12/31/2013
University of Toronto
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
ECE 330
SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS
Winter 2014
https://portal.utoronto.ca
Instructor:
Peter Herman
p.herman@utoronto.ca
http://photonics.light.utoronto.ca/laserphotonics/
Office: GB442
Consulting Hours
- immediately after lectures or by appointment
Lectures:
Tue 2:10
Wed 3:10
Thu 3:10
BA1240 Q&A 3:00
BA1230 (lecture conflict)
BA1240 Q&A 4:00
Conference Conflict: 3 lectures during week of Feb 4-6 are cancelled and
Rescheduled during tutorial time: 5-6 pm BA 2139
Jan 9, Jan 23, Feb 13
Course Description:
Wave and quantum mechanics, the Schrodinger equation, quantum wells and density of states.
Quantum statistics, solid-state bonding and crystal structure. Electron waves, dispersion relation
inside periodic media, Fermi level and energy bands. Physical understanding of semiconductors at
equilibrium, intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors and excess carriers.
Course Reference Materials:
Purchase 2 texts
• Quantum Physics of atoms, molecules, solids, nuclei, and particles - 75% of course
Eisberg, Resnick, 2nd ed., Wiley, 1985.
(1) Full Text Version: ISBN 0-471-87373-X
(2) Special Edition of Relevant Chapters (B&W) Wiley: ISBN 0470836032
Start in Chapter 2; Chapter 1 is intimidating and discussed later in the course.
• Semiconductor Physics and Devices - 25% of course
Donald A. Neamen, McGraw Hill, 3rd 2003 ISBN 0-07-232107-5
(useful in ECE335)
OTHER: Solid State Electronic Devices, Ben G. Streetman and Sanjay Banerjee, 6th edition,
Prentice Hall. (Less physical insight than in Neaman)
• Supplementary Lecture Notes: download from BB Portal as posted lecture-by-lecture
12/31/2013
• Website References:
http://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~wie/applet/applet.old
for SC physics and devices
SUNY, Buffalo offers great graphics
http://www.britneyspears.ac/lasers.htm Britney Spears (Essex Univ. Physics Grads) provide
a succinct summary of SC physics
http://phet.colorado.edu/simulations/index.php?cat=Quantum_Phenomena
Good java applets demonstrating Quantum Mechanics concepts:
- Fourier-Waves; Electron Diffraction, Quantum wave interference,
- Photoelectric effect; Quantum Tunneling, Bound States;
- Semiconductors, Band Structure; Double Wells;
Video Demo: Double Slit
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DfPeprQ7oGc
See BB Portal for more links
Marks:
Lab 1 (Simulations)
Lab 2 (Simulations)
Lab 3 (Simulations)
3.33%
3.33%
3.33%
Quizzes
Final Exam
40%
50%
100%
TOTAL
(5) best 4 of 5
(1)
Quiz:
• schedule posted on course web page, 45 min, starts 6:15pm, bonus marks
• returned and taken up in next tutorial time.
• closed book; 8.5 x 11, hand-written aid sheet(s) are permitted; no photocopies.
# 1:
no aid sheet
# 2:
less than one-side of single aid sheet
# 3:
less than two-sides of one aid sheet
# 4:
less than three-sides of two sheets
# 5:
less than four-sides of two sheets
• aid sheets will be checked by TA during tests—do not exceed limits!
• no computers or electronic storage devices, no cell phones.
Lab à Assignments:
•
•
•
•
•
Computer programs with interpretation of graphical observations posted on course
web page
hand in ECE 330 Course Box in Sanford Fleming 1st Floor (location to be verified)
marked labs are returned and solutions discussed in next tutorial time. Please put your
name and student number on front page.
see assigned T.A. marker for grading concerns.
late labs are not accepted.
12/31/2013
Grading Corrections:
• Labs and Quiz: consult first with T.A. marker with clarifications about marking; then
the instructor; then …lawyer!
• Quiz Policy: If the quiz is written in pencil or erasable pen, or liquid paper (‘whiteout’) is used, the student will have forfeited the right to appeal for re-marking. Grade
concerns must be made within one week of receiving the marked quiz.
Sickness and Missed Work:
•
•
Quizzes
missing one quiz— cannot take advantage of best 4 of 5; no proof of illness is
required
missing two or more quizzes — zero for missed work unless you complete a Petition
with Faculty Office and provide appropriate supporting material for 2nd, 3rd, etc.
missed quizzes.
Assignments, Exam — zero for missed work unless you petition each missed event.
Grade adjustment will be based on your performance in ‘related’ term work.
Tutorials:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
see schedule posted on course web page
BA 2139 on Thursdays at 5:10 to 7pm
- held every week for 1 to 2 hr. starting Thu. Jan 9.
Tutorials are a key part of the course dealing with the application of the lecture
material to various exercises. During each session your will solve problems helped
by other students and, if necessary, by the tutorial leader. Being able to solve a
particular problem without assistance demonstrates how far you have advanced in
assimilating the concepts and teachings of the course. In particular, once you are
capable of solving various problems without resorting to the textbook, your can
consider that you have achieved the dynamic knowledge of the course, that is, you
understand its underlying philosophy.
Practice problems will be posted on the course web page about 6 days before the
tutorial. Answers and part solutions will be provided during the tutorial and posted on
the web page prior to the next quiz
Solutions to the virtual laboratories will discussed in the tutorial
Quizzes (45min) will be held during the second hour of the tutorial approximately
every 2 to 3 weeks.
You are encouraged to bring questions and stimulate discussions to improve your
learning experience.
Participate and make the tutorial work for you!
Final Exam:
• marked by professor and TA’s.
• closed book; two-sided, 8.5 x 11, hand-written aid sheet (2 pages/4 sides), no
photocopies.
• no computers, no cell phones, or other electronic aids
12/31/2013
Notes on Effective Studying
•
Effective studying consists of taking lecture notes, active reading of the textbook,
tutorial attendance and note taking, and solving various exercises on your own.
•
If you can, read all the relevant text material before attending the lectures on a given
topic. Much of learning involves discovering how new information relates to
knowledge you already possess. The more you know about a particular topic, the
more likely it is that you will see how some new information fits other information.
If you read the relevant text chapters before you attend the lectures on a particular
topic, you will learn more from the lectures and you will be able to take better notes.
Review your lecture notes soon after each lecture and proceed to read and study the
corresponding text sections.
•
Begin studying your lecture notes by reviewing the lecture outlines. Ask yourself
questions about the material; for example, ask yourself to provide definitions, to
summarize the purpose, method and results of studies.
•
Active reading involves several steps. First, read the title, topic and subtopic
headings, and the summary at the end of each chapter, in order to get an overall sense
of what the chapter is about.
•
Read the chapter “in chunks”. The size of these chunks should be determined by
natural breaks in the text, and by your ability to assimilate the material being read.
Make brief notes in the margins of the text as necessary. It is inadvisable to make
extensive notes from the textbook. However, it is helpful to make one or two-page
summary notes per chapter showing the major headings and key concepts.
•
Try to relate these summaries to various problems that you attempt to solve. In
general, study as if you were going to write an examination the next day.
•
The development of a compact organized aid sheet is intended to be a critical part of
the learning process for this course.
•
Turn off mindless distractions: email browsers, instagram, facebook, twitter, cell
phone and control your own schedule!!
•
Love the topic—play with your curiosity to pose questions, turn on interest, and
develop into passion for the subject to pull you forward!
1/13/2014
ECE 330F - SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS - 2014
TUTORIAL SCHEDULE & TEACHING ASSIGNMENTS
#
DATE
1
2
3
4
5
Jan 9
16
23
30
Feb 6
6
13
20
27
Mar 6
13
20
27
Apr 3
10
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
TUTORIAL
Assignment
Thursdays 5-7pm BA2139
Due Date
6-7pm (Set #1 Soln)
5-6pm (Set #2 Soln)
6-7pm (Set #3&4 & Quiz 1 Solns)
5-6pm (Set #5 Soln)
*6-7pm (Set #6 and Quiz 2 Solns) Assig 1 – Feb10
No Lectures Feb 4-6
6-7pm (Set #7 Soln)
No Lectures READING WEEK
5-6pm (Set #8 Soln)
Assig 2 – Mar 3
5-7pm (Set #9 and Quiz 3 Solns)
5-7pm (Set #10)
5-6pm (Set #11 Soln)
5-7pm (Set #12 and Quiz 4 Solns)
5-6pm (Set #13 Soln)
5-7pm (Set #14 and Quiz 5 Solns) Assig 3 –Apr 10
COURSE INSTRUCTORS
TAs prefer appointments to be arranged by email
Name
Office
Peter Herman
GB 442
Instructor
Leon Yuan
GB 452
TA-tutorials
Moez Haque
GB 452
TA-tutorials
MARKERS
Assign 1
Assign 2
Assign 3
Final Exam
Moez
Leon
Leon
Prof. Herman
Quiz/Lecture
TA
5-6pm Lecture
6:15pm Quiz 1
5-6pm Lecture
6:15pm Quiz 2
Late start
Leon
Moez
Leon
Moez
Leon
5-6pm Lecture
Leon
6:15pm Quiz 3
Moez
Moez
Moez
Moez
Moez
Moez
Moez
6:15pm Quiz 4
6:15pm Quiz 5
Email
p.herman@utoronto.ca
leon.yuan@mail.utoronto.ca
moez.haque@mail.utoronto.ca
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3
Quiz 4
Quiz 5
Leon
Leon
Leon
Leon
Leon
ASSIGNMENTS
Three Assignments are based on computer models, observations, analysis, and assigned problems, and
follow a lab like study of a topical area of the course.
#1
Traveling Wavepackets
Moez
#2
Quantum Wells and Tunneling
Leon
#3
Haynes-Schockley Experiment
Leon
University of Toronto – P.R. Herman (Jan 7 2014)
ECE 330F – Semiconductor Physics
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Lect.
Week
Topic
Approximate order of topics
1.
Jan 5
2.
3a.
3b.
4.
Jan 15
5.
6.
7.
Jan 22
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13
14a.
14b.
15a.
15b.
16.
17a.
17b
18.
19.
20a.
20b.
21a.
Jan 29
Feb 5
Feb 12
Feb 26
Class
Notes
Introduction, Content, Orientation, and ‘making waves’
updates: UofT BB Portal
SC and the Integrated Circuit (Reading Assignment)
MATTER WAVES
Branches of Physics, Traveling Waves, Differential Operators
deBroglie Relations and Planck’s Postulate
Wave-Particle Duality: EM Waves vs. Photons
Photoelectric Effect – photon energy
Compton Effect – photon momentum
Dual Nature
deBroglie Relations – Electron Particle vs. Electron Wave
Debye-Scherrer Diffraction
Bragg Reflection
Duality Principle: Matter Waves vs. EM Waves
Matter Waves
Phase and Group Velocity
Fourier Concepts: time-frequency vs. spacewavevector
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Wavepacket Dispersion
SCHROEDINGER WAVE EQUATION (SWE)
Developing the Wave Theory of Matter; differential operators
Schroedinger’s Wave Equation
What does Ψ(x,t) tell us? Probability Density, Normalization
Correspondence Principle (Expectation Values)
Particle position, momentum, and energy.
Eg. Particle in Box
Time-Independent Schroedinger Wave Equation
Wave Properties and Boundary Conditions
Types of Solutions in Force-Free regions
TIME-INDEPENDENT SWE: 1-D SOLUTIONS
Force Free – Zero Potential Energy
Step Potential
Eigenfunctions E < Vo
Reflection / Barrier Penetration
Solution for E > Vo
Reflection / Transmission
Potential Barrier – Tunneling
Eg. Resonant Tunnel diode, Field Emission
Infinitely Deep Potential Energy Well
Parity of Eigenfunctions
Finite Square Potential Energy Well
Eigenfunctions for Force ≠ 0
Text:
Eisberg
N-Neamen
N-Prologue
blackboard
slides
3-1(intro),3-6
2-1
2-1, 2-2, 2-3
2-4
2-5
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-4
-3-3, 3-5
-5-1, 5-2(part)
+pg 154 eg.5-11
5-3(part)
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-6
5-7, 6-10
6-1,6-2
6-3
6-3
6-4
6-4
6-5
Fig. 13.2,-6-8
6-8
6-7 Appx H
blackboard
University of Toronto – 2013 – P. R. Herman
21b.
2
Mixed(non-pure) States
Tunneling Lifetime
5-8
--
TIME-INDEPENDENT SWE: 3-D SOLUTIONS
22.
23.
24a.
24b.
25a.
25b.
26.
27a.
Mar 5
Mar 12
27b.
28.
Force-Free 3-D Potential Well: “Cube”
Density of States 1D, 2D
3-D
Hydrogen Atom Overview: quantum nos., spin, periodic table
QUANTUM STATISTICS (multi-particle systems)
Distinguishable and Indistinguishable Particles
Fermions and Bosons
Boltzmann Distribution (Distinguishable)
Fermi-Dirac Distribution – Inhibition
Bose-Einstein Distribution – Enhancement
Mar 19
Blackbody Radiation
slides
-britneyspears
N3.4.1
-11-2
11-2
11-1 Appx. C
11-2, 11-3
11.4, N3.5.2
11-3,11-4,
11-6
11-8,1-1,
1-2,1-3,1-4
STRUCTURE OF SOLIDS
29.
Free Electron Gas – Conductors, Fermi Energy
30.
Thermionic emission; Contact potential
Types of Solids (Reading Assignment)
11-10, 11-11
13-5
11-12
13-1, 13-2
Crystal Structure – Lattices
1.1 to 1.4,1.7
31.
Mar 26
ENERGY BANDS
Formation of Energy Bands in Solids
32.
33.
34a.
34b.
34c.
35.
Energy-Momentum (E-k) Space
– Free Electron Gas (metals)
– Bandgap – periodic potential energy
– Reduced Brillouin Zone
Apr 2
– thermal electrons and holes
Effective Mass in conduction and valence bands
Electric Current Carriers: electrons and holes
Direct and Indirect Bandgaps
Apr 9
SEMICONDUCTORS IN EQUILIBRIUM (Intrinsic)
Density of States: Conduction and Valence Band
Intrinsic Semiconductors – thermally excited carriers
36.
Intrinsic Carrier Density and Intrinsic Fermi Levels
37.
DOPANTS (Extrinsic Semiconductors)
Extrinsic Semiconductors
38.
39.
Degenerate Semiconductors, Freeze Out, and Ionization
Extrinsic Carrier Density, Compensation, and Fermi Levels
13-3,
3.1.1, 3.2.5
13-5 in part
13-2,13-6
13-9,13-10
3.1.3
3.2.1
3.2.3
3.2.2, 3.2.4
3.3.1
3.4.2
3.5.3, 4.1.1
4.1.2
4.1.3, 4.1.4
4.2.1, 4.2.3
4.3.1, 4.3.2
4.3.4
4.4 to 4.7
University of Toronto – 2013 – P. R. Herman
3
Topics interfacing in ECE335 Electronic Devices
ECE330 has partial coverage of topics below
1.
2.
3.
CARRIER TRANSPORT
Drift Currents - Mobility and Conductivity
Carrier Diffusion
Drift and Diffusion Current
Induced Field, Graded-Impurity Distribution, Einstein Relatn
4.
5.
6.
Non-EQUILIBRIUM EXCESS CARRIERS
Carrier Generation and Recombination
Continuity Equation (Ambipolar); Minority Carriers
Eg: carrier decay, reaching steady state, diffusion length
Haynes-Shockley Experiment
7.
The pn Junction
Basic structure
Zero Bias
Forward and Reverse Bias
8.
9.
The pn Junction Diode
pn Junction Current
C-V relationship, Boundary Conditions, Minority Carriers
Ideal pn junction current
Summary of physics
5.1
5.2
5.2.2
5.3, 5.5
Lab Notes
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.3.5
7.1
7.2
7.3
8.1
8.1.2-.4
8.1.5
8.1.6