Hg.
cubic cm.
cubic inches
gallons (imp.)
cubic feet
cu. ft./min.
meters
feet of water
psi
10,000 mg/L
1,000 mg/L
100 mg/L
=1.0%
= 0.1%
= 0.01%
1 square meter
1 square foot
1 pound water
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1 gram
1 kilogram
1 ounce
1 pound
1 short ton
1 metric ton
1 long ton
1 inch mercury
0.8826 inches of mercury
1 pound/square inch
0.4334 pounds/sq. inch
Centigrade temperature
Fahrenheit temperature
24 hours
Multiply
10.76 square feet
0.0929 square meter
0.016 cubic foot
27.648
0.1198 U.S. gallons
0.4534 liter
15.43 grains
0.0353 ounce
2.205 pounds
28.35 grams
7,000 grains
0.4536 kilogram
453.6 grams
16 ounces
2,000 pounds
907.18 kilograms
2,205 pounds
2,240 pounds
1,133 feet of water
0.4912 lbs/sq. inch
0.0332 atmospheres
345.3 kilograms/sq. meter
1 foot of water
2,307 feet of water
1 foot of water
(Fahrenheit-32) x 5/9
(Centigrade x 1.8) + 32
1,440 minutes
By
2.2046
14.2233
1,422.33
.264178
3.2808
.11985
2.036
2.31
6.451
Kilograms
Kilograms/sq. cm.
Kilograms/sq. mm.
Liters
Meters
Pounds Water
PSI
PSI
Square Inches
To Obtain
pounds (avdp.)
psi
psi
gallons
feet
gallons
Inches of Hg.
feet of water
sq. cm
Head
1 lb per sq. in
1 ft. of Water
1 Atmosphere
=
=
=
=
2.31ft. Head of Water
0.4333 lbs per sq. in.
14.7 lbs per sq. in.
33.95 ft. of water
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
1.0
.68
.74
.78
.82
.82
.88
.91
.91
.96
.90
1.0
Specific Gravity
Water
Gasoline
Jet Fuel
Kerosene
Fuel Oil
Diesel Fuel
Sea 10 thru 250
Turbine
Olive
Castor
Lard
Navy No. 2
-
.74
.85
.82
.95
.95
.93
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Engineering Data
Particle Sizes
Comparative Particle Size
Natural Settling
Diameter of
particle, mm
Order of Size
Time required
to settle*
10
1
0.1
0.01
0.001
0.0001
0.00001
Gravel
Course sand
Fine sand
Silt
Bacteria
Colloidal particles
Colloidal particles
0.3 seconds
3 seconds
38 seconds
33 minutes
55 hours
230 days
6.3 years
*Calculations based on spere with a specific gravity of 2.65 to settle 1 ft.
Particle Sizes (Microns)
1 Micron = 1 Micrometer = 1 Millionth of a Meter
0.0001
0.001
0.01
DISSOLVED SOLIDS
U.S. Mesh Inches
Microns
U.S. Mesh Inches
Microns
3
3 1/2
4
5
6
7
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
25
30
35
6730
5660
4760
4000
3360
2830
2380
2000
1680
1410
1190
1000
841
707
595
500
40
45
50
60
70
80
100
120
140
170
200
230
270
325
400
420
354
297
250
210
177
149
125
105
88
74
63
53
44
37
0.1
.265
.223
.187
.157
.132
.111
.0937
.0787
.0661
.0555
.0469
.0394
.0331
.0280
.0232
.0197
1.0
COLLOIDAL SOLIDS
.0165
.0138
.0117
.0098
.0083
.0070
.0059
.0049
.0041
.0035
.0029
.0024
.0021
.0017
.0015
10
100
SUSPENDED SOLIDS
1,000
SETTLEABLE SOLIDS
MOLDS
HAIR
HOUSEHOLD DUST
SAND
BACTERIA
VIRUS
CRYPTOSPORIDIUM
ASBESTOS
POLLEN
ANIMAL DANDER
SUGARS
SMOG
PESTICIDES
SPORE
INSECTICIDE DUST
SILTS
DISSOLVED METALS AND SALTS
PRECIPITATED METALS & PARTICULATE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
MICROSCOPE
PARTICLE FILTRATION
ULTRAFILTRATION
REVERSE OSMOSIS
VISIBLE BY HUMAN EYE
CLARIFIER
MOLECULAR SEPARATION
SCREEN
NANOFILTRATION
0.0001
Molecular Wt.
0.001
200
0.01
20,000
0.1
200,000
1.0
10
100
1,000
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Engineering Data
Value Engineering
The objective of value engineering is to make a structured review of a project by a carefully selected team of engineers in
order to identify potential savings in capital and/or operating costs. Studies conducted by the U.S. Naval Facilities Engineering
Command, U.S. General Services Administration, and EPA have concluded that proper use of the value engineering concept
can save an average of at least 10 percent of the cost of major projects.
In value engineering, the objective is to improve the relationship of worth to cost through the study of functions. Worth is the
amount that is willing to be paid for a function, which is a purpose for which an item is identified. With this premise, the value
engineering work plan systematically uses nine phases for cost or value analysis.
I.
II.
III.
Materials
Technologies
Process
IV.
V.
VI.
Redundancy
Quality
Safety
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Product
Application
Moral
Projected Decline of Fresh Water
Fresh Water Available vs. Population Growth
TOTAL WATER SUPPLY
Contaminated
Water
FACT
Fresh Water
There is not one more drop
of water on earth today
than there was when cave
men inhabited the Earth!
Fresh Water
Population
Growth
Water Usage
1850
1996
National Industrial Water & Sewer Costs
State, City
GA, Atlanta
AZ, Phoenix
TX, Houston
OR, Portland
CA, Los Angeles
ME, Portland
IN, Indianapolis
NY, New York
Unit Cubic
Feet
140
100
401
100
100
200
100
200
Unit in
Gallons
1047
647
3000
748
748
1496
748
1485
Cost of
Water per
1.65
1.01
12.08
1.14
1.94
1.92
1.07
1.01
Cost of
Sewer per
Water/Sewer
Total per Unit
1.7
4.42
11.94
2.06
2.03
6.68
0.85
1.52
National Average Cost per Gallon (Water/Sewer)
3.35
5.43
24.02
3.2
3.97
8.6
1.92
2.53
Cost per Gallon
Water & Sewer
$0.0032
0.0073
0.0080
0.0043
0.0053
0.0057
0.0030
0.0017
$0.005
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Engineering Data
Value Engineering
Risk vs. Benefits of Wash Water Recycling
Truck / Heavy Equipment Washing Liability
Discharge to Ground
Wash Water Recycling
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Illegal Activity Resulting in fines
Clean-up Cost
Loss of Real Estate Value
Risk of Civil Litigation for Ground Water Pollution
Negative Publicity
Saves Water
Saves Cleaning Chemicals
Protects Real Estate Value
Alleviates Litigation Liability
Promotes a Positive Image
Improves Employee Morale
Pollutants
Typical Equipment Pressure
Cleaning Facility Soil Sample
Typical State Discharge Limits
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
57,500 ppm
270 ppm
2.2 ppm
0.067 ppm
1.54 ppm
5,250 ppb
55,200 ppb
654,000 ppb
260,000 ppb
1,150 ppm
14 ppb
49,200 ppm
5 ppm* - dissolved or emulsified
0.003 ppm
5 ppb
0.2 ppb
0.05 ppm
5 ppb
5 ppb
400 ppb
5 ppb
1 ppm
0.05 ppb
0.5 ppm
Oil & Grease
Lead
Cadmium
Mercury
Chromium
Benzene
Toluene
Total Xylenes
Methylene Chloride
Barium
Silver
Detergents
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Engineering Data
Value Engineering
Truck / Heavy Equipment Washing
Cost of Discharge vs. Recycling
Cost of Washing Heavy Equipment
& Discharge to Sewer
Cost of Washing Heavy Equipment
& Recycling
1. Total Water Used (per vehicle)
233 Gals . . . . . . . . . . . .$1.16
2. Cleaning Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3.24
3. Total Water Used (per vehicle) . . . . . . . . .$0.23
(46 Gals. - 187 Recycled)
4. Cleaning Chemicals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.62
(50% Recycled)
5. Recycle Equipment Operating & Maint. . . .0.57
6. Depreciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .0.59
TOTAL COST . . . . .$4.40
TOTAL COST . . . . .$3.01
SAVINGS = $1.39 per Vehicle
Notes:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Based on a national average water/sewer rate of .005 cents per gallon.
233 gals. based on a national average of 10 Truckwash Operations surveyed nationally.
Based on a water loss rate of 20% due to evaporation and drag out.
Based on national average cleaning chemical cost of $3.77 per gallon.
$200 per month for maintenance and assuming 350 vehicles would be cleaned monthly = .574 each vehicle.
Based on $25,000 Equipment, capital cost 10 years straight line depreciation, and 350 vehicles cleaned monthly.
Global Market for Environmental Products
700
$ Dollars (Billions)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
1996
2000
2010
2025
2050
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Engineering Data
Water Treatment Technology Guide
TECHNOLOGY GUIDE SUMMARY
EQUIPMENT
USAGE
EQUIPMENT
USAGE
Activated Carbon
Color
BOD/COD
Oil & Grease
Metals
Incline Plate Coalescers
Oil Removal
Solids Settling
Skimmers
Oil & Flotable Removal
Prefiltration
- Bag Filters
SS Removal
Particles
- Indexing Paper
Metal Particles
Sludge
Solids
Floc
Reverse Osmosis
UF Permeate Polishing
Desalting
Absorption
- Carbon
- Clay
- Resin
UF permeate Polishing
Trace Oil & Grease
COD/BOD
Color
Phenols Reduction
Dechlorination
Cracking (heat, acid,
salts)
Oil Separation
Emulsion Breaking
Clarifier
SS Removal
Settling
Biological Systems
(aerobic/anaerobic)
BOD/COD
Sugars
UF Pretreatment
Grey Water
Black Water
Microbiological Control
- Sodium Hypochlorite
- Quat
- Hydrogen Peroxide
Kills Bacteria, Virus, Algae
Thermal Oxidation
- Incinerators
UF/RO Concentrate
BTU Recovery
Sludge
Ozone
BOD/COD Reduction
Sanitizing
Phenols Reduction
Cartridge Filtration
Particle Removal
Suspended Solids
Ultraviolet Light
BOD/COD Reduction
Sanitizing of Recovered
Permeates for Reuse
Incline Screen Filtration
Heavy Particles
Sludge
Chemical Treatment
- pH adjustment
- Peroxide
- Sodium Metabisulfite
- Chlorine Addition
BOD/COD reduction
Chlorine Reduction
Sanitizing
Centrifugal Separator
Free Oil
Fine Oil
Sludge
Suspended Solids
Air Strippers
Volatile Organic
Dissolved Air Flotation
Suspended Solids
Oil/Water
Fats
Protein Byproducts
Evaporators
UF Permeate
RO Retentate
Aqueous Cleaners Residue
Multi-Media Filtration
Suspended Solids
Ultrafiltration
Flocculation
Metals
Oils
Proteins
Fats
Metals
Solids
Oils
Recycling Cutting
Molecular Separation
Membrane
Suspended solidsRecycling Wash Water
Catalytic Oxidation
(Advanced Oxidation)
Oxidizes Organics
BOD/COD
Metals
Algae, Bacteria, Viruses
pH Adjustment
Clarifying Cone Tanks
Metal Precipitation
Emulsion Control
Flocculation
Solubility
Floc Settling
Equalization
pH Adjust
Solids Settling
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Engineering Data
Ozone Basics
UV Produced Ozone vs. CD Produced Ozone
•
UV OZONE is ozone produced by a specific wavelength of ultraviolet light (185 nanometers) reacting with an oxygen molecule
to form O3 much the way our ozone layer is generated by the UV light from the sun.
•
CD OZONE is ozone produced from an electrical arc such as a welder arc. The electric spark also reacts with O2 to create O3
much like the ozone created after a lightning strike.
Specification
Color
Odor
Oxidential Potential
Density
Stability
Disinfection
Oxidizer
Concentration
Ozone Produced by UV
Ozone Produced by CD
Pale Blue
Detectable at 0.01 ppm in air
2.07V in alkaline solution
150% of oxygen
Unstable gas 1/2 life of minutes
reverts back to oxygen
Destroys micro organism, cysts,
viruses, bacteria 3,125 times faster
than chlorine
The third strongest oxidizer known
below fluorine and hydroxyl radical
Ozone is 150% stronger than chlorine
0.1% by weight
Pale Blue
Detectable at 0.01 ppm in air
2.07V in alkaline solution
150% of oxygen
Unstable gas 1/2 life of minute
reverts back to oxygen
Destroys micro organism, cysts,
viruses, bacteria 3,125 times faster
than chlorine
The third strongest oxidizer known
below fluorine and hydroxyl radical
Ozone is 150% stronger than chlorine
0.5% to 10% by weight
UV Produced Ozone
CD Produced Ozone
Advantages
•
•
•
•
•
• High concentration (% by weight)
• Smaller compact units
• High mass transfer efficiency in water
Disadvantages
• Low concentration (% by weight)
• High operating cost on high-end application
• Units are large in size
Low cost
No air preparation required
Low maintenance
Low operating cost on low ozone product
High ppm levels for air treatment
• Air preparation required
• Low ozone product unit cost is high
• The concentrations can be fatal
A simple value engineering analysis of the above charts will clearly indicate the following:
•
UV OZONE is superior for low-end applications, especially for air/odor control treatment where high ppm is more important than
high grams per hour, and where UV ozone dilution is not a problem. Also, a soft ozone is much safer in large volume air treatment. It is also superior for recirculating water applications under 10 gpm, or when UV light is used to enhance the ozone to
create a hydroxyl radical as in the catalytic oxidation process.
•
CD OZONE is superior for high-end applications such as hazardous waste treatment or single pass high flow rates over 10 gpm
requiring higher ozone doses. CD’s high concentration will maximize the oxidation potential per bubble, which the lower concentration of UV ozone cannot do. CD ozone is preferred when residual ozone in water is required. The high ozone concentration produced by CD is very inefficient for the high CFM levels required for air treatment due to the dilution factor. In other
words, why make a high concentration and then dilute it.
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Engineering Data
Ozone Basics
The Reciprocity Law of Doses
Low intensity ozone or ultraviolet light radiation applied for a
comparatively long period of time has the same lethal effect
to microorganisms as high intensity ozone or ultraviolet radiation applied for a comparatively short time.
100%
75%
sity ion
n
t
e
Int
dia
a
h
Hig UV R
or
ne
o
z
O
% Reduction
50%
sity tion
dia
Ra
n
nte
I
w
Lo
V
rU
o
ne
zo
25%
O
0%
1
2
3
4
5
6
Time
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Engineering Data
Ozone Air Treatment
OZONE REQUIRED (gm/hr) FOR PRESCRIBED DOSAGE IN PPM/VOLUME
10.0
me
Vo
l
m
um
by
e
Vo
lu
by
by
pp
pp
m
4
5p
pm
6.0
me
Vo
lu
pm b
10 p
e
lum
o
yV
3
Ozone Required, (gm/hr)
y Vo
lume
8.0
4.0
2
m
pp
b
e
m
2.0
1 pp
olum
by V
me
by Volu
m
p
p
0.5
0.0
0
200
400
600
800
1000
Air Flow, (cfm @ 77O F & 1 atm)
MASS TRANSFER RULES FOR OZONE IN AIR
I. Temperature - The higher the temperature, the shorter the half-life of ozone or the lower the effectiveness of ozone.
II. Concentration or Percentage by Weight - The higher the percentage of ozone in the carrier gas, the harder it is to
dissipate the ozone for mass air treatment.
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Engineering Data
Ozone Air Treatment
Typical Odor Recognition Thresholds
Compound
ppm by volume
Compound
ppm by volume
Acetaldehyde
Acetic acid
Acetone
Acrolein
Acrylonitrile
Allyl chloride
Ammonia
Aniline
Benzene
Benzyl chloride
Benzyl sulfide
Bromine
Butyric acid
Carbon disulfide
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloral
Chlorine
O-Cresol
Dimethylacetamide
Dimethylformamide
Dimethylsulfide
Diphenyl sulfide
Ethanol
Ethyl acrylate
0.2
1
100
0.2
20
0.5
50
1
5
0.05
0.002
0.05
0.001
0.2
20
0.05
0.3
0.001
50
100
0.001
0.005
10
0.0005
Ethyl mercaptan
Formaldehyde
Hydrochloric acid
Hydogen sulfide gas
Methanol
Methylene chloride
Methylene ethyl ketone
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl mercaptan
Methyl methacrylate
Monochlorobenzene
Nitroenzene
Perchlorethylene
Phenol
Phosgene
Phosphine
Pyridine
Styrene
Sulfur dichloride
Sulfur dioxide
Toluene
Trichloroethylene
p-Xylene
0.001
1
10
0.0005
100
200
10
0.5
0.002
0.2
0.2
0.005
5
0.05
1
0.02
0.02
0.05
0.001
0.5
5
20
0.5
TYPICAL INDUSTRIAL ODOR CONTROL DOSAGES
INDUSTRY
ODOR
APPLICATION
DOSE
•
•
•
•
Smoke
Hydrogen Sulfide
Fermentation Odors
Cooking Odors (food)
Direct Contact
Exhaust Gas Contact
Building Exhaust
Kitchen Exhaust, Pan
System
Exit of a Cyclone
Collector
40 ft. from top of
Discharge Stack
Recovery Furnace Exhaust
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
Smoke Fire Damage
Sewer Lift Station
Food Processing
Cooking
(Residential & Commercial)
• Rubber Plant
Processing Odors
• Fishery
Wet Scrubber Exhaust
• Pulp Mill
• Compost/Waste
Management
• Marine
Hydrogen Sulfide/
Sulfur Dioxide
Ammonia and Sulfur
Compounds
Bilge, Diesel Fumes
• Rendering
• Organic
Organic and Chemical
Ammonia and Sulfur
Exhaust Gas Contact
Chamber
Direct Bilge
Engine Room Contact
Building Exhaust
Building Exhaust
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
RETENTION TIME
to
to
to
to
1.5 ppm
2.0 ppm
2.0 ppm
2 ppm
N/A
N/A
60 seconds
N/A
2.0 ppm to 4.0 ppm
N/A
5.0 ppm to 10.0 ppm
N/A
60.0 ppm to 80.0 ppm
N/A
2.0 ppm to 5.0 ppm
0.5 ppm to 1.5 ppm
45 second
hold up time
N/A
94.0 ppm
5.0 ppm
5 seconds
30 seconds
Formula for Calculating Air Treatment Times
Example for Model 400 / 900
Calculate Area to be treated:
Length x Width x Height of room = Cubic Foot
Cubic Ft. / cfm = Minutes needed to turn air in room over 1 time.
10’L x 12’W x 8’H room = 960 cubic feet
960 cu. ft. / 45 cfm = 21 minutes to turn room over 1 time.
The amount of time necessary to sterilize an area with ozone depends upon the temperature, humidity level, and the
amount of reactive substances (odors).
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0.01
0.001
Microns
0.0001
1.0
104
Silts
0.1
1.0
Microscopic
10
CryptoSporidium
100
106
Pollen
Hairs
1000
107
Sand
100
1000
Visible to Human Eye
Foam Filters
Ultra Filters
HEPA Filters
Fiber Particle Filters
Spores
Molds
Bacteria
10
105
500,000mW
Asbestos
Household Dust
0.1
1000A
100,000mW
Ozone
Electrostatic
Negative Ions
Pesticides
Smog
Electron Microscope
Gases
Virus
0.01
Optical
Analysis
Filtration
And
Oxidation
Technologies
Air
Pollutants
0.001
0.0001
Microns
100A
1000mW
Odors
10A
1A
Angstroms
100mW
1mW
Molecular
Weight
Air Filtration Spectrum
Engineering Data
134
Ozone Air Treatment
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Engineering Data
Ozone Water Treatment
SOLUBILITY OF OZONE IN WATER
UV PRODUCED / CD PRODUCED OZONE
UV Produced O3
No Air Pretreatment
Temperature
CD Produced O3
Air Pretreatment (Dried)
UV 0.1% by Weight
CD 1.0% by Weight
CD 2.0% by Weight
5O C/41O F
0.74 ppm
7.39 ppm
14.79 ppm
25O C/77O F
0.35 ppm
3.53 ppm
7.05 ppm
30O C/86O F
0.27 ppm
2.70 ppm
5.39 ppm
MASS TRANSFER RULES FOR OZONE IN WATER
I.
Concentration or ozone percentage by weight. -The higher the percentage of ozone in the carrier
gas, the more ozone is absorbed into the water.
II.
Pressure - The higher the water pressure, the more gas (ozone) will be held by the water.
III.
Bubble Size - The smaller the bubble size, the more the surface area increases, thereby increasing
the ozone to water interface for a higher mass transfer efficiency.
IV.
Temperature - The higher the water temperature, the less gas it holds; the lower the water temperature, the more gas (ozone) it will absorb.
TYPICAL WATER TREATMENT DOSAGES
APPLICATION
OZONE PPM
Disinfection (Potable)
MicroFlocculation
THM’s
Tanning/Liquid (Potable)
Taste & Odor
Cooling Towers
Wastewater
Bottled Water
Swimming Pools
Hot Tubs/Spas
Sea/Aquatic Life
Fresh Water/Aquatic Life
1.5 - 3.0
1.0 - 3.0
1.5 - 3.0
.5 - 5.0
1.0 -5.0
.2 - .6
5.0 - 15.0
1.8 - 2.0
0.1 -0.5
0.1 - .75
0.5
0.5
Designing an Ozone Water Treatment System Example:
CONTACT TIME
5
5
5
4
5
5
15
5
-
10
10
10
20
10
10
30
10
4
4
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
minutes
Varies
Varies
Ozone Calculations
Example: Iron and Manganese contamination of well water.
1 ppm Iron (Fe) requires 0.43 ppm O3
1 ppm Manganese (Mn) requires 0.88 ppm O3
1. (Fe) x .43 (O3)
.3 (Mn) x .88 (O3)
Ozone Required
Safety Factor x 1
Ozone Dose
Problem: Iron and Manganese water contamination
• Water flow 10 gpm
• Iron (Fe) contamination 1.0 ppm
• Manganese (Mn) contamination 0.3 ppm
= .43 ppm
= .27 ppm
.70 ppm
= .70
= 1.40 ppm
1.40 ppm (dose) x 10 gpm x 0.227 = 3.18 gr/hr
Note:
0.277 = conversion factor
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Engineering Data
Advanced Oxidation Water Treatment
COMMON OXIDANTS
Oxidants
Effectiveness Relative to Chlorine
Fluorine
Hydroxyl Radical*
Ozone*
Hydrogen Peroxide*
Permanganate
Chlorine
Bromine
Iodine
Oxygen*
ORP Redox Potential
2.23
2.06
1.78
1.31
1.24
1.0
.80
.39
.29
2.85 volts
2.80 volts
2.07 volts
1.52 volts
1.36 volts
0.40 volts
* Elements that participate in the Catalytic Oxidation Process
Advanced Oxidation Water Treatment
Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which an element or ion is increased in positive valence, losing electrons to an oxidizing agent. To oxidize is to change a substance by chemical reaction by combining it with oxygen, such as fire or rust.
By utilizing Redundant Oxidizers, the speed and efficiency of the oxidation process is greatly increased, in some cases
over 40 times. Oxidants considerably stronger than chlorine include Hydroxyl Radical (OH0), Ozone (O3) and Hydrogen
Peroxide (H202). These oxidizers are preferred for potable water treatment or water recycling as they leave no dissolved
byproducts as chlorine does, OH0, O3 and H2O2 consist of hydrogen and oxygen.
Oxidizing reactions of interest in pollutant removal is OH0 or Hydroxyl Radical, a byproduct of the Catalytic Oxidation
process. OH0 is very unstable thereby making it very aggressive or a free radical. The Hydroxyl or free radical occurs when
ozone or hydrogen peroxide reacts with UV radiation and protolysis occurs. Although the Hydroxyl Radicals are short lived,
they have a higher oxidation potential than ozone, chlorine or hydrogen peroxide, and their unstable nature increases their
reaction speed. A strong benefit of Catalytic Oxidation is the end products of CO2 and H2O, or Carbon Dioxide and Water.
Catalytic Oxidation occurs with:
O3 + UV = OH0
or
O3 + H2O2 + UV = OH0
• For potable water treatment UV & O3 are used in our UV/O3 Catalytic Systems.
• The addition of H2O2 is added to O3 & UV in our CO3P Catalytic Oxidation Systems and is highly recommended for
wastewater treatment.
OXIDATION HALF-LIFE OF VARIOUS ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
Compound
Chlorine
Permanganate
Ozone
Acetophenone
Benzaldehyde
Camphor
Ethylbenzene
1, 2, 3 - Trimethylbenzene
26 days
>3.2 days
>3.2 days
N/A
N/A
43 days
36 minutes
>5.8 days
N/A
N/A
25 minutes
28 minutes
>12 minutes
2.8 minutes
1.9 minutes
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Engineering Data
UV Light Water Treatment
UV Dose for 99.9% Reduction
Bacteria & Viruses
Dysentery
E-Coli
Infectious Jaundice
Typhoid Fever
Hepatitis Virus
Influenza Virus
Tuberculosis
Bacillus Anthracis
Polio Virus
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
UV Dosage (microwatt-secs/cm2)
Microwatts - secs/cm2
UV ENERGY IN MICROWATT - SECONDS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER
Note: U.S. Department of Health recommends 16,000 microwatt - sec/CM2 for potable water.
Catalytic Oxidation Formula
UV Dosage Formula
UV/ID
UV
ID
IT
Epv
mW/cm2
RT
mW-sec/cm2
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
IT x Epv = (MW/CM2) x RT = MW-Secs/CM2
Ultraviolet Light
Intensity Dosage
Intensity Transmission (Lamp Energy)
Exposure per Volume (Water Volume Treated)
Total UV Energy Output (Full Lamp length)
Retention Time (Volume of Water Passing Lamp)
Micro Watt - Seconds per Square Centimeter
O3 + UV + H2O2
HR + Wastewater Treatment
O3 + UV
HR + Potable Water Treatment
Where,
O3 = Ozone
UV = Ultraviolet Light
H2O2 = Hydrogen Peroxide
HR = Hydroxyl Radical
Note: UV is an effective method of killing bacteria in water as is ozone. Both methods are recognized as effective by the U.S.
Department of Health. Combined, they create a hydroxyl radical or an extremely effective oxidation method. The RGF Catalytic
Oxidation Process for potable water treatment utilizes O3 + UV = HR for three strong oxidizers. The RGF CO3P Systems for
wastewater treatment utilize O3 + UV + H2O2 = HR for four strong oxidizers.
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