Applied Ergonomics 1987, 18.3,233-237
I. Kuorinka*, B. Jonsson t, A. Kilbom**, H. Vinterberg t t , F. Biering-S6rensen ~,
G. Andersson §§ and K. J6rgensen 7r
*Institute of Occupational Health, Department of Physiology, Helsinki, Finland; tNational Board of Occupational Safety and Health, Work Physiology Unit, Ume/l, Sweden;
**National Board of Occupational Safety and Health, Work Physiology Unit, Research Department, Solna, Sweden; ttDepartment of Rheumatology, County Hospital, Hiller6d, Denmark;
§Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark;
~Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Rush-Presbyterian - St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, USA; rrAugust Krogh Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
Standardised questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms in an ergonomic or occupational health context are presented. The questions are forced choice variants and may be either self-administered or used in interviews. They concentrate on symptoms most often encountered in an occupational setting. The reliability of the questionnaires has been shown to be acceptable. Specific characteristics of work strain are reflected in the frequency of responses to the questionnaires.
Keywords: Questionnaires, musculoskeletal disorders, occupational health
Musculoskeletal disorders and symptoms in a working population are common, occurring predominantly in the low back (see review by Troup and Edwards, 1985), neck and upper limbs (e g, Armstrong et al, 1982; Waris, 1979;
Oxenburgh etal, 1985). Mechanical factors contribute to the development o f these problems and in general influence symptoms (Kilbom et al, 1986; Maeda et al, 1979; Pope et al, 1984). To help define the problem and its relationship to work factors, increasing interest has been directed in many countries to the development of methods to estimate and record musculoskeletal symptoms. Questionnaires have proved to be the most obvious means of collecting the necessary data.
Standardisation is needed in the analysis and recording of the musculoskeletal symptoms. Otherwise it is difficult to compare the results from different studies. This consideration was the main motive for a Nordic group to start developing standardised questionnaires for the analysis of musculoskeletal symptoms. Even a modest degree of standardisation was regarded as useful. We found that the major part of most questionnaires used in previous studies could have been easily comparable, but that the individual questions often differed in trivial details from study to study and thus impeded the comparison of the results. It was evident that the knowledge about the musculoskeletal symptoms was not sufficient to allow an advanced degree of standardisation. Consequently, we faced a trade-off between the banality of the questionnaire and the depth of the approach. The questionnaires presented here are a compromise between the extremes. We are well aware, however, that use of identical questionnaires is not the only prerequisite for comparison of data from different studies.
The questionnaires follow the tradition of some earlier medical questionnaires - e g, for cardiovascular (Rose and
Blackburn, 1968) or pulmonary surveys (British Medical
Research Council's questionnaire for chronic bronchitis
(Anon, 1960a, 1960b)). The nature of the musculoskeletal symptoms dictates a different structure, however.
Supported by the Nordic Council of Ministers, a project was undertaken to develop and test standardised question- naires on general, low back and neck/shoulder complaints.
The text has been translated into four Nordic languages, using a multiple to-and-from technique from the source languages which were Swedish and Danish. Translation into
English has been guided by native speakers of English, but might require further revision. If comparability with the
Nordic languages is desired, a further check-and.cross translation is recommended.
0003-6870/87/03 0233-05 $03.00 ~) 1987 Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd Applied Ergonomics Sept~ml~r 1987 233

Structure of the questionnaires
The questionnaires consist of structured, forced, binary or multiple choice variants and can be used as self- administered questionnaires or in interviews. There are two types of questionnaires: a general questionnaire, and specific ones focusing on the low back and neck/shoulders. The purpose of the general questionnaire is simple surveying, while the specific ones permit a somewhat more profound analysis.
The two main purposes of the questionnaires are to serve as instruments (1) in the screening of musculoskeletal disorders in an ergonomics context, and (2) for occupational health care service. The questionnaires may provide means to measure the outcome of epidemiological studies on musculoskeletal disorders. The questionnaires are not meant to provide a basis for clinical diagnosis. Screening of the musculoskeletal disorders may serve as a diagnostic tool for analysing the work environment, workstation and tool design. The incompatibility of the user and the task or the tool have been shown to relate to the musculoskeletal symptoms (van Wely, 1970; Corlett and Bishop, 1978).
The localisation of symptoms may reveal the cause of loading. The occupational health service may use the questionnaire for multiple purposes e g, for diagnosis of the work strain, for follow-up of the effects of improvements of the work environment, and so on.
Questionnaire about trouble with the locomotive organs
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l ~ , , 1 . 1 , . , r , , : , , ,
. , ~.t , L,r,t~ ¸ ~ a ~ i
; ' , ' ,~t ~e~r ..,,~,~. ~ : . , ' , , : r ¸¸ d c n q { ( ) J r p r e s e n t t.~pe OT ~ O f ~ o
O n a v e r a g e h o w , ' a r ~ r { u R a w e e k 3 o y o u w o , k "
~ . tall a ' e , , , '
A r e ¢ o , r i g h t f~arlae(l ( r eq~ h a q d e a > ii
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. e a ~ = ITI .n~'~
~ Q u r s a ~ e q k
2~ r l g h l h a n d e d l e f t h a n d e d
, I i
- 2 ~ - L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fig. 1 Anatomical areas and questionnaire layout
General questionnaire
The general questionnaire was designed to answer the tbllowing question: "Do musculoskeletal troubles occur in a given population, and if so, in what parts of the body are they localised?" With this consideration in mind, a questionnaire was constructed in which the human body
(viewed from the back) is divided into nine anatomical regions. These regions were selected on the basis of two criteria: regions where symptoms tend to accumulate, and regions which are distinguishable from each other both by the respondent and a health surveyor. The intentional choice of the back aspect of the body leaves gaps when disorders are located in the frontal part of the shoulder or on the flexor side of the upper limbs. This choice has been made because numerous possible causes of pain in the front part of the body (abdominal and thoracical pains, etc) might intermingle with the musculoskeletal pain in the upper thorax. Preliminary observations seem to point out that this choice does not significantly modify the response rates.
The verbal questions deal with each anatomical area in turn, and inquire whether the respondent has, or has had, troubles in the respective area during the preceding 12 months, whether this pain is disabling and whether it is ongoing.
Fig. 1 shows the anatomical areas and the layout of the questionnaire.
Special questionnaires for low back, neck and shoulder symptoms
The two specific questionnaires (Figs. 2 and 3) concentrate on anatomical areas in which the musculo- skeletal symptoms are most common. These questionnaires probe more deeply into the analysis of the respective symptoms and contain questions on the duration of the symptoms over past time - i e, entire life, last 12 months, and previous 7 days. The main broadening in these questionnaires is that they analyse more thoroughly the severity of the symptoms in terms of their effect on activities at work and during leisure time, and in terms of total duration of symptoms and sick-leave during the preceding
12 months.
Limitations of the questionnaires
The general limitations of questionnaire techniques also apply to these standardised questionnaires. The experience of the person who fills out the questionnaire may affect the results. Recent and more serious musculosketetal disorders are prone to be remembered better than older and less serious ones. The environment and filling out situation at the time of the questioning may also affect the results
(Brigham, 1975; Sinclair, 1975). From an epidemiological viewpoint, it is evident that this type of questionnaire is most applicable for cross-sectional studies with all the concomitant limitations.
Experience from the use of the questionnaires
The standardised questionnaires have been in extensive use in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. The questionnaires, mainly the general questionnaire, have been used in more than 100 different projects, as well as in routine work in occupational health care services. More than 50 000 persons have responded to one or more of the questionnaires.
Reliability and validity of the results
The reliability and validity of the questionnaires has been investigated. Subjects have filled and refilled questionnaires
234 Applied Ergonomics September 1987

HOw tO a n s w e r t h e q u e e t l o n n a i r e :
P l e a s e a n s w e r b y p u t t i n g a c r o s s in t h e a p p r o p r i a t e b o x - - o n e c r o s s for e a c h q u e s t i o n . You m a y b e in d o u b t a s t o h o w to a n s w e r , b u t p l e a s e d o y o u r b e s t a n y w a y . P l e a s e a n s w e r e v e r y q u e s t i o n , e v e n if y o u h a v e n e v e r h a d t r o u b l e in a n y p a r t of y o u r b o d y ,
~ • ' i i ¸
//
~ " i o w ~c~
~ W R I S T S / H A N D S
H I P S / T H I G H S
K N E E S
A N K L E S / F E E T
I n t h i s p i c t u r e y o u c a n s e e t h e a p p r o x i m a t e p o s i t i o n of t h e p a r t s of t h e b O d y r e f e r r e d to in t h e q u e s t i o n n a i r e • L i m i t s a r e not s h a r p l y d e f i n e d , a n d c e r t a i n p a r t s o v e r l a p . You s h o u l d d e c i d e for y o u r s e l f in w h i c h p a r t y o u h a v e o r h a v e h a d y o u r t r o u b l e (if any).
Trouble with the locomotive organs l To be i m l ~ l l t l d only by t h o l e who
~ had trou4ofe
Haveyouat a n y t i m e d u r i n g t h e l a l t 12 months had Have you at any lime Have you had trouble trouble (ache, palm discomfort) in: during the l i l t 12 i at any time during the months been pnr*l~l- JIM ? diyll? ted from do~ng your
J normal ~ o r k (at h o m e , or away from home) be- ] cause of the trouble? I
1
Neck
No 2 Yes No 2 Yes 1 No 2 Yes [ , ehoulders
NO 2
3
4
Yes, ,n the right shoulder
Yes, irl the tel/ shoulder
Yes in both shoulders
Elbows
N O 2
3
4
Yes in the right elbow
Yes in 1he left elbow
Yes in both elbows
Wrists/hands
NO 2
3
4
Yes m 1he r,ght w~,stlhand
Yes m the left wrist/hand
Yes ,n both wrists/hands
Upper back
No 2 Yes
Low back (small of the beck)
NO 2 Yes
One or both hips/thighs
No 2 Yes
One or both knees
NO 2 Yes
1
One or beth ankleS/feet
No 2 Yes i i
1
I
NO 2
I
Yes ! 1
NO 2
;
Yes [ 1 i
T
NO 2 Yes
No 2 Yes 1
No 2 Yes 1 NO 2 ; Yes i
I i
NO 2 Yes 1 NO 2 Yes
[
I 1 No 2 Yes
*
1 No 2 Yes
! i i i
] 1
1
NO
No
2 Yes
2 Yes
1 NO 2 Yes
1 No 2 Yes
[
,
= =
] i = and the subjects' responses to the questionnaires have been compared with their clinical history.
Reliability tests with the test-retest method o f preliminary versions o f the general questionnaire (one study on 29 safety engineers, one on 1 ? medical secretaries and one on 22 railway maintenance workers) showed that the number o f non-identical answers varied from 0 to 23%.
Validity tests against clinical history (one study on 19 medical secretaries and one on 20 railway maintenance workers) showed that the number o f non-identical answers varied between 0 and 20%.
LOW BACK
HOW to anlmer the q u u t l o n n l b t : In this picture you can see the approximate portion of the pert of the body referred to in the question- naire By low back trouble is meanl ache, pain or discomfort in the shaded area whether or not it extends from there Io one or bOth legs
(sciatica)
Please answer by butt~ng a cross ~n the apbroP~ate Cox - - one cross for each quest~n You may be in dOubt as to how to answer, but p4ease do your best anyway w z
4 7
The date of inquiry
Sex
What year were you born?
H ~ many years and months have you been doing your present type el ~ r k ? years +
On average, how many hours a week do you work ~
1 Female 2 Male months hours a weak kg H ~ much de you weigh ~
How tall are you? cm
Ate you right-handed or leti-handed ~ year month day
1 right-handed
2 leh handed
~ ]
L i _
J
~
. .
HaM you ever had low back trouble (ache. pain or discomfort)?
1 No 2 f : Yes
5 Has tow baCk treubk3 caused you to reduce your activity during the lest 12 men/ha? a Work activity (at home or away from home)?
1 ; ~ N o 2 [ ] Yes b Leisure activity?
1 : N o 2 ~] Yes If yOU ins/tared NO to Question 1 dO nol answer questions 2--8
Have you ~ been hospitalized because of low back trouble?
1 I No 2 Yes
Have you ever had to change j o b l or duties because of lOW back trouble?
1 No 2 Yes
What is the total length of I,me that you have had low back trouble during the lest
12 monthl~
1
2
3
4
O days
1--7 days
8--30 days
More than 30 days, but not every day
5 , E ~ r y day
If you a n g e r e d O daya to question 4, do nol a n s ~ r the questi~s 5--8
6~ Whal is the to/hi kJngth of time that low back trouble has p ~ r l t 4 K I yOU from doing your normal work (at home or away from home) during the l i l t 12 months?
2
3
4
0 days
~--7 days
8--30 days
More Ihan 30 days
7 H a w you ~ INmn by a doctor, phy~m- therapist, chiropractor or other such person because of lOW back trouble during the felt
12 men/hi?
1 No 2 [ ] Yes
L~
8. Have you had low ~ack trouble a( any time during the last 7 days?
1 L NO 2 Yes
E
Fig. 2 Low back trouble questionnaire
Applied Ergonomics September 1987 235

The reliability of the neck-shoulder questionnaire was tested on 27 women in clerical work, who answered the questionnaire twice with a 3-week interval. The percentage of disagreeing responses varied from 0 to 15%, except for questions 4 and 13 (Fig. 3)where it was 30 and 22%, respectively. The validity was tested on 82 women in electronics manufacturing. The questionnaire responses were compared with those obtained when a physiotherapist filled out the questionnaire after a thorough interview about medical history. The percentage of disagreement between the subjects' own responses and the physiotherapist's estimates varied from 0 to 13%.
The reliability of a preliminary version of the low back questionnaire was tested on 25 nursing staff members who answered the questionnaire twice with a 15-day interval
The percentage of disagreeing answers was on average 4-4, varying from 0 to 4%, except for one question where it was
25%. As a consequence, this question was reformulated in the final version.
The method of administration of the questionnaire has an effect on the response rates (Andersson et al, 1987).
Questionnaire about neck and shoulder trouble
O n average hOW m a n y h o u ~ a week do y o u work ?
HOW muct~ dc ytJu we~gh'~
~ . l t m o r , t h o a r
S e x
~/hat y e a r were ~'ou born
I Femste
HOW m a n y years a n d m o n t h s have y o u been doing y o u r presen~ t y p e of work ~ y e a , ~ ~
2 M a l , m o n t h ~ rl0urs a wee~ k~} cm HOw tall are yoL
Are you ,,gh~ h a n O e d ~r ~e~ handed ~ t
2 r~ght-handed left.handed
The usage of the questionnaire
A critical question that arises is whether the questionnaires can provide useful information which can be used in decision- making in occupational health practice. Various studies have shown that response distributions are different for different occupational groups (Jonsson and Ydreborg, 1985) and that the differences are related to the estimated workload. In some studies the questionnaires have revealed a high prevalence of symptoms and disorders in certain anatomical regions which clearly correlate to the local physical demands (e g, Brulin et al, 1985).
The questionnaire has been structured for computer analysis. Routine analysis of various statistical epidemio- logical programmes can be applied. The dichotomy of the response alternatives may require special consideration (see, for example, Fleiss, 1973).
In the opinion of the project group the questionnaires provide useful and reliable information on musculoskeletal symptoms. This information either gives rise to further in- depth investigation or gives hints for decision-making on preventive measures.
Acknowledgement
The study was supported by the Nordic Council of
Ministers, Oslo.
References
A n o n
1960 (a) British Medical Journal, 2, 1665. Medical Research
Council's Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic
Bronchitis: Standardised questionnaires on respiratory symptoms.
Anon
1960 (b) British Medical Journal, Medical Research Council's
Committee on the Aetiology of Chronic Bronchitis:
Instructions for the use of the questionnaire on respiratory symptoms.
Fig. 3 Neck and shoulder trouble questionnaire
Andersson, K., Karlehagen, S., and Jonsson, B. t987 Applied Ergonomics, 18, 3 , 2 2 9 - 2 3 2 . The importance of variations in questionnaire administration.
Armstrong, T.J., Foulke, J.A., Joseph, B.S., and
Goldstein, S.A.
1982 American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal, 43,
103-116. Investigation of cumulative trauma disorders in a poultry processing plant.
Brigham, F.R.
1975 Applied Ergonomics, 6, 9 0 - 9 6 . Some quantitative considerations in questionnaire design and analysis.
Brulin, C., Jonsson, B., and Karlehagen, S.
1985 Musculoskeletal trouble among Swedish railway workers (in Swedish). Arbete och Hhlsa, (in press)
Arbetarskyddsstyrelsen, Stockholm.
Corlett, E.N., and Bishop, R.P.
1978 Applied Ergonomies, 9, 2 3 - 3 2 . The ergonomics of spot welders.
Fleiss, J.L.
1973 Statistical methods for rates and proportions.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Jonsson, B., and Ydreborg, B.
1985 Identification of ergonomic problems by means of questionnaires for musculoskeletal troubles.
Proceedings of the 9th Congress of the International
Ergonomics Association, Bournemouth, (Ed" I.D.
Brown eta/), 4 2 4 - 4 2 6 .
Kilbom, A., Persson, J., and Jonsson, B.
1986 International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 1,
3 7 - 4 7 . Disorders of the cervicobrachial region among female workers in electronics industry.
236 Applied September 1987

NECK to ~ the q~eallonnaim: By neck trouble is meant ache, beJn or dmcomfoM in the shaded area. Please c~lceof tale on thin area. ignorthg any trouble you may have in a d ~ pans of the hody There is a separate questionnade for shoofder trouble
Please answer by putting a cross in the appropriate box - - one cross for eaCh queshon. You may be in doubt as to how to answer, but please do your past anyway
SHOULDER
How to m the q w l t k m m l m : 8y shoulder troubte m mear~ acda, pain of d~comfoll fo me shadad area Pfelme concemrale o~ thts area.
~nonng any ~.¢ble you may dave in adtacem pare of the ho(~/ There is a separste queslionnawe for neCk trouble.
Please Cross m the a~or Oys~st e be= - - one cross for each questkm Yeu may be m douof as to how to anst,~r, PUt pJesse do your best anyway,
I 1 Have you ever hzv3 neck trouble (ache, pain or discomfort)?
1 NO 2 :: Yes
If you answered NO fo Quest!on 1, do not answer the questions 2 - - 8
E:
Has neck trouble caused you 113 reduce your activity during the l i l d 12 monlh$? a. Work activity (at home or away from home)?
1 No 2 Yes b Leisure activity?
1 NO 2 Yes
Have you ~ acck~r~
1 L NO hurt your neck in an
2 : : Yes
Have you i ~ l r had to change ~ dl~tlel because of neck trouble?
1 No 2 : : Yes or
What ts the ~ lingth of time that you bawl had neck trouble during the l i l t 12 m o m h l ?
1 E; O deys
2 r[[ 1--7 days
3 ~ 8 - - 3 0 days
4 E~ More then 30 days, but not every day
5 : E~l~y day
If you a n ~ m d 0 ~ Io Question 4, do not answer the q u e ~ n s 5 - - 8
E
What is the total ter~jth of time thai neck troubli has prevented you from doing your normal wOrk (at home of away ttom home) during the ~ 12 nlonlhll?
1 0 days
2 ~ 1--7 days
3
4
8 - - 3 0 days
More than 30 days
7 Have you been m e n by a dector. phySlofherapist, chirowactor or other such person because of neck trouble during the l a i r 12 montho?
[ ]
8 Have you had neck trouble at any time during the l i l t 7
1 No 2 Yes
B
9 HaVe you ~ r had shoulder trouble (ache. pain OF discomfort)?
1 NO 2 Yes
If Y °u e n s u r e d N ° to Ouest~n 9, do not answer l i e questions 10--17
10 Have you ~
I c e k l e n t ' t
1 No 2
3
4 hurt your shoulder in an
Yes, my r~ght should~
Yes, my ~efl shoulder
~ . both shou,,~,,,.~
~ :
14 Has shoulder trouble caused you to fldl,lce your activity Ounng the l i l t 12 m o m h l ? a Work acUvdy (at home or away from
[
1 No 2 Yes b L e i ~ m activity ")
I NO 2 Yes
1,~ What is the troll4 length of shoulder trouble ~ ~ brae that you Item doing your normal work (at home or away from hcfne) during the ~ 12 I ~ l ~ l h l ?
11 Ha~e you e w f had to chonge jall~4L or duties dacause of shoulder trouble?
1 No 2 Yes 3
4
1--7 days
8 - - 3 0 days
More than 30 days
12 Have you had shoulder trouble during the l u 1 1 2 mOllfhl?
1 NO 2
3
4
Yes in my ngbl shoulder
Yes, in my lef~ shoulder
Yes, in both shoulders L~_
16 Have you been l i e n by a doctor, physio-
Ihefaplst, chiropractor or o~her suCh person because of stlouk:ler trouble during the l i l t 12 m o l l l h l ?
1 NO 2 Yes r i
[ 1 tf you answered NO to Question 12. de not answer the questions 1~--17
13 What is the total length of l i ~ thai you have had shoulder trouble during the k i l t
12 mo~tho? t 1--7 days
2 : 8 - - 3 0 days
3 : More than 30 days, but not every day
4 E ' ~ y day ~.J
17 Have you had shoulder trouble at any time during the l i l t 7 days?
1 No 2 Yes, in my right shoulda¢
3 i Yes, in my left shoulder
4 i Yes, in both shoulUers
Maeda, K., Hirayama, H., Chang, C-P., and Takamatsu, M.
1979 Japanese Journal of Industrial Health, 21,398-407.
Studies on the progress of occupational cervicobrachial disorder by analysing the subjective symptoms of workmen in assembly lines of a cigarette factory.
Oxenburgh, M.S., Rowe, S.A., and Douglas, D.B.
1985 Journal of Occupational Health and Safety, 2, 106-112.
Repetition strain injury in keyboard operators -
Australia and New Zealand.
Pope, M.H., Frymoyer, J., and Andersson, G.B.J.
1984 Occupational low back pain, Prager Press, Philadelphia.
Rose, G.A., and Blackburn, H.
1968 Cardiovascular survey methods, WHO, Geneva, 188.
Sinclair, M.A.
1975 Applied Ergonomics, 6, 73-80. Questionnaire design.
Troup, J.D.G., and Edwards, F.C.
1985 Manual Handling. A review paper. Health and Safety
Executive.
Van Wely, P.
1970 Applied Ergonomics, 1, 258-261. Design and disease.
Wads, P.
1979 Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment & Health,
5, Supplement 3, 3-14. Occupational cervicobrachial syndromes: A review.
Applied Ergonomics September 1987 237