GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Lesson 1 – Number Systems
Number System ..............................................................................................................SA 1-1
Different types of number systems................................................................................SA 1-2
Decimal number system.................................................................................................SA 1-3
Binary number system....................................................................................................SA 1-4
Octal number system......................................................................................................SA 1-5
Hexadecimal number system.........................................................................................SA 1-6
Place Value .....................................................................................................................SA 1-7
Decimal to other bases ...................................................................................................SA 1-8
Example (1), (2), (3).......................................................................SA 1-9, SA 1-10, SA 1-11
Changing decimal fraction to binary...........................................................................SA 1-12
Example (4)...................................................................................................................SA 1-13
To convert a mixed decimal number...........................................................................SA 1-14
From other bases to decimal (whole number) ............................................................SA 1-15
Example (5), (6), (7).....................................................................SA 1-16, SA 1-17, SA 1-18
1’s complement and 2’s complement..........................................................................SA 1-19
Adding binary numbers................................................................................................SA 1-20
Subtracting binary numbers using 2’s complement ........................................................ SA 1-21
Coding systems....................................................................................................................... SA 1-22
Floating point numbers ...............................................................................................SA 1-23
Standard form ...............................................................................................................SA 1-24
Floating point addition (1), (2) ....................................................................SA 1-25, SA 1-26
Floating point multiplication .......................................................................................SA 1-27
Floating point division .................................................................................................SA 1-28
Lesson 2 – Number Systems
Logic devices ..................................................................................................................SA 2-1
Three basic logic gates ...................................................................................................SA 2-2
AND gate ........................................................................................................................SA 2-3
OR gate............................................................................................................................SA 2-4
NOT gate.........................................................................................................................SA 2-5
NAND gate .....................................................................................................................SA 2-6
NOR gate.........................................................................................................................SA 2-7
NOR gate.........................................................................................................................SA 2-8
EOR gate .........................................................................................................................SA 2-9
ENOR gate ....................................................................................................................SA 2-10
Summary for all 2-input gates .....................................................................................SA 2-11
Summary for all 3-input gates .....................................................................................SA 2-12
Basic digital logic circuits............................................................................................SA 2-13
Clock ............................................................................................................................SA 2-14
Period ............................................................................................................................SA 2-15
Relation between frequency and period......................................................................SA 2-16
GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Memory chips ...............................................................................................................SA 2-17
CPU chips .....................................................................................................................SA 2-18
Types of buses ..............................................................................................................SA 2-19
Processor bus ................................................................................................................SA 2-20
Memory bus ..................................................................................................................SA 2-21
I/O bus...........................................................................................................................SA 2-22
Focus for increased performance of the bus ...............................................................SA 2-23
Multiplexers and decoders_1, 2, 3...............................................SA 2-24, SA 2-25, SA 2-26
Lesson 3 – Assembly Language Level
Introduction to assembly language_1, 2, 3, 4, 5.......................................................................
.................................................................................SA 3-1, SA 3-2, SA 3-3, SA 3-4, SA 3-5
Assembly language register set .....................................................................................SA 3-6
Structure of assembly language.....................................................................................SA 3-7
Data movement...............................................................................................................SA 3-8
Address movement .........................................................................................................SA 3-9
How an assembler works .............................................................................................SA 3-10
An overview of assembly-link-load-run process........................................................SA 3-11
Linking and loading_1, 2 .............................................................................SA 3-12, SA 3-13
Binding time .................................................................................................................SA 3-14
Comparison of assembly and higher level language ..................................................SA 3-15
Address space ...............................................................................................................SA 3-16
Basic addressing mode.................................................................................................SA 3-17
Lesson 4 – The Instruction Set Architecture Level
Instruction set architecture.............................................................................................SA 4-1
Components of an instruction........................................................................................SA 4-2
Common types of ISAs ..................................................................................................SA 4-3
Advantages and disadvantages of ISAs ........................................................................SA 4-4
Fetch and execute cycle_1, 2, 3.........................................................SA 4-5, SA 4-6, SA 4-7
Accessing memory .........................................................................................................SA 4-8
Categories of instructions ..............................................................................................SA 4-9
Segment register_1, 2...................................................................................SA 4-10, SA 4-11
Special register- Flag_1, 2, 3 .......................................................SA 4-12, SA 4-13, SA 4-14
Instructions....................................................................................................................SA 4-15
Commonly used addressing technique........................................................................SA 4-16
Direct addressing ..........................................................................................................SA 4-17
Indirect addressing .......................................................................................................SA 4-18
Register addressing.......................................................................................................SA 4-19
Register indirect addressing.........................................................................................SA 4-20
Displacement addressing_1, 2 .....................................................................SA 4-21, SA 4-22
GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Lesson 5 – Interfacing The Outside World
The system bus_1, 2 .........................................................................................SA 5-1, SA 5-2
CPU- Memory bus and I/O bus .....................................................................................SA 5-3
Types of buses ................................................................................................................SA 5-4
Interface card ..................................................................................................................SA 5-5
Protocol_1, 2, 3...................................................................................SA 5-6, SA 5-7, SA 5-8
Interrupt_1,2 ...................................................................................................SA 5-9, SA 5-10
Three things you need to use plug and play................................................................SA 5-11
DMA, Direct Memory Access_1, 2.............................................................SA 5-12, SA 5-13
Busmaster......................................................................................................................SA 5-14
Lesson 6 – Operating System Level
Funciton of OS................................................................................................................SA 6-1
How operating system work ..........................................................................................SA 6-2
Types of operating systems............................................................................................SA 6-3
Real-time operating system ...........................................................................................SA 6-4
Single-user, single task...................................................................................................SA 6-5
Single-user, multitasking ...............................................................................................SA 6-6
Multi-user........................................................................................................................SA 6-7
Difference between multi-user OS and single-user OS ...............................................SA 6-8
OS and computers...........................................................................................................SA 6-9
Scheduling.....................................................................................................................SA 6-10
Two major subsystems of OS ......................................................................................SA 6-11
Process management ....................................................................................................SA 6-12
Memory management...................................................................................................SA 6-13
Swapping.......................................................................................................................SA 6-14
Disk management .........................................................................................................SA 6-15
I/O system management...............................................................................................SA 6-16
File management ..........................................................................................................SA 6-17
File subsystem ..............................................................................................................SA 6-18
Programming support...................................................................................................SA 6-19
Virtual memory_1, 2 ....................................................................................SA 6-20, SA 6-21
1 gigabyte virtual memory machine............................................................................SA 6-22
Additional OS functions...............................................................................................SA 6-23
System programs ..........................................................................................................SA 6-24
Advantages and disadvantages of virtual machines...................................................SA 6-25
Layered structure of OS ...............................................................................................SA 6-26
GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Lesson 7 – Memory Management
Hardware memory management....................................................................................SA 7-1
Operating system memory management.......................................................................SA 7-2
Application memory management_1, 2, .........................................................SA 7-3, SA 7-4
Application memory manager .......................................................................................SA 7-5
Memory in computer system .........................................................................................SA 7-6
Memory management in virtual system........................................................................SA 7-7
Memory manager............................................................................................................SA 7-8
Address translation mechanisms_1, 2 ...........................................................SA 7-9, SA 7-10
Memory management problems ..................................................................................SA 7-11
Advantages of memory management..........................................................................SA 7-12
Disadvantages of memory management .....................................................................SA 7-13
Manual memory management in most implementations ...........................................SA 7-14
Advantages of automatic memory management ........................................................SA 7-15
Disadvantages of automatic memory management....................................................SA 7-16
Most modern languages used mainly in automatic memory management...............SA 7-17
Lesson 8 – Secondary Management
Three main storage structures........................................................................................SA 8-1
Primary storage...............................................................................................................SA 8-2
Secondary storage_1, 2, 3 ..................................................................SA 8-3, SA 8-4, SA 8-5
Tertiary storage...............................................................................................................SA 8-6
Preparing of disks for use ..............................................................................................SA 8-7
Low level formatting......................................................................................................SA 8-8
Sectors .............................................................................................................................SA 8-9
Header ...........................................................................................................................SA 8-10
Data area .......................................................................................................................SA 8-11
Trailer............................................................................................................................SA 8-12
File system ....................................................................................................................SA 8-13
Basic file system_1, 2 ..................................................................................SA 8-14, SA 8-15
File organization module .............................................................................................SA 8-16
Logical file system .......................................................................................................SA 8-17
Introduction of drives to OS ........................................................................................SA 8-18
General abstraction layout in Linux............................................................................SA 8-19
Lesson 9 – Process Management
The process model..........................................................................................................SA 9-1
Implementation of process.............................................................................................SA 9-2
The process model..........................................................................................................SA 9-3
Implementations of process ...........................................................................................SA 9-4
Race conditions...............................................................................................................SA 9-5
Requirements for critical sections implementation......................................................SA 9-6
GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Objectives of a good scheduling policy ........................................................................SA 9-7
Preemption ......................................................................................................................SA 9-8
Deadline scheduling .......................................................................................................SA 9-9
First come first served (FCFS) ....................................................................................SA 9-10
Round Robin (RR)........................................................................................................SA 9-11
Lesson 10 – Data Communication Network
Characteristic of data communication network..........................................................SA 10-1
Performance ..................................................................................................................SA 10-2
Factors that affect response time .................................................................................SA 10-3
Consistency...................................................................................................................SA 10-4
Reliability......................................................................................................................SA 10-5
Mean time between failure, MTBF .............................................................................SA 10-6
Recovery .......................................................................................................................SA 10-7
Security .........................................................................................................................SA 10-8
Medium .........................................................................................................................SA 10-9
Host: Sender................................................................................................................SA 10-10
Data Communication Equipment, DCE....................................................................SA 10-11
Data Terminal Equipment, DTE................................................................................SA 10-12
Data flow.....................................................................................................................SA 10-13
Simplex .......................................................................................................................SA 10-14
Half-duplex_1, 2...................................................................................... SA 10-15, SA 10-16
Full-duplex_1, 2....................................................................................... SA 10-17, SA 10-18
Modem_1 ....................................................................................................................SA 10-19
Modem_2, Basic definition........................................................................................SA 10-20
Modem_3, Digital connection ...................................................................................SA 10-21
Modem_4, Analog connection...................................................................................SA 10-22
Modem_5 ....................................................................................................................SA 10-23
Modem_6, Types of modems ....................................................................................SA 10-24
Modem_7, Features....................................................................................................SA 10-25
Physical connection....................................................................................................SA 10-26
Communication network: Classification...................................................................SA 10-27
Communication network: Configuration ..................................................................SA 10-28
Two types of public network .....................................................................................SA 10-29
Multiplexing................................................................................................................SA 10-30
Synchronous transmissions........................................................................................SA 10-31
Flow control................................................................................................................SA 10-32
DTE-DCE flow control..............................................................................................SA 10-33
GENETIC COMPUTER SCHOOL
COMPUTER SYSTEMS ARCHITECTURE
LESSON CONTENTS
Lesson 11 – Distributed Processing
Distributed system........................................................................................................SA 11-1
Basic client server network..........................................................................................SA 11-2
Reference model client/server model..........................................................................SA 11-3
Application program ....................................................................................................SA 11-4
File sharing vs client/server .........................................................................................SA 11-5
Distributed database technology..................................................................................SA 11-6
Parallel computing........................................................................................................SA 11-7
Distributed computing..................................................................................................SA 11-8
Differences between parallel and distributed computation_1, 2, 3, 4, 5.................................
.............................................................. SA 11-9, SA 11-10, SA 11-11, SA 11-12, SA 11-13
Examples.....................................................................................................................SA 11-14
Some similarities ........................................................................................................SA 11-15
Lesson 12 – TCP/IP Protocol Suite
OSI model_1, 2, 3.........................................................................SA 12-1, SA 12-2, SA 12-3
Perspectives on the OSI architecture...........................................................................SA 12-4
Link layer ......................................................................................................................SA 12-5
Network layer ...............................................................................................................SA 12-6
Transport layer..............................................................................................................SA 12-7
A sample Ethernet frame..............................................................................................SA 12-8
TCP/IP application .......................................................................................................SA 12-9
SMTP ..........................................................................................................................SA 12-10
FTP ..............................................................................................................................SA 12-11
TELNET_1, 2 .......................................................................................... SA 12-12, SA 12-13