2011
Salary Survey
For Certified General Accountants
Table of Contents
Page
1. Project Background
3
2. Summary of Findings
4
3. Workplace Background of Certified General Accountants
4
Working Hours
• Gender Distribution
• Experience
•
5
6
6
4. Compensation by:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Company Size
Age
Geographic Location
Employment Status
Education
Chapter
Gender
Position
Industry
Experience
Workplace Sector
Experience in Workplace Sector
7
8
9
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
17
22
5. Benefits by Position
28
6. Taxable Benefits
30
7. Bonuses
31
8. Annual Percentage Increase in Salary
32
Project Background
Goals, Methodology and Use
CGA Ontario conducts a salary survey every year, and 2011 is the
eighth year of this online version. The exercise aims to identify the
salaries of CGAs and students in the CGA program of professional
studies command in the marketplace. Another objective is to better
equip CGAs and students in the CGA program to negotiate their
salaries and set salary levels for accounting and financial staff.
Target Audience
A notification about the availability of the survey was distributed to
all certified general accountants and current students in the CGA
program of professional studies with valid e-mail addresses, as per
CGA Ontario’s database. All designated sectors and positions were
covered in the study; however, those CGAs or students in the CGA
program who indicated themselves as retired or unemployed were
not included in the compiled results of the study.
Response Rate of Valid Participants:
In 2011, 22 per cent completed the survey.
Research Method
An e-mail invitation, which included the URL link to the survey,
was sent to the target audience by CGA Ontario. Each e-mail was
personalized and accompanied by a covering letter, which invited
CGAs and students in the CGA program to participate in the salary
survey. All respondents were assured of the confidentiality of their
response.
6. Percentile 95th: 95 per cent of the respondents earned less than
the given figure, 5 per cent of the respondents earned more
than the given figure.
7. Empty row, columns or cells resulted in insufficient data being
collected. Inadequate responses were eliminated for accuracy.
To respect confidentiality and accurate analysis, any segment
where the number of responses are less than 10 are not
included in the analysis and report.
8. For accurate analysis, extremely high or extremely low figures,
a.k.a., outliers1, were not included in the calculation of averages,
median and percentiles.
Note 1: An outlier is a data point that is located far from the rest
of the data. Given a mean and standard deviation, a statistical
distribution expects data points to fall within a specific range.
Extreme outliers have been eliminated from the analysis in
order to produce results that are not skewed.
Important notice: This report is for the confidential and
personal use of CGAs and students in the CGA program of
professional studies. Please do not distribute it further without
consent from CGA Ontario. For more information, please contact
Mila de Los Santos, Executive Assistant, Marketing and
Communications, CGA Ontario at mdelossantos@cga-ontario.org.
Survey Roll Out
The survey was distributed to the target audience for the period of
21 days, running from October 18th to November 9th 2011.
Additional Notes
1. Unless specified, Salary/Average annual salary refers to the base
salary, excluding taxes, bonuses and taxable benefits.
2. The “mean” refers to the numerical average.
3. The “median” refers to the midpoint of the distribution, e.g., 50
per cent of salaries are above the median and 50 per cent fall
below it. Median is not affected by the highest or lowest values.
4. Percentile 25th: 25 per cent of the respondents earned less than
the given figure, 75 per cent of the respondents earned more
than the given figure.
5. Percentile 75 per cent: 75 per cent of the respondents earned
less than the given figure, 25 per cent of the respondents
earned more than the given figure.
3
Summary of Findings
In 2011, the average annual salary is $94,290
(down $6,224 from 2010). The average value of
taxable benefits is approximately $8,421, with
an average bonus value of $8,116.
Annual Salary
$180,000
$165,000
$160,000
$140,000
$120,000
$94,290
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
Workplace Background of
Certified General Accountants
•
•
4
•
•
•
•
$86,000
$40,000
$20,000
$0
25th
Percentile
Median
Mean
75th
Percentile
95th
Percentile
The largest percentage of CGAs works within industry/
commerce (49%), followed by government (14%),
public practice (13%) and manufacturing (11%).
The vast majority of CGAs (81%) are currently employed
full-time (permanent, salaried). Ten per cent of CGAs
are also employed full-time, on a contract basis, while
four per cent of CGAs are self-employed. Only 2 per
cent of CGAs are working on a part-time basis.
Since 2008, there has been virtually no change to the
high levels of employment enjoyed amongst CGAs.
This is indicative of the CGA’s resilience and strength
as an accounting designation within Canada.
A greater percentage of CGAs (44%) are working
within large organizations, which employ more than
501 employees, followed by 26 per cent of CGAs who
work in companies that have an employee base of
between 1 and 50.
Mean
$94,290
2011
2010
$100,514
Decrease in
Mean Salary
2009
2008
$92,142
$100,000
by $6,224K,
back to
2009 level.
2007
2006
$94,173
$86,463
2005
$83,720
2004
$80,900
0
$20,000 $40,000 $60,000 $80,000 $100,000 $120,000
The highest percentage of CGAs hold the title of
“manager” (23%), followed by “controller” (16%),
“accountant” (15%), and “analyst” (13%).
Eight-in-ten (82%) of CGAs indicate they have other
accounting or business related degrees, of these
individuals 50 per cent have a general business and/or
commerce degree from a Canadian institution
The majority (61%) of CGAs are working in a
metropolitan centre (i.e., more than 500,000 in
population).
•
•
$70,000
$105,400
The highest percentages of CGAs (36%) are members
of CGA Ontario Toronto Chapter, followed by Peel
Chapter (14 %), and the Ottawa Chapter (13 %).
Median
$86,000
2011
$86,007
2010
Median salary
remained
steady
between 2008
and 2011
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
$84,736
$85,000
$80,000
$78,000
$75,000
$70,950
2004
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
Working Hours
•
•
•
•
Gender
On average, CGAs work 41.7 hours a week.
Compared to 2010, the gap in working hours between
women and men is relatively unchanged (42.9 hours for
males, compared to 41.06 for females).
Thirty-six per cent of CGAs work less than 40 hours per week,
while forty-five per cent work between 40 and 49 hours per
week. On average, 19 per cent of CGAs work 50 or more
hours per week.
Female
40.72
Male
42.81
0
5
10
15
Among CGAs, presidents and CEOs work the most hours
(47.7), followed by VPs and directors (47.4), CFOs and COOs
(47.0), and partners (46.9). On average, auditors work the least
amount of hours (37.3).
20
25
30
35
40
45
Mean Hours
Company Size
501+
41.75
201-500
42.84
101-200
43.20
51-100
42.22
1-50
40.31
39
40
41
42
43
44
Mean Hours
Geographic Location
42.36
Rural (all other areas)
41.90
Small Urban Centre (5,000 to 39,999)
Median Urban Centre
41.35
(40,000 to 199,999)
Large Urban Centre
41.80
(200,000 to 499,999)
Metropolitain (Over 500,000)
40.5
41.67
41
41.5
42
42.5
43
Mean Hours
5
Gender Distribution
•
•
•
Experience
The average age of a CGA is 45.6 years. At present, male
membership is lower than female membership, a trend
continuing from 2010 (46% male, compared to 54% female).
The sectors in which males out-numbered females are
closing. In 2010, male CGAs out-numbered their female
counterparts in self-employed public practice (74% male,
and 26% female), however in 2011, while there is still a
considerable gender gap, it is smaller (61% male, and
39% female). Other sectors where men are slightly more
represented than women are hospitality (58% men vs.
42% women), consulting (56% men vs. 44% women) and
wholesale/retail trade (54% men vs. 46% women).
Conversely, women are over-represented in working for
non-profit organizations such as hospitals (66% vs. 34%),
charities (65% vs. 35%), non-profit professional associations
(67% vs. 33%), in public practice (60% vs. 40%), education
(elementary, college and university – 63% vs. 37%), and crown
corporations (63% vs. 37%).
Gender Distribution
Female
54%
Male
46%
0%
10%
20%
30%
Per cent
6
40%
50%
60%
•
•
•
CGAs have an extensive amount of experience, as the
average amount of Canadian working experience in
accounting and finance is 18.3 years, and combined Canadian
and non-Canadian experience is at 22.5 years.
On average, male CGAs possess 25.3 years of experience
(Canadian and non-Canadian), compared to female CGAs
whose average experience is 19.6 years.
Among CGAs who hold management-level roles, presidents
and CEOs have the most years of experience (32.8), followed
by principals (32.6), partners (32.1), sole proprietors (28.3),
treasurers (27.7), VPs/directors (26.9) and CFOs (26.5).
Compensation
Compensation is affected by many factors, including sector,
position, experience and age (the two being the most important
factors), gender, geographic location and size of the company.
Below are the segmented analysis of each factor and its affect on
salary scale.
Experience within the accounting and finance field and sector
experience show the greatest correlation to salary.
Effect of the Company Size
•
Employees tend to collect the highest salaries at companies
that employ more than 500 people ($97,720, on average).
Effect of the Company Size
501+
$97,720
201-500
$96,670
101-200
$95,369
51-100
$95,476
1-50
$86,464
$0
$20,000
$40,000
$60,000
$80,000
$100,000
Mean Salary
7
Effect of Age
Annual Salary ($)
8
Age
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
25 or below
$55,196
$52,000
$45,000
$71,000
$100,000
13
26-30
$71,998
$63,000
$55,000
$72,000
$100,000
173
31-35
$76,248
$72,885
$63,000
$87,000
$115,000
437
36-40
$84,172
$80,000
$67,000
$95,000
$132,600
833
41-45
$92,412
$86,500
$70,000
$105,000
$154,000
940
46-50
$98,483
$93,000
$75,000
$110,000
$170,000
897
51-55
$107,391
$96,160
$77,000
$121,000
$197,000
707
56-60
$110,842
$96,000
$80,000
$120,000
$211,000
447
61-65
$103,147
$97,500
$79,911
$124,500
$190,000
180
66 and above
$105,814
$96,100
$60,000
$120,000
$200,000
49
•
Income increases fairly evenly with age, until it peaks at age 60. Ninety-fifth (95th) percentile earnings and 25th
percentile earnings both peak between ages 56-60.
Effect of Geographic Location
•
•
Mean salaries are highest in
metropolitan areas: the Greater
Toronto Area, London and Ottawa*.
There is not a great discrepancy of
salaries based on other geographic
locations/community sizes.
* 2006 census data for population size
used to determine corresponding
regions with particular populations.
Effect of Geographic Location
Region Size
$100000
$90000
$80000
$91,896
$86,476
$89,367
$90,207
$97,129
$70000
Rural
(all other areas)
Small Urban
Centre
(5000 39,000)
Medium Urban
Centre
(40,000 199,999)
Large Urban
Centre
(200,000 499,999)
Metropolitain
(over 500,000)
Effect of Employment Status
Annual Salary ($)
Age
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
Employed full-time
(permanent, salaried)
$93,428
$86,100
$70,000
$105,000
$156,000
3,795
Employed full-time
(contract, temporary)
$98,642
$88,000
$70,000
$110,000
$200,000
446
Self-employed, full-time
(owner, partner, principal)
$113,082
$100,000
$65,000
$190,000
$250,000
261
Part-time employee
(contract or permanent)
$62,791
$56,800
$42,000
$75,000
$130,000
97
9
Effect of Education
Annual Salary ($)
10
Education
Mean
Median
Count
PHD
$128,063
$130,000
24
MBA
$107,648
$98,000
372
Three Year Business Diploma (Non-Can Diploma)
$94,190
$90,000
35
Three Year Business Diploma (Can Diploma)
$96,716
$88,440
553
Two Year Business Diploma (Can Diploma)
$96,694
$85,800
226
General Business/Commerce Degree (Can Degree)
$90,735
$85,000
1009
Two Year Business Diploma (Non-Can Diploma)
$92,930
$93,000
30
One Year Post-Graduate Diploma (Can Diploma)
$96,508
$82,000
55
Honors Business/Commerce Degree (Can Degree)
$91,226
$82,735
904
General Business/Commerce Degree (Non-Can Degree)
$83,340
$75,000
358
Honors Business/Commerce Degree (Non-Can Degree)
$88,548
$80,000
234
One Year Post-Graduate Diploma (Non-Canadian Diploma)
$80,009
$85,000
33
•
•
•
•
•
82 per cent of CGAs hold commerce or business-related undergraduate degrees, or business diplomas. Ten per cent hold an MBA.
Twenty six per cent of CGAs hold a Canadian general business/commerce degree. Similarly, 24 per cent of CGAs hold an honours
business/commerce degree and 20 per cent of CGAs have a two or three-year business diploma from a Canadian institution.
Concerning non-Canadian degrees, six per cent of CGAs have an honours business/commerce degree, and an additional nine per cent
have a general business or commerce degree.
Together with the CGA designation, four per cent of CGAs hold a CPA designation and another four per cent an ACCA designation. A
very small number of CGAs hold a CA, CFP, CFE or CMA (one per cent each). The vast majority of CGAs, 79 per cent, do not have any
other designations, such as CBV, CFA, LLB and TEP.
Younger CGAs are significantly more likely to have obtained an accounting or business-related university undergraduate degree (for
example, 98 per cent of those who hold a CGA between the ages of 26 to 30 years of age have obtained a commerce or businessrelated degree, compared to 64 per cent of CGAs between the ages of 56 and 65 who have obtained the same degree).
Effect of Chapter
Annual Salary ($)
Chapter
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
Belleville
$79,803
$70,000
$55,000
$88,000
$152,000
30
Chatham
$82,460
$81,846
$63,000
$101,000
$117,000
25
Durham
$96,000
$87,689
$70,000
$110,000
$181,000
221
Hamilton
$94,637
$87,000
$68,000
$105,000
$180,000
297
Huronia
$95,437
$88,171
$66,000
$110,000
$150,000
126
Kingston
$87,154
$84,000
$67,405
$100,000
$132,563
69
Kitchener-Waterloo
$87,607
$80,000
$67,000
$99,000
$156,000
299
London
$82,076
$77,250
$65,000
$94,000
$128,820
267
Niagara
$98,888
$90,000
$78,300
$110,000
$197,000
83
North Bay
$93,365
$82,644
$69,500
$122,500
$180,000
38
Ottawa
$93,057
$90,000
$74,000
$105,000
$145,000
611
Peel
$94,615
$87,000
$70,000
$107,775
$161,000
633
Sarnia-Lambton
$90,270
$84,000
$67,000
$106,000
$180,000
36
Sault Ste. Marie
$101,015
$85,000
$74,000
$102,000
$230,000
21
Sudbury
$100,892
$93,000
$75,000
$118,000
$204,000
57
Thunder Bay
$90,758
$82,016
$71,625
$96,000
$150,000
46
Toronto
$95,779
$86,600
$70,000
$108,000
$170,000
1687
Windsor
$98,490
$87,624
$67,000
$110,000
$176,800
67
Out of Province
$143,154
$120,000
$81,200
$195,000
$310,000
63
11
Effect of Gender
Annual Salary ($)
Age
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
Female
$85,179
$80,000
$65,000
$97,463
$137,800
2512
Male
$104,919
$95,000
$76,875
$119,000
$193,000
2164
Overall, there is still a pronounced gender-driven earning gap. Gender difference does affect earnings. The average annual salary of a female
CGA is $19,740 less than a male CGA. This difference is most visible in senior-level positions (graph below).
Gender / Position / Salary
$200,000
$180,000
Male
Female
Mean Salary
$160,000
$140,000
$120,000
$100,000
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
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Effect of Position
Annual Salary ($)
Age
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
Accountant
$66,389
$63,000
$54,500
$75,000
$98,000
693
Accounting Clerk
$48,715
$45,000
$37,000
$56,437
$82,500
10
Analyst
$76,305
$73,000
$64,900
$84,000
$98,730
617
Assistant Accountant
$64,750
$67,000
$60,000
$70,000
$96,000
14
Auditor
$80,112
$80,000
$67,829
$90,000
$103,000
286
CFO
$141,613
$130,000
$100,000
$165,000
$276,000
180
Consultant
$111,000
$100,000
$81,000
$125,000
$225,000
84
Controller
$93,150
$90,000
$76,500
$105,000
$137,500
743
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manager
$92,517
$92,000
$80,000
$105,000
$125,000
1078
Partner
$169,534
$132,000
$110,000
$230,000
$395,000
50
President/CEO
$168,212
$130,000
$93,000
$200,000
$400,000
72
Principal
$115,128
$100,000
$70,000
$150,000
$290,000
46
Professor/Instructor/
Lecturer
$111,894
$102,186
$86,000
$140,000
$181,000
40
Supervisor
$81,459
$80,000
$70,000
$93,000
$110,000
142
Sole Proprietor
$91,948
$80,000
$50,000
$117,000
$200,000
107
Treasurer
$121,360
$104,000
$83,500
$144,500
$190,000
53
Vice-President/Director
$133,241
$128,000
$110,000
$150,000
$200,000
439
Chief Operating Officer
$147,540
$135,000
$104,800
$196,953
$285,000
21
Junior Accounting Clerk
13
Per Industry
Annual Salary ($)
14
Industry
Mean
Median
Commerce: Banking, Trust Co./Credit Union
$96,075
$87,500
Commerce: Consulting
$105,752
$92,000
Commerce: Finance/Investment/Mortgage
$98,257
$89,500
Commerce: Hospitality
$88,257
$81,000
Commerce: Insurance $97,585
$85,900
Commerce: Others
$97,168
$87,000
Commerce: Wholesale/Retail Trade
$96,495
$84,000
Construction
$97,153
$87,000
Crown Corporation
$92,754
$90,000
Education: College/University
$94,376
$86,000
Education: Elementary and Secondary
$121,281
$108,585
Government (Federal): Canadian Customs
$88,943
$93,920
Government (Federal): Other
$94,653
$95,000
Government (Municipal): $95,196
$90,000
Government (Provincial): Finance
$84,903
$87,000
Government (Provincial): Other
$94,247
$91,000
Government (Fed) Canada Revenue Agency
$86,341
$87,000
Information Technology
$97,325
$86,000
Manufacturing
$95,292
$86,000
Not-For-Profit: Charities
$78,474
$74,000
Not-For-Profit: Hospitals
$98,312
$82,500
Not-For-Profit: Other
$89,986
$80,000
Not-For-Profit: Professional Association
$101,783
$85,000
Primary Industry
$99,899
$90,000
Printing/Publishing
$97,681
$95,000
Processing
$104,625
$95,000
Public Practice – Employed
$80,578
$73,500
Public Practice – Self-Employed
$103,238
$95,000
Transportation/Communication
$94,839
$88,000
Utilities
$109,842
$98,000
Effect of Experience
Canadian experience within accounting and finance:
Annual Salary ($) - Canadian experience in accounting and finance
Experience in
accounting and
Mean
Median
finance field
Percentile
25
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
0-2 years
$67,019
$62,000
$45,000
$82,500
$150,000
$4,000
$190,000
41
3-6 years
$69,254
$62,000
$55,000
$74,000
$110,000
$50
$720,000
372
7-10 years
$78,148
$72,000
$62,500
$85,000
$120,000
$53
$780,000
762
11-14 years
$86,433
$80,500
$70,000
$97,000
$130,000
$65
$425,000
687
15-18 years
$98,120
$90,000
$76,500
$108,680
$160,000
$85
$650,000
668
19-22 years
$98,608
$93,000
$76,000
$110,000
$160,000
$90
$400,000
673
23-26 years
$102,806
$96,160
$80,000
$115,000
$176,800
$95
$382,000
554
27 yrs & above
$113,926
$100,000
$85,000
$127,750
$206,000
$51
$750,000
919
Experience within current workplace sector¹:
Annual Salary ($) sector experience
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile
25
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
0-2 years
$78,953
$74,500
$60,000
$92,000
$130,000
$4,000
$409,516
639
3-6 years
$82,901
$75,900
$63,000
$94,000
$138,500
$50
$780,000
1210
7-10 years
$90,852
$84,684
$70,000
$100,000
$150,000
$53
$680,000
886
11-14 years
$97,670
$90,000
$77,000
$105,000
$170,000
$65
$400,000
646
15-18 years
$109,892
$100,000
$84,000
$120,000
$200,000
$180
$750,000
381
19-22 years
$107,449
$99,000
$84,000
$120,000
$200,000
$90
$450,000
394
23-26 years
$109,108
$100,000
$85,000
$125,000
$180,000
$106
$310,000
244
27 yrs & above
$128,878
$110,000
$90,000
$150,000
$240,000
$51
$650,000
276
¹ Note: Sector experience may also include experience within the accounting and finance fields.
15
Effect of Non-Canadian Experience
16
Non-Canadian
experience in
accounting and
Mean
Median
finance field
Annual Salary ($)
Percentile
25
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
0-2 years
$94,752
$87,000
$70,000
$108,000
$165,907
$51
$750,000
3078
3-6 years
$85,663
$80,000
$65,000
$98,000
$150,000
$50
$320,000
415
7-10 years
$87,738
$80,000
$66,000
$97,000
$154,900
$16,000
$430,000
330
11-14 years
$117,580
$87,000
$75,000
$120,000
$350,000
$38,925
$780,000
107
15-18 years
$97,373
$88,500
$72,500
$110,000
$176,820
$22,000
$425,000
115
19-22 years
$90,772
$75,000
$62,925
$105,625
$181,250
$85
$300,000
64
23-26 years
$90,552
$82,500
$70,000
$99,500
$175,000
$40,000
$180,000
25
27 yrs & above
$106,442
$94,000
$72,000
$136,000
-
$45,000
$200,000
13
•
Salary may also include effect of Canadian experience, as respondents can have Canadian as well as non-Canadian experience in the
accounting and finance fields.
Effect of Workplace Sector
Industry Sector
The table displays the effect of the sector and experience on annual salary.
Experience in accounting and finance field (Canadian + non-Canadian experience)
Experience in
accounting and
finance field Annual Salary ($)
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$82,000
$58,000
$41,000
$135,000
-
5
3-6 years
$63,966
$60,000
$52,500
$67,000
$97,100
71
7-10 years
$77,430
$70,000
$60,000
$82,375
$129,125
208
11-14 years
$82,106
$77,625
$67,250
$92,850
$124,500
249
15-18 years
$93,479
$87,000
$72,118
$109,625
$151,500
297
19-22 years
$97,243
$90,000
$72,000
$110,500
$178,000
294
23-26 years
$109,431
$98,200
$81,812
$122,875
$190,000
253
27 years and above
$116,649
$101,500
$85,000
$130,000
$224,750
441
Experience within current workplace sector
Annual Salary ($)
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$79,797
$75,000
$60,000
$92,000
$135,000
292
3-6 years
$87,116
$78,000
$66,000
$100,000
$150,000
536
7-10 years
$94,356
$85,387
$72,000
$105,000
$162,300
397
11-14 years
$99,718
$94,000
$77,125
$115,000
$177,750
248
15-18 years
$111,411
$100,600
$85,000
$125,000
$200,000
185
19-22 years
$110,458
$103,000
$86,700
$125,000
$200,000
176
23-26 years
$116,134
$100,650
$90,000
$131,500
$205,700
100
27 years and above
$140,491
$120,000
$90,000
$157,500
$300,000
105
Industry sector includes the following sectors:
1. Primary Industry (oil and gas, mining, forestry, fishery)
8. Commerce: Wholesale/Retail Trade
2. Manufacturing
9. Commerce: Banking/Trust Co/Credit Union
3. Processing
10.Commerce: Finance/Investment Mortgage
4. Construction
11.Commerce: Insurance/Real Estate
5. Transportation/Communication
12.Commerce: Hospitality
6. Utilities
13.Commerce: Other
7. Printing/Publishing
14.Commerce: Consulting
17
Government Sector
Experience in government sector (Canadian + non-Canadian experience)
Experience in
accounting and
finance field Annual Salary ($)
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$98,000
$98,000
$98,000
$98,000
$98,000
1
3-6 years
$68,745
$65,500
$56,500
$74,996
$113,775
28
7-10 years
$77,928
$79,500
$66,985
$86,144
$103,600
53
11-14 years
$85,652
$86,377
$72,000
$98,000
$113,298
63
15-18 years
$84,334
$85,000
$71,359
$96,000
$116,250
78
19-22 years
$91,370
$90,000
$79,175
$99,250
$144,750
82
23-26 years
$100,357
$102,289
$88,485
$110,000
$144,250
78
27 years and above
$105,816
$97,000
$86,600
$114,000
$149,600
163
Experience within current workplace sector
Annual Salary ($)
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$84,856
$85,000
$66,000
$98,000
$137,500
89
3-6 years
$84,133
$83,000
$67,827
$95,500
$120,700
165
7-10 years
$94,054
$86,763
$78,000
$97,800
$119,800
120
11-14 years
$92,600
$91,500
$84,750
$101,692
$121,000
93
15-18 years
$97,824
$97,000
$84,750
$107,136
$150,500
38
19-22 years
$99,863
$95,739
$87,000
$112,000
$123,440
47
23-26 years
$108,987
$103,600
$93,402
$117,406
$172,750
34
27 years and above
$120,002
$110,000
$98,000
$135,900
$185,600
43
Government sector includes the following sectors:
18
1. Government (Federal): Revenue Canada
4. Government (Provincial): Other
2. Government (Federal): Other
5. Government (Municipal)
3. Government (Provincial): Finance
6. Crown corporation
Public Practice Employed
Experience in public practice employed (Canadian + non-Canadian experience)
Experience in
accounting and
finance field 0-2 years
Annual Salary ($)
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
-
-
-
-
-
0
3-6 years
$56,222
$56,000
$49,500
$62,500
-
9
7-10 years
$77,514
$72,000
$66,000
$80,000
$164,000
27
11-14 years
$85,382
$74,000
$65,000
$117,500
$136,000
29
15-18 years
$96,177
$89,500
$69,000
$120,000
$188,000
27
19-22 years
$101,693
$100,000
$79,000
$117,500
$197,500
29
23-26 years
$104,208
$108,000
$80,625
$123,750
$177,500
24
27 years and above
$126,441
$110,000
$83,250
$158,500
$260,400
37
Experience within current workplace sector
Annual Salary ($)
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$76,295
$66,000
$55,000
$85,000
$174,000
27
3-6 years
$80,481
$72,500
$60,000
$102,500
$144,000
51
7-10 years
$95,093
$89,500
$70,750
$113,500
$167,500
37
11-14 years
$108,636
$95,000
$80,100
$121,000
$235,000
29
15-18 years
$111,573
$100,000
$82,500
$150,000
$244,800
24
19-22 years
$132,944
$124,000
$104,750
$140,000
-
18
23-26 years
$106,733
$96,000
$82,500
$133,500
-
9
27 years and above
$160,000
$170,000
$102,500
$212,500
-
5
19
Public Practice Self Employed
Public practice self-employed (Canadian + non-Canadian experience)
Experience in
accounting and
finance field 0-2 years
Annual Salary ($)
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
-
-
-
-
-
-
3-6 years
$50,000
$50,000
$50,000
$50,000
$50,000
2
7-10 years
$68,333
$75,000
$50,000
-
-
3
11-14 years
$80,200
$75,400
$70,200
$95,000
-
4
15-18 years
$79,400
$74,500
$62,250
$95,750
-
11
19-22 years
$102,333
$92,000
$80,000
$130,000
-
9
23-26 years
$96,200
$81,000
$67,500
$132,500
-
5
27 years and above
$99,961
$87,000
$59,592
$125,800
-
6
Experience within current workplace sector
Annual Salary ($)
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$106,250
$106,250
$100,000
-
-
2
3-6 years
$73,981
$70,800
$69,000
$79,000
-
11
7-10 years
$83,475
$83,750
$76,550
$93,750
-
8
11-14 years
$81,671
$83,750
$57,717
$104,500
-
10
15-18 years
$116,750
$93,500
$70,250
$186,500
-
5
19-22 years
$84,400
$85,000
$74,000
$94,500
-
5
23-26 years
$153,500
$153,500
$142,000
-
-
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
27 years and above
20
Other Sectors
Other sector experience (Canadian + non-Canadian)
Experience in
accounting and
finance field 0-2 years
Annual Salary ($)
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
-
-
-
-
-
-
3-6 years
$63,920
$60,000
$53,000
$71,470
$155,000
40
7-10 years
$71,986
$69,500
$60,000
$81,750
$120,000
88
11-14 years
$78,084
$74,100
$62,000
$85,000
$118,000
135
15-18 years
$93,382
$90,000
$72,625
$104,750
$159,500
141
19-22 years
$95,697
$85,000
$72,750
$111,250
$150,000
146
23-26 years
$99,451
$94,000
$74,000
$115,167
$165,000
107
27 years and above
$112,450
$96,000
$80,000
$133,375
$200,000
240
Experience within current workplace sector
Annual Salary ($)
Sector experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
0-2 years
$76,870
$72,000
$60,000
$90,000
$130,000
186
3-6 years
$85,798
$78,000
$63,500
$94,000
$147,850
283
7-10 years
$93,221
$86,000
$72,000
$105,000
$153,500
193
11-14 years
$106,124
$90,000
$77,000
$115,000
$186,500
133
15-18 years
$126,058
$102,000
$85,582
$145,000
$252,000
57
19-22 years
$109,368
$99,500
$73,250
$131,500
$207,150
68
23-26 years
$105,960
$100,000
$89,087
$124,266
$179,332
40
27 years and above
$138,783
$125,000
$94,000
$181,000
$269,600
33
Other sector includes the following sectors:
1. Education: Elementary & Secondary
4. Not-for-Profit: Hospitals
2. Education: College & University
5. Not-for-Profit: Charities
3. Not-for-Profit: Professional Association
6. Not-for-Profit: Other
21
Experience in Workplace Sector (Canadian experience only)
Commerce: Banking, Trust Company/Credit Union
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$62,272
$57,000
$43,000
$62,000
-
11
6 to 10 years
$77,022
$79,000
$68,000
$86,000
$104,000
35
11 or more years
$105,518
$98,500
$84,925
$120,000
$182,430
110
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Consulting
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$58,056
$54,200
$30,750
$85,000
-
8
6 to 10 years
$82,824
$77,271
$64,500
$96,750
-
15
11 or more years
$114,645
$100,000
$80,000
$125,000
$225,000
79
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Finance/Investment/Mortgage
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$62,346
$60,000
$50,000
$71,000
-
13
6 to 10 years
$73,267
$69,250
$60,625
$75,000
$136,500
48
11 or more years
$110,332
$101,250
$82,500
$125,000
$200,000
139
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Hospitality
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
-
-
-
-
-
-
6 to 10 years
$73,400
$75,000
$59,500
$86,500
-
5
11 or more years
$90,265
$85,000
$70,000
$100,000
$170,200
38
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Insurance/Others
Years of Experience
22
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$47,861
$55,250
$32,500
$57,500
-
6
6 to 10 years
$80,831
$75,750
$67,500
$89,750
$139,500
26
11 or more years
$104,575
$92,000
$79,500
$120,000
$175,000
105
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Others
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$88,323
$63,810
$51,750
$110,000
-
9
6 to 10 years
$75,352
$70,500
$60,000
$77,750
$141,550
36
11 or more years
$106,469
$98,000
$76,750
$126,500
$181,500
94
0 to 5 years
Commerce: Wholesale/Retail Trade
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$61,236
$56,000
$48,000
$71,000
-
19
6 to 10 years
$82,282
$70,000
$57,375
$80,000
$133,000
68
11 or more years
$103,459
$95,000
$75,000
$120,000
$199,200
235
0 to 5 years
Construction
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$62,508
$62,525
$57,500
$68,000
-
6
6 to 10 years
$77,654
$72,000
$62,000
$87,000
$127,240
31
11 or more years
$107,060
$99,200
$79,500
$119,750
$200,000
83
0 to 5 years
Crown Corporation
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$77,666
$80,000
$66,000
-
-
3
6 to 10 years
$76,195
$71,000
$57,500
$92,268
-
13
11 or more years
$97,324
$94,000
$80,000
$106,500
$151,000
57
0 to 5 years
Education: College/University
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$85,714
$56,000
$55,000
$155,000
-
7
6 to 10 years
$74,568
$69,500
$61,500
$80,500
-
18
11 or more years
$98,507
$93,000
$75,000
$108,789
$175,450
101
0 to 5 years
23
Education: Elementary and Secondary
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$55,345
$55,345
$50,000
-
-
2
6 to 10 years
$78,678
$82,000
$58,000
$94,000
-
7
11 or more years
$132,309
$118,000
$91,700
$148,500
$189,600
39
0 to 5 years
Government (Federal): Canadian Customs
Years of Experience
0 to 5 years
6 to 10 years
11 or more years
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$73,000
$73,000
$73,000
$73,000
$73,000
1
-
-
-
-
-
-
$91,220
$93,920
$88,000
$96,000
-
7
Government (Federal): Other
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$74,143
$65,450
$60,925
$87,250
-
16
6 to 10 years
$76,944
$78,750
$65,625
$86,826
$94,750
40
11 or more years
$102,057
$99,500
$90,000
$110,000
$144,900
140
0 to 5 years
Government: (Municipal)
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$68,025
$62,322
$53,680
$82,196
-
6
6 to 10 years
$75,373
$74,000
$63,875
$86,216
$103,750
24
11 or more years
$98,867
$94,854
$82,000
$106,000
$144,625
174
0 to 5 years
Government (Provincial): Finance
Years of Experience
24
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$82,500
$82,500
$82,500
$82,500
$82,500
1
6 to 10 years
$75,860
$78,200
$70,000
$80,000
-
15
11 or more years
$86,903
$88,000
$76,500
$95,000
$138,500
69
0 to 5 years
Government (Provincial): Other
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$79,000
$79,000
$58,000
-
-
2
6 to 10 years
$79,115
$75,900
$65,000
$103,000
-
11
11 or more years
$98,186
$92,250
$84,750
$107,000
$152,300
50
0 to 5 years
Manufacturing
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$79,856
$66,000
$55,000
$90,000
$189,000
23
6 to 10 years
$76,336
$72,000
$63,000
$88,000
$130,250
105
11 or more years
$101,275
$92,068
$75,250
$110,000
$180,250
393
0 to 5 years
Not-For-Profit: Charities
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$51,035
$52,000
$45,660
$61,000
-
9
6 to 10 years
$67,643
$64,304
$60,250
$78,750
$111,000
28
11 or more years
$83,714
$78,000
$66,890
$97,597
$141,400
105
0 to 5 years
Not-For-Profit: Hospitals
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$56,962
$56,962
$38,925
-
-
2
6 to 10 years
$77,839
$72,550
$68,488
$86,250
-
18
11 or more years
$104,249
$86,150
$76,000
$109,500
$218,150
76
0 to 5 years
Not-For-Profit: Other
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$75,245
$73,000
$68,602
$82,500
-
6
6 to 10 years
$77,318
$71,000
$62,500
$89,500
$119,806
21
11 or more years
$93,839
$83,133
$70,625
$102,750
$189,183
92
0 to 5 years
25
Not-For-Profit: Professional Association
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$69,400
$60,000
$51,000
$92,500
-
5
6 to 10 years
$77,072
$75,000
$70,000
$85,000
-
11
11 or more years
$117,847
$92,000
$80,000
$140,000
$359,200
27
0 to 5 years
Primary Industry
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$74,126
$74,252
$60,250
$87,876
-
4
6 to 10 years
$87,525
$70,000
$57,400
$88,750
-
16
11 or more years
$107,823
$102,250
$88,243
$123,500
$191,450
39
0 to 5 years
Printing/Publishing
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$48,300
$48,300
$48,300
$48,300
$48,300
1
6 to 10 years
$68,875
$63,000
$51,625
$92,000
-
4
11 or more years
$107,969
$101,250
$86,775
$123,000
-
17
0 to 5 years
Processing
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
-
-
-
-
-
2
6 to 10 years
$92,500
$92,500
$75,000
-
-
2
11 or more years
$107,050
$93,500
$84,250
$113,500
-
10
0 to 5 years
Public Practice - Employed
Years of Experience
26
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$59,963
$54,000
$46,250
$60,000
$94,500
41
6 to 10 years
$66,633
$65,000
$55,000
$75,000
$103,350
90
11 or more years
$87,697
$80,000
$65,000
$97,500
$160,000
295
0 to 5 years
Public Practice – Self-Employed
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$105,000
$105,000
$60,000
-
-
3
6 to 10 years
$59,917
$60,000
$45,000
$70,000
-
17
11 or more years
$107,907
$100,000
$62,500
$140,000
$232,000
163
0 to 5 years
Transportation/Communication
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$63,375
$60,500
$49,000
$69,500
-
8
6 to 10 years
$70,597
$69,144
$62,000
$80,000
$92,400
27
11 or more years
$105,376
$96,600
$78,187
$123,500
$171,175
86
0 to 5 years
Utilities
Years of Experience
Mean
Median
Percentile 25
Percentile 75
Percentile 95
Count
$52,750
$48,000
$36,500
$73,750
-
7
6 to 10 years
$71,000
$71,000
$71,000
$71,000
$71,000
5
11 or more years
$88,888
$80,000
$65,000
$125,000
-
25
0 to 5 years
27
Benefits
The table bellow displays the per cent of respondents receiving respective benefits. For example, 54 per cent of CGAs indicated they would
receive a pension.
Benefits (%)
Position
Drug Plan
Training
Pension
Hospitalization
All CGAs
82%
81%
68%
59%
54%
48%
Accountant
70%
68%
52%
47%
34%
32%
Accounting Clerk
70%
60%
30%
30%
40%
20%
Analyst
86%
86%
77%
62%
69%
45%
Assistant Accountant
79%
79%
64%
57%
43%
43%
Auditor
90%
89%
74%
66%
78%
56%
CFO
86%
84%
69%
61%
58%
63%
Consultant
46%
46%
39%
44%
27%
24%
Controller
86%
86%
66%
56%
41%
48%
Junior Accounting Clerk
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manager
89%
88%
77%
70%
65%
55%
Partner
48%
46%
28%
38%
14%
28%
President/CEO
58%
60%
47%
54%
32%
39%
Principal
41%
33%
26%
39%
9%
17%
Professor/Instructor/Lecturer
83%
90%
78%
35%
80%
60%
Supervisor
90%
91%
79%
67%
65%
55%
Sole Proprietor
9%
7%
3%
13%
0%
5%
Treasurer
89%
89%
85%
81%
83%
81%
Vice-President/Director
93%
93%
81%
69%
65%
65%
Chief Operating Officer
81%
81%
52%
57%
62%
52%
28
•
Dental Plan Vision Care
There is no broad significant difference in the benefits received among male and female CGAs.
Benefits (%)
Position
MembershipLaptops
Parking
Subscriptions
Share
Car
Option
Interest
Free Loans
44%
46%
27%
22%
12%
5%
4%
Accountant
35%
38%
13%
17%
7%
2%
3%
Accounting Clerk
40%
20%
0%
30%
10%
10%
10%
Analyst
42%
44%
16%
12%
14%
0%
4%
Assistant Accountant
50%
50%
7%
29%
7%
0%
7%
Auditor
38%
48%
20%
11%
3%
2%
1%
CFO
45%
51%
46%
33%
11%
14%
6%
Consultant
23%
35%
31%
11%
10%
4%
4%
Controller
46%
48%
32%
25%
10%
6%
4%
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manager
51%
51%
32%
27%
14%
2%
3%
Partner
24%
28%
32%
28%
6%
20%
2%
President/CEO
33%
44%
42%
35%
10%
38%
3%
Principal
11%
26%
28%
22%
7%
20%
2%
Professor/Instructor/Lecturer
60%
23%
45%
3%
5%
0%
15%
Supervisor
56%
45%
22%
15%
10%
0%
4%
Sole Proprietor
3%
8%
9%
3%
1%
9%
1%
Treasurer
51%
68%
26%
25%
6%
8%
8%
Vice-President/Director
56%
55%
46%
37%
26%
16%
6%
Chief Operating Officer
52%
52%
48%
19%
5%
0%
5%
All CGAs
Education
Subsidy
Junior Accounting Clerk
29
Value of Taxable Benefits
Annual Value of Taxable Benefits ($)
Position
Mean
Median
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
Accountant
$6,090
$3,100
$1,500
$6,000 $15,800 $50
$135,000
693
Accounting Clerk
$2,302
$2,163
$1,000
$2,500 $6,000
$150
$6,000
10
Analyst
$8,557
$5,000
$2,000
$10,000 $25,000
$90
$107,000
617
Assistant Accountant
$10,400
$5,000
$3,500
$11,000 $41,000
$1,500
$41,000
14
Auditor
$7,529
$5,000
$2,200
$10,000 $20,000
$150
$100,000
286
CFO
$14,719
$10,000
$5,000
$20,000 $44,000
$20
$80,000
180
Consultant
$13,491
$9,000
$3,120
$14,000 $60,000
$1
$80,000
84
Controller
$9,134
$5,000
$3,000
$10,000 $25,000
$100
$200,000
743
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manager
$10,226
$6,000
$3,000
$13,000 $30,000
$10
$150,000
1078
Partner
$8,856
$6,000
$4,800
$10,000 $20,000
$500
$40,000
50
President/CEO
$25,297
$13,000
$6,725
$25,000 $160,000
$9
$225,000
72
Principal
$11,350
$6,000
$3,000
$12,000 $30,000
$1,500
$60,000
46
Professor/Instructor/
Lecturer
$15,641
$7,000
$3,000
$15,000 $30,000
$187
$175,000
40
Supervisor
$9,050
$4,500
$2,000
$10,000 $30,000
$200
$80,000
142
Sole Proprietor
$7,280
$6,000
$2,500
$10,000 $18,000
$100
$20,000
107
Treasurer
$13,143
$10,000
$3,000
$20,000 $30,000
$444
$40,000
53
Vice-President/
Director
$17,346
$12,000
$5,300
$21,000 $50,000
$125
$145,000
439
Chief Operating Officer
$19,358
$13,200
$5,000
$20,000 $120,000
$2,000
$120,000
21
Junior Accounting Clerk
30
Percentile
25
Bonuses
Annual Bonus ($)
Position
Mean
Median
Percentile
25
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
Accountant
$5,208
$3,000
$2,000
$6,600
$15,000
$50
$75,000
693
Accounting Clerk
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
$2,000
10
Analyst
$5,995
$5,000
$3,000
$7,000
$15,000
$150
$100,000
617
Assistant Accountant
$7,375
$2,000
$1,500
$25,000
$25,000
$1,000
$25,000
14
Auditor
$5,523
$3,000
$2,000
$7,000
$14,000
$500
$40,000
286
CFO
$51,990
$20,000
$10,000
$60,000
$200,000
$1,000
$500,000
180
Consultant
$18,274
$11,000
$5,000
$20,000
$44,000
$1,500
$150,000
84
Controller
$13,248
$10,000
$5,000
$16,000
$40,000
$300
$210,000
743
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Manager
$10,405
$8,000
$4,000
$15,000
$30,000
$150
$80,000
1078
Partner
$40,312
$25,000
$10,000
$85,000
$150,000
$5,000
$150,000
50
President/CEO
$85,583
$50,000
$20,000
$100,000
$500,000
$5,000
$515,000
72
Principal
$64,009
$25,000
$6,500
$100,000
$250,000
$1,000
$250,000
46
Professor/Instructor/
Lecturer
$19,428
$6,000
$5,000
$40,000
$67,500
$1,500
$67,500
40
Supervisor
$6,281
$4,000
$2,500
$9,000
$15,000
$500
$50,000
142
Sole Proprietor
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
$5,000
107
Treasurer
$27,127
$30,000
$10,000
$45,000
$55,000
$2,400
$55,000
53
Vice-President/
Director
$32,253
$20,000
$10,000
$40,000
$100,000
$120
$300,000
439
Chief Operating Officer
$26,272
$25,000
$8,000
$30,000
$85,000
$4,000
$85,000
21
Junior Accounting Clerk
Annual Bonus ($)
Gender
Mean
Median
Percentile
25
Percentile
75
Percentile
95
Minimum
Maximum
Count
Female
$10,649
$6,000
$3,000
$11,000
$33,000
$50
$250,000
2512
Male
$21,133
$10,000
$5,000
$20,000
$75,000
$120
$515,000
2164
31
Salary Increase
By what percentage did your yearly salary increase when you progressed from student to member? (This change might take into account a
new position or raises and bonuses beyond annual increases.)
Salary Increase
0%
1% - 5%
6% - 10%
11% - 15%
16% - 20%
21% - 25%
26% - 30%
More Than 30%
No Answer
0%
32
•
•
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
30%
In this year’s study, the 0-5 per cent bracket was split into two separate categories: 0 per cent and 1-5 per cent. This change was
accompanied by significant shifts in the affected brackets (from: 35 per cent to 43 per cent), as well as in the 6-10 per cent and 11-15 per
cent brackets, with 6-10 per cent dropping dramatically from 20 to 4 per cent, and 11-15 per cent bracket increasing to 21 per cent, from
13 per cent.
The fact that all other results are very consistent with previous waves, and that there were no significant year-over-year changes in the
respondent characteristics (demographics, experience, sector, etc.) indicate that these results are likely an anomaly that is localized to,
and is the effect of the changes in this particular question.