CONTENTS CONTENTS FOR VOLUME II: CIVIL RIGHTS AND LIBERTIES PREFACE xii xx THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND AMENDMENTS xxiii C H A P T E R I FOUNDATION, INTERPRETATION, AND AMENDMENT OF THE CONSTITUTION 1 TI M E L I N E Interpretation and Amendment of the Constitution 1 The English Background of the U.S. Legal System 3 The Declaration of Independence 4 The Articles of Confederation 4 A New Constitution 5 I. The Organization and Operation of the Federal Judicial System 6 The Appointment, Confirmation, and Tenure of Judges and Justices 8 The Federalist Explains the Judicial Branch 9 The Jurisdiction and Power of Federal Courts 9 Between Judicial Activism and Judicial Restraint: Methods of Constitutional Interpretation 10 The Development of Judicial Review of National Legislation 12 Justice Gibson Questions Judicial Review 13 Legislative Control of Judicial Jurisdiction 14 Judicial Review of State Legislation and Actions 14 Advisory Opinions 14 Taxpayer Suits 15 Deference, Justiciability, and Standing 16 The Political Questions Doctrine 16 The Extent of Judicial Remedies 17 II. A Special Note on Briefing Cases and Preparing for Classes 18 SELECTIONS FROM THE JUDICIARY ACT OF 1789 19 FEDERALIST NO. 78 20 MARBURY V. MADISON (1803) 23 E AKIN V . R AUB (1825) 26 E X P ARTE M C C ARDLE (1869) 29 C OHENS V . V IRGINIA (1821) 31 C OOPER V . A ARON (1958) 34 M USKRAT V . U NITED S TATES (1911) 37 M ASSACHUSETTS V . M ELLON ; F ROTHINGHAM V . M ELLON (1923) 40 F LAST V . C OHEN (1968) 42 C HEVRON U.S.A., I NC . V . N ATURAL R ESOURCES D EFENSE C OUNCIL , I NC . (1984) 47 L UJAN V . D EFENDERS OF W ILDLIFE (1992) 50 L UTHER V . B ORDEN (1849) 54 C OLEMAN V . M ILLER (1939) 57 B AKER V . C ARR (1962) 60 P OWELL V . M C C ORMACK (1969) 64 M ISSOURI V . J ENKINS (1995) 70 Glossary 74 Selected Bibliography 77 C H A P T E R I I NATURE OF THE FEDERAL UNION 79 TIMELINE Federalism 79 Introduction 80 I. Distribution of Federal Power 82 The Necessary and Proper Clause 82 The Scope of the Treaty Power 84 Federal Supersession 85 VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS OF 1798 87 MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819) 89 PRESIDENT JACKSON’S VETO MESSAGE REGARDING THE BANK OF THE UNITED STATES (JULY 10, 1832) 93 MISSOURI V. HOLLAND (1920) 95 PENNSYLVANIA V. NELSON (1956) 97 PACIFIC GAS & ELECTRIC CO. V. STATE ENERGY RESOURCES CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION (1983) 99 II. Federalism 102 Qualifications Clauses 104 Eleventh Amendment 105 Judicial Intervention 107 Sexual Preferences as an Issue of Federalism 109 Racial Discrimination and Federalism 112 NATIONAL LEAGUE OF CITIES ET AL. V. USERY, SECRETARY OF LABOR (1976) 113 GARCIA V. SAN ANTONIO METROPOLITAN TRANSIT AUTHORITY (1985) 117 U.S. TERM LIMITS V. THORNTON (1995) 122 SEMINOLE TRIBE OF FLORIDA V. FLORIDA (1996) 126 BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA V. GARRETT (2001) 131 KIMEL, JR. V. FLORIDA BOARD OF REGENTS (2000) 135 TENNESSEE V. LANE (2004) 137 MICHIGAN V. LONG (1983) 143 RAILROAD COMMISSION OF TEXAS V. PULLMAN CO. (1941) 146 CITY OF BOERNE V. FLORES (1997) 148 BOWERS, ATTORNEY GENERAL OF GEORGIA V. HARDWICK (1986) 153 POWELL V. THE STATE (1998) 158 LAWRENCE V. TEXAS (2003) 161 GOODRIDGE V. DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH (2003) 166 FEDERAL DEFENSE OF MARRIAGE ACT (1996) 173 Glossary 173 Selected Bibliography 174 C H A P T E R I I I LEGISLATIVE POWERS OVER COMMERCE, TAXING, AND SPENDING 175 TIMELINE Legislative Powers 175 Introduction 177 I. Increased Powers under the Current Constitution 178 Federal Commerce Powers 178 The Development of Two Rival Lines of Precedent 179 The New Deal 180 II. Modern Applications of the Commerce Clause 181 Taxation and Spending Powers 183 Other Congressional Powers 185 GIBBONS V. OGDEN (1824) 186 CHAMPION V. AMES (1903) 189 HAMMER V. DAGENHART (1918) 193 A.L.A. SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP. V. UNITED STATES (1935) 197 NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD V. JONES AND LAUGHLIN STEEL CO. (1937) 200 UNITED STATES V. F. W. DARBY LUMBER CO. (1941) 203 WICKARD V. FILBURN (1942) 205 HEART OF ATLANTA MOTEL, INC. V. UNITED STATES (1964) 208 UNITED STATES V. LOPEZ (1995) 210 UNITED STATES V. MORRISON (2000) 217 GRANHOLM V. HEALD (2005) 223 GONZALEZ V. RAICH (2005) 227 BAILEY V. DREXEL FURNITURE CO. (1922) 233 UNITED STATES V. BUTLER (1936) 234 STEWARD MACHINE CO. V. DAVIS (1937) 237 SOUTH DAKOTA V. DOLE (1987) 239 Glossary 243 Selected Bibliography 244 C H A P T E R I V CONGRESS AND THE PRESIDENT 245 Congress and the President 245 TIMELINE Introduction 246 I. Separation of Powers 247 Delegation of Legislative Power 248 A.L.A. SCHECHTER POULTRY CORP. V. UNITED STATES (1935) 251 IMMIGRATION AND NATURALIZATION SERVICE V. CHADHA ET AL. (1983) 255 MISTRETTA V. UNITED STATES (1989) 259 II. Appointment And Removal Powers 263 BOWSHER V. SYNAR (1986) 265 MORRISON V. OLSON (1988) 269 III. Presidential Signing Statements 274 IV. Congressional Investigatory Power 275 MCGRAIN V. DAUGHERTY (1927) 278 WATKINS V. UNITED STATES (1957) 280 BARENBLATT V. UNITED STATES (1959) 284 GRAVEL V. UNITED STATES (1972) 286 V. Executive Privilege 290 UNITED STATES V. NIXON (1974) 292 CLINTON V. JONES (1997) 297 IN RE GRAND JURY SUBPOENA DUCES TECUM (1997) 302 VI. Veto Power 305 CLINTON V. CITY OF NEW YORK (1998) 306 VII. Budgetary and Spending Authority 309 VIII. Presidential Pardoning Power 310 EX PARTE GARLAND (1866) 311 MURPHY V. FORD (1975) 313 Glossary 314 Selected Bibliography 315 CHAPTER V PROPERTY RIGHTS AND SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS 316 TIMELINE Property Rights and Substantive Due Process 316 Introduction 318 I. Ex Post Facto Laws 320 The Clause Protecting the Obligation of Contract 320 CALDER V. BULL (1798) 322 TRUSTEES OF DARTMOUTH COLLEGE V. WOODWARD (1819) 325 CHARLES RIVER BRIDGE V. WARREN BRIDGE (1837) 328 HOME BUILDING AND LOAN ASSN. V. BLAISDELL (1934) 333 UNITED STATES TRUST COMPANY OF NEW YORK V. NEW JERSEY (1977) 336 ALLIED V. SPANNAUS (1978) 340 II. The Rise of Substantive Due Process 345 The New Deal and the End of Lochner Era 348 CORFIELD V. CORYELL (1823) 350 SLAUGHTERHOUSE CASES (1873) 351 MUNN V. ILLINOIS (1877) 354 MUGLER V. KANSAS (1887) 356 ALLGEYER V. STATE OF LOUISIANA (1897) 359 LOCHNER V. NEW YORK (1905) 362 MULLER V. OREGON (1908) 368 ADKINS V. CHILDREN’S HOSPITAL OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (1923) 370 NEBBIA V. NEW YORK (1934) 375 WEST COAST HOTEL CO. V. PARRISH (1937) 378 UNITED STATES V. CAROLENE PRODUCTS CO. (1938) 381 FERGUSON V. SKRUPA (1963) 382 LINGLE V. CHEVRON U.S.A. INC. (2005) 383 BMW OF NORTH AMERICA, INC. V. GORE (1996) 385 Glossary 389 Bibliography 390 C H A P T E R V I PROPERTY RIGHTS AND EMINENT DOMAIN 393 Property Rights and Eminent Domain 393 TIMELINE Introduction 395 I. Just Compensation 395 BARRON V. BALTIMORE (1833) 397 CHICAGO, B. & Q. R. CO. V. CITY OF CHICAGO (1897) 398 II. What Constitutes a Taking? 399 PENNSYLVANIA COAL CO. V. MAHON (1922) 403 EUCLID V. AMBLER REALTY CO. (1926) 405 PENN CENTRAL TRANSPORTATION COMPANY V. CITY OF NEW YORK (1978) 407 LORETTO V. TELEPROMPTER MANHATTAN CATV CORP. (1982) 410 FIRST ENGLISH EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF GLENDALE V. COUNTY OF LOS ANGELES (1987) 413 NOLLAN V. CALIFORNIA COASTAL COMMISSION (1987) 416 LUCAS V. SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL COUNCIL (1992) 419 DOLAN V. CITY OF TIGARD (1994) 422 III. What Is a Valid Public Use? 426 BERMAN V. PARKER (1954) 428 HAWAII HOUSING AUTHORITY V. MIDKIFF (1984) 429 COUNTY OF WAYNE V. HATHCOCK (2004) 431 KELO V. CITY OF NEW LONDON (2005) 435 Glossary 439 Bibliography 440 C H A P T E R V I I STATE AUTHORITY IN A FEDERAL SYSTEM 442 The States and Commerce Power 442 TIMELINE Introduction 444 I. Drawing the Lines between State and Federal Commerce Power 445 MAYOR, ALDERMEN AND COMMONALTY OF CITY OF NEW YORK V. MILN (1837) 451 BROWN V. MARYLAND (1827) 453 COOLEY V. BOARD OF WARDENS (1851) 455 COE V. ERROL (1886) 457 SOUTH CAROLINA STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT V. BARNWELL BROTHERS, INC. (1938) 458 SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO. V. ARIZONA (1945) 460 DEAN MILK CO. V. MADISON (1951) 462 H. P. HOOD AND SONS V. DUMOND (1949) 464 EDWARDS V. CALIFORNIA (1941) 465 CITY OF PHILADELPHIA V. NEW JERSEY (1978) 467 REEVES V. STAKE,STAKE (1980) 471 BALDWIN V. FISH AND GAME COMMISSION OF MONTANA,MONTANA (1978) 475 CALIFORNIA V. CABAZON BAND OF MISSION INDIANS, INDIANS (1987) 480 GRANHOLM V. HEALD (2005) 483 PENNSYLVANIA V. NELSON (1956) 485 II. State Taxation 486 HENNEFORD V. SILAS MASON CO., INC. (1937) 490 COMPLETE AUTO TRANSIT, INC., V. BRADY (1977) 492 QUILL CORPORATION V NORTH DAKOTA (1992) 495 Glossary 501 Bibliography 501 C H A P T E R V I I I FEDERAL POWER IN FOREIGN AFFAIRS 503 Foreign Affairs and the Constitution 503 TIMELINE Introduction 505 I. Indian Affairs 507 THE CHEROKEE NATION V. THE STATE OF GEORGIA (1831) 508 WORCESTER V. GEORGIA (1832) 512 II. Presidential Power 516 The Legal Effect of Executive Agreements 519 THE PRIZE CASES (1863) 520 EX PARTE MILLIGAN (1866) 522 UNITED STATES V. CURTISS­WRIGHT EXPORT CORP. (1936) 527 SELECTIVE DRAFT LAW CASES (ARVER V. UNITED STATES) (1918) 529 YOUNGSTOWN SHEET AND TUBE CO. V. SAWYER (1952) 531 PERPICH V. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (1990) 535 MISSOURI V. HOLLAND (1920) 539 MEDELLÍN V. TEXAS (2008) 540 UNITED STATES V. BELMONT (1937) 544 III. The Scope of the Treaty Power 545 MISSOURI V. HOLLAND (1920) 547 GOLDWATER V. CARTER (1979) 548 IV. The President as Commander in Chief 551 THE PRIZE CASES (1863) 553 KOREMATSU V. UNITED STATES (1944) 554 EX PARTE ENDO (1944) 557 DAMES & MOORE V. REGAN (1981) 562 Vietnam and Presidential War Powers 567 MITCHELL V. UNITED STATES (1967) 568 MORA V. MCNAMARA (1967) 569 V. Presidential Power in a Post­9/11 World 571 HAMDI V. RUMSFELD (2004) 576 HAMDAN V. RUMSFELD (2006) 582 BOUMEDIENE V. BUSH (2008) 592 Glossary 600 Selected Bibliography 601 C H A P T E R I X THE CITIZEN AND THE POLITICAL PROCESS 603 Citizens and the American Election Process 603 TIMELINE Introduction 605 I. The Right to Vote 606 MINOR V. HAPPERSETT (1874) 612 UNITED STATES V. CLASSIC (1941) 614 SMITH V. ALLWRIGHT (1944) 616 HARPER V. VIRGINIA STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS (1966) 619 SKAFTE V. ROREX (1976) 620 LASSITER V. NORTHAMPTON COUNTY BD. OF ELECTIONS (1959) 623 RICHARDSON V. RAMIREZ (1974) 626 OREGON V. MITCHELL (1970) 630 BURDICK V. TAKUSHI (1992) 633 CRAWFORD V. MARION COUNTY ELECTION BD. (2008) 637 II. Reapportionment and Redistricting 644 COLEGROVE V. GREEN (1946) 648 GOMILLION V. LIGHTFOOT (1960) 650 BAKER V. CARR (1962) 652 REYNOLDS V. SIMS (1963) 657 SHAW V. RENO (1993) 660 LEAGUE OF UNITED LATIN AMERICAN CITIZENS V. PERRY (2006) 664 III. Political Parties and Ballot Access 667 SMITH V. ALLWRIGHT (1944) 669 CALIFORNIA DEMOCRATIC PARTY V. JONES (2000) 670 WASHINGTON STATE GRANGE V. WASHINGTON STATE REPUBLICAN PARTY (2008) 673 BULLOCK V. CARTER (1972) 678 ANDERSON V. CELEBREZZE (1983) 680 MUNRO V. SOCIALIST WORKERS PARTY (1986) 682 IV. Campaign Finance and Regulation 684 BUCKLEY V. VALEO (1976) 687 NIXON V. SHRINK MISSOURI GOVERNMENT PAC (2000) 694 MCINTYRE V. OHIO (1995) 696 MCCONNELL V. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION (2003) 700 RANDALL V. SORRELL. (2006) 712 V. Political Patronage and Election Day Regulations 717 RUTAN V. REPUBLICAN PARTY OF ILLINOIS (1990) 718 BURSON V. FREEMAN (1992) 721 BUSH V.GORE (2000) 724 Glossary 728 Bibliography 730 APPENDICES 731 752 CASE INDEX 762 GENERAL INDEX 766 GLOSSARY