World Water Forum College Grant Program
2011-2013 Grant Proposals
College
University of California, Riverside
Faculty
Dr. Mark Matsumoto
Project
#119
Pulse Method: Pasteurization Using a Lens
and Solar Energy Method
G
Southern California World Water Forum - Grant Proposal
PULSE METHOD
Pasteurization Using a Lens and Solar Energy Method
University of California, Riverside
Bourns College of Engineering
Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
Faculty Managers
Mark Matsumoto, Ph.D.,
Kawai Tam, Ph.D.
Student Manager
Steven Ochoa, Undergraduate
Proposal Submission: December 9, 2011
Project Summary
Water pasteurization using Fresnel lenses and preexisting solar disinfection methods will be
evaluated. Preliminary tests were conducted using two types of Fresnel lenses: spot and linear,
which concentrate solar energy onto a point and a line respectively on a water container. Results
show that a 1 1 spot-focused Fresnel lens can achieve pasteurization temperatures within 2
hours. Additional tests using different lens sizes and water container materials will be evaluated
to maximize the effectiveness of the device, while minimizing the cost of the design so that
developing communities and nations can potentially use this technology to provide safe water to
individuals.
i
Table of Contents
Contact Information ......................................................................................................................1
Organizational Background..........................................................................................................2
Project Description ........................................................................................................................3
Project Overview....................................................................................................................................... 3
Project Management Team ....................................................................................................................... 5
Project Focus ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Prototype, Research, and Data Collection................................................................................................. 7
Preliminary Data Collection...................................................................................................................... 8
Anticipated Outcome ................................................................................................................................ 9
Project Benefits ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Budget ...........................................................................................................................................11
Timeline ........................................................................................................................................13
Signatures .....................................................................................................................................13
References .....................................................................................................................................14
Certificate of Attendance ............................................................................................................15
Letter of Support..........................................................................................................................16
ii
Contact Information
School Information
University of California, Riverside
900 University Ave.
Riverside, CA 92521
UC Regents
College:
Address:
Make Checks Payable to:
Application Information
Global Project – PULSE Method
Student Information
Name
Title
Farag, Jason
Undergraduate
He, Ye
Undergraduate
Ochoa,
Esteven
Undergraduate
Park, Jung
Undergraduate
Quach,
Christopher
Undergraduate
Address
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Contact
jason.farag@email.ucr.edu
ye.he@email.ucr.edu
estevan.ochoa@email.ucr.edu
jung.park003@email.ucr.edu
christopher.quach002@email.ucr.edu
Faculty Information
Name
Position
Matsumoto, Mark
Professor,
Associate Dean
Tam, Kawai
Lecturer
Address
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Dept. of Chem & Environ Engineering
Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA
Contact
mark.matsumoto@ucr.edu
kawai.tam@ucr.edu
1
Organizational Background – University of California, Riverside
The need for a doctoral research program in engineering at UCR was discussed at least as early
as the late 1960s, but it wasn‟t until the period of burgeoning technology of the 1980s that the
college at last emerged. Quality was built in from the start since the earliest planning for the
academic program was patterned after the nation's top five programs.
Enrollment nearly doubled in 1992 when the Department of Computer Science officially became
a part of the college. That was only the first of a series of advances that has seen the college
grow to 85 faculty members and 1,600 students. Recently that momentum was assisted by the
establishment of graduate and undergraduate programs in bioengineering and interdisciplinary
programs in Materials Science and Engineering.
External support has been critical to the rise of the college's programs. In 1994, the Bourns
Foundation made a $6 million gift, naming the college in honor of Bourns, Inc. founders Marlan
and Rosemary Bourns. The Ford Motor Company established a $10 million endowment fund for
the College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT),
where many current and past students have worked and taken courses. In 2011 Chinese inventor
and entrepreneur Winston Chung, president of Winston Global Energy Co. established a $10
million endowment for two new professorships and establish the Winston Chung Global Energy
Center at CE-CERT.
A critical need for engineers and an uncompromising commitment to quality education and its
research mission has enabled it to climb to the top 20 percent of engineering programs ranked by
U.S. News and World Report.
- Excerpts taken and edited from A Short History of BCOE [1]
In 1995, the Chemical and Environmental Engineering programs received accreditation from the
Accreditation Board of Engineering and Technology (ABET). Due to close association of the
research interests between Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering faculty and the
overlap of curriculum of both programs, the two programs have been administratively joined
together into the Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering.
The overall objective of the department is to provide students with a foundation that allows them
to develop the current technology to diverse interest areas within chemical and environmental
engineering, as well as to maintain high quality educational and research programs which will
prepare them for research development and leadership positions in industry and government.
2
Project Description
Project Overview
In their description of WASH (water, sanitation, and hygiene) and its direct impact upon the
lives of individuals, the United Nations Children‟s Fund (UNICEF) states that “[w]ithout
WASH, sustainable development is impossible [2].” However, precluding the need to ensure
community and national development, human life both in quality and longevity is inherently
dependent upon the availability of safe and sanitary drinking water. Though much has been done
to improve access to safe drinking water in developing nations, UNICEF reports that almost two
and a half billion people currently lack improved sanitation facilities and that over eight hundred
and eighty-four million people still use unsafe drinking water sources [2]. While in developed
nations the abundance of safe drinking water is often taken for granted, much of the world‟s
population in developing countries is lacking this most basic of needs. Therefore, it is necessary
to provide individuals and communities safe and sanitary water at affordable rates and within
reasonable times so that human health, quality of lives, and community and national
development can all be promoted.
Although policy and education serve important roles in dictating and promoting the use of safe
and sanitary water practices, as well as informing about the dangers of improper sanitation,
technological advances play a key role in ensuring proper sanitation. Different technologies for
water disinfection have been developed and are currently being used all over the world to
provide safe water to millions of people. However, most of these methods are costly and energy
demanding. They are not feasible solutions for many underdeveloped and economically
impoverished nations.
Pasteurization of water describes the elimination of pathogens within water which cause disease
and infection to humans. Some of the most common waterborne diseases are Escherichia coli
(Bacteria), Giardia and Cryptosporidium (Protozoa) and Hepatitis A (Virus). The most common
complication of many of these pathogens is diarrhea. There are nearly 4 billion cases of diarrhea
in the world each year and nearly 1.8 million of those cases result in death. Of those 1.8 million
cases, about 90 percent of them are children under the age of five [3]. While pasteurization occurs
from the boiling of water, it is not synonymous with boiling. Boiling water causes disinfection,
which is the process by which water is heated to its boiling point (100ºC) so that all organisms in
the water are effectively killed. Pasteurization describes using moderate heat to kill off disease
microbes [4]. Deactivation of these organisms begins at 50ºC, however 99.99% deactivation
occurs at a temperature of 65ºC held for 1 minute [4]. Thus pasteurization is preferred to
disinfection in developing nations because it requires lower amounts of energy and therefore, a
decrease in the amount of time and money used for water treatment. Currently, there are a few
methods and systems commonly used which harness solar energy in order to pasteurize and
disinfect water including the SODIS (Solar Water Disinfection) method and the solar cooker
shown in Figure 1.
3
The SODIS method was developed by Eawag,
an initiative of the Swiss Federal Institute of
Aquatic Sciences and Technology. The SODIS
method is an economical and effective way of
removing biological contaminants from
drinking water. Requirements for the SODIS
method are sunlight, water with low turbidity,
and 500 milliliter to 2 liter PET (polyethylene)
bottles. Water is placed into the bottles and
then allowed to sit in the presence of sunlight
so that thermal energy and solar UV-A rays
can kill pathogens and reduce the rate of viral,
bacterial, and parasitic infections. However,
Figure 1: Heating Water via Solar Cooking (left)
the SODIS method does have shortcomings.
and SODIS (right) [4]
Most prevalent is the fact that SODIS is not
time effective. Eawag reports that in order to reach proper pasteurization, bottles must sit in
sunlight for at least six hours during clear and sunny conditions, and at least two days during
cloudy weather [5]. Another method, solar cooking, is also used for pasteurizing water. Water is
placed into a dark metal container and set to stand in a cardboard cutout coated with aluminum
and left to heat. This method is effective in areas in which suitable sources of energy for heating,
such as gas or electricity, are not common or affordable and where wood is the only source for
heating. Furthermore, as reported by Dr. Robert Metcalf of California State University,
Sacramento, it takes about 2 hours to pasteurize 2 liters of water under sunny conditions using
solar cookers [4]. Therefore, in an effort to enhance the productivity of the SODIS and Solar
Cooking methods, preliminary research has been done and tests have been conducted to examine
the possibility of shortening the time necessary for pasteurization by using a Fresnel lens.
Fresnel lenses, most widely known as lenses found in overhead projectors and light houses have
been proven to be effective solar energy concentrators. Current industrial applications of Fresnel
lenses range from solar powered lasers, hydrogen generation and water heating to solar lighting.
Plastics such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are the material of choice for Fresnel lenses.
PMMA is thermally stable up to 80°C, resistant to sunlight [6].
A Fresnel lens is essentially a large magnifying lens; however, the benefit of a Fresnel lens is
that it is much thinner and light weight than a conventional magnifying glass. In essence, if a
magnifying glass is cut into hundreds of rings, the rings are angled toward the center, then
stacked together and one side is smooth while the
other ridged, a Fresnel lens is made. A comparison
of a Conventional lens and Fresnel lens is
presented in Figure 2 [6].
The two types of Fresnel lenses are linear and spot,
as seen in Figures 3a and 3b [7]. These lenses are
ideal because they are available, salvageable, and
focus light effectively so that heat is quickly
transferred. Spot Fresnel lenses focus the light
passed through the lens into one point and linear
Figure 2: Comparison between Conventional
lens and Fresnel lens [6]
4
Fresnel lenses focus light into a line, as seen in Figures 4a and 4b respectively [7]. Both lenses
must be adjusted for the changing angle of the sun, to maintain maximum light focus.
Figure 3: (a) Linear Fresnel lens
(b) Spot Fresnel lens [7]
Figure 4: (a) Spot Fresnel lens light focus
(b) Linear Fresnel lens light focus [7]
If linear and spot Fresnel lenses can reach required temperatures in a relatively short length of
time, adjustment for the angle of the sun is irrelevant. Multiple linear and spot Fresnel lenses will
need testing to determine the optimal lens size for achieving pasteurization temperatures without
destroying the bottles.
While the quick availability of clean water in developed nations is taken for granted, those in
remote and rural areas must wait for hours to be sure their water is pasteurized. Furthermore,
these heating time estimations do not include the time necessary to cool down the water so that it
reaches an adequate drinking temperature. With further resources, more conclusive tests can be
conducted so that a reproducible, efficient, and time effective technology and design can be
developed at the lowest possible cost. In so doing, it is hoped that people in developing nations
can be supplied with safe drinking water.
Project Management Team
The PULSE Method team from the University of California, Riverside is composed of five
undergraduate researchers: Jason Farag, Ye He, Estevan (Steven) Ochoa, Jung Park and
Christopher Quach. Christina Awad is the graduate student advisor and the current president of
the UCR student chapter of Engineers Without Borders (EWB). Dr. Kawai Tam is the faculty
mentor and Dr. Mark Matsumoto is the faculty advisor. Christopher Quach and Steven Ochoa
have experience working with Ms. Awad to investigate methods suitable for reducing
waterborne diseases in underdeveloped countries in line with the goals of UCR EWB. Mr.
Quach, Mr. Ochoa and Mr. Park have hands on experience with some of the equipment and
techniques necessary to carry out the technical design and biological characterizations of this
project.
E.coli bacteria will be used as an indicator for testing pasteurization viability. Since three
members have previous laboratory experience handling and culturing E.coli, extensive future
training is not required. All five members have completed required upper division courses,
directly related to understanding the material within the design project. Through his employment,
Mr. Farag has familiarized himself with the importance of aseptic techniques for complying with
food safety regulations. Mr. He is a sales manager; he has firsthand experience in budget control,
scheduling and communicating with customers.
5
Each group member has a primary research area pertaining to the development of the project.
Mr. Quach‟s main research focus is on different types of Fresnel lenses and their durability.
Working in conjunction with Mr. Farag on E.coli research, Mr. Ochoa will also be researching
the SODIS method. Mr. Farag is also tasked with researching solar cookers for comparison of
differing solar pasteurization methods. To determine the optimal location for implementation,
Mr. Park is researching locations which fit the climate of Riverside, CA to ensure viable
application of the design to other locations. Mr. He is researching different types of bottles that
are most effective for the design and which have a high global availability. All research is
currently ongoing and will be continued until project completion.
Project Focus
To determine the feasibility of improving the SODIS method, all tests, including preliminary
tests, will be conducted within the University of California, Riverside campus. To mimic real life
conditions, research on developing countries with water crises and climates similar to that of
Riverside, CA were conducted. Through research, countries were narrowed down to those in
Africa. After comparing climates, Chad was chosen as a target audience. Below, Table 1
summarizes important features of Chad‟s climate [8,9,10,11,12].
Table 1: Comparison of Riverside, CA and Chad’s Climates (Target Audience)
Continent
Latitude
Riverside, CA
North America
33° North
Chad
Africa
15° North
Longitude
117° West
19° East
Total Area
81.4 mi2
495,753 mi2
Land
Water
81.1 mi2
0.3 mi2 (0.37%)
486,333 mi2
9419 mi2 (1.9%)
Population
303,871 (2010)
10,329,208 (2009)
Average Temperature
Average precipitation
67°F – 95°F
0.86 inches
79°F – 107°F
0.033 inches
Throughout most of the year, Chad‟s climate is similar to Riverside‟s with the exception of
precipitation. However, pasteurization by solar energy is independent of rainfall. Furthermore,
assuming the lack of precipitation in Chad is indicative of a decrease in cloud formation, this will
promote pasteurization. It is hoped that by applying this technology in a real world setting, it will
provide information to help promote its use in developing nations and therefore provide safe
drinking water to more people.
6
Prototype, Research, and Data Collection
As previously mentioned, the majority of research to be conducted will take place on the
University of California, Riverside campus. All additional research used in the design and
development of the pasteurization device will come from qualified literature. As tests are
conducted, data will be collected and analyzed in Dr. Matsumoto‟s research laboratory so that
results can be quantified.
Data collection will consist of several
steps. Initially, a bottle will be seeded
with a known concentration of E. coli to
act as a control bottle. This bottle will be
left outdoors out of the sun. A second
bottle will also be seeded and will be
placed outdoors in sunlight. A third
seeded bottle will be placed outdoors as
well, but will be placed below a Fresnel
lens with light focused on the bottle. The
bottle below the Fresnel lens will be
constantly monitored to ensure that if
need be, the lens angle is changed with
the sunlight‟s changing angle. A concept
of the device is presented in Figure 5. At
15 minute increments, temperatures for
all three bottles will be taken,
Figure 6: Layout used for testing of the E.Coli
Figure 5: Concept drawing of the device
simultaneously. Temperatures will be taken
using a thermocouple so that variability in
water temperature and exposure to pathogen
content is minimized as seen in Figure 6. At
each time increment at which temperatures are
recorded, a sample of water from each bottle
will be taken. Several dilutions of this sample
will be plated on an agar plate and incubated
for approximately 18 hours. Afterwards the
plates will be analyzed to see which gives 30300 colonies of E. coli and will be compared
to the initial concentration. From previous
research, it is known that when contaminated
water reaches temperatures above 50°C, E.
coli begins to deactivate [4]. The rate and
efficiency of bacterial removal however
depends upon the exposure time and
temperature.
7
Preliminary Data Collection
In collaboration with Christina Awad, preliminary tests on two Fresnel lenses were conducted to
determine the heating rate of the lenses. For the first set of tests, a 12″ 2.25″ linear Fresnel lens
was tested on September 2 and September 6, 2011 between 11:30am to 3:00pm. Three 500 ml
bottles were filled with 475 ml of water. Two bottles were placed outdoors on a table under
direct sunlight with the lens concentrating the light on one of the bottles. A third bottle was left
out of the sun as a constant. The maximum ambient temperatures for the first and second days
were 33.3°C and 38.8°C respectively. Measurements were taken every thirty minutes for
approximately three hours each day. On September 2, the maximum temperature that the water
heated with the lens reached was 41°C, one degree less than the water heated without a lens on
the same day. On September 6, the maximum temperature of the water heated with the lens
reached 47°C, the same as the water heated without the lens. Thus from these tests it was
determined that this particular linear lens is ineffective at adequately reaching pasteurization
temperatures, above 50°C [4]. The results of these two tests are shown in Figure 7.
Linear Lens Heat Test
50
Temperature ºC
45
40
35
30
Test 1: Water Temp (Lens)
Test 1: Water Temp (No Lens)
Test 2: Water Temp (Lens)
Test 2: Water Temp (No Lens)
25
20
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
Time after test begins (min)
Figure 7: Linear Lens Heat Test starting at 11:30AM
In the second set of preliminary tests, a lens salvaged from an overhead projector was tested.
This lens was a spot lens, and measured 11.3″ 11.3″. Two experiments were also conducted to
test this lens. The maximum ambient temperatures on the first and second days were 35°C and
38.8°C respectively. The same procedure as before was followed: three 500 ml bottles were
filled with 475 ml of tap water, two of them were set outdoors under the sun with a lens focusing
on one and the third bottle was kept out of the sun as the control. The results of these tests are
shown in Figure 8. The maximum water temperatures reached with the lens on the first day was
54°C and 58°C on the second day. The maximum water temperatures reached without the use
of a lens on the same days were 42°C and 44°C, respectively. Thus from these tests, we can see
an improvement in heating water with a lens and particularly that pasteurization temperatures
can be reached.
8
Spot Lens Heat Testing
60
Temperature (°C)
55
50
45
40
Test 1: Water Temp (Lens)
Test 1: Water Temp (No Lens)
Test 2: Water Temp (Lens)
Test 2: Water Temp (No Lens)
35
30
25
20
0
30
60
90
120
150
Time after test starts (min)
Figure 8: Spot Lens Heat Test starting at 11:30AM
180
210
Anticipated Outcome
Attempting to solve the “water crisis” which many developing nations face is not a light task.
Furthermore, it should not be assumed that any one solution can provide a ubiquitous solution to
all parts of the globe. Nevertheless, as the SODIS method has shown, every effort at providing
clean water to those who need it should be made. Therefore, it is a good idea to improve on the
SODIS method by developing a time, energy and fiscally efficient device.
Any device that aims at providing sanitary drinking water must reach effective levels of
pasteurization so that removal of bacteria and pathogens is ensured. Once proven effective,
improvements can be made upon the device so that parameters are optimized to ensure
efficiency.
The device to be developed has outcomes which are both short and long term. In a short span of
time, it is anticipated that this device will readily provide those who live in rural areas of
developing countries without sufficient methods to sanitize water, with safe drinking water. This
device requires little technical knowledge to operate, and does not require additional power,
apart from that of the sun. Therefore, since the device can address one‟s immediate need for
drinking water, it serves a short term purpose.
Serving as a long term solution, the device will be constructed with the notion of promoting
sustainability. The device should be able to minimize waste by using a limited amount of
resources to construct and produce. In eliminating waste, this device can make use of clean used
bottles to hold water that is being pasteurized. Therefore, this device is anticipated to bring about
changes in both the short term as well as the long term.
9
Project Benefits
As can be seen in Table 2, benefits of the amount of water gained per unit time have been
determined. However, other benefits are also expected. As previously mentioned, Fresnel lenses
come in several forms. Some Fresnel lenses focus sunlight onto one point. Other Fresnel lenses
can focus light into a linear stream of light (linear). As a result, the benefits of this device are
mostly dependent upon the results of research conducted. Once a lens type is chosen, lens
dimensions can be specified, following further testing. It should be noted that preliminary tests
show that the expected goal is feasible and attainable and it is hoped that upon further testing, an
efficient device can be designed. The daily recommended amount of drinking water per person
per day is 2 to 3 liters. With the PULSE Method, only one hour will be required to meet daily
drinking water requirements, while solar cookers will take two hours and the SODIS Method
will take six hours. Thus, it is expected water will be provided to more people using PULSE than
with either Solar Cookers or the SODIS Method.
Table 2: Water gained (using a standard 2 liter bottle)
Method
Water Available (L/hr)
% Increase (From Least
Productive Method)
SODIS Method
Least Productive Method
Solar Cookers
200%
PULSE Method
500%
10
Budget
Chemical Supplies
Item
Premade plates/ Agar
Potassium Chloride
E.coli
Laboratory Materials
Item
LB Broth
„L‟ shape loops
Septa
Pipette tips
Syringe
Parafilm
Erlenmeyer Flasks
Beakers
Liter Jars
Inoculation loops
10ml Pre-culture Tubes
Needles
Autoclave
Incubator
Hemocytometer
Cuvettes
Pipettes
Clamps
Rods
Fresnel Lens
Thermocouple
Immersion Thermometer
Centrifuge
Refrigerator
Microscope
Sub Total:
Quantity
1
1
2
Price per unit/pack ($)
22.75
31.20
190
Sub Total:
Total Price ($)
22.75
31.20
380
$433.95
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
Price per unit/pack ($)
60.46
39.40
5.14
24.50
24.72
26.15
47.47
42.10
91.00
38.04
33.00
15.00
3500.00
599.00
49.95
75.00
46.25
11.00
30
100.00 - 300.00
10.00
15.00
825.00
200.00
250.00
Total Price ($)
60.46
39.40
5.14
24.50
24.72
26.15
47.47
42.10
91.00
38.04
33.00
30.00
3500.00
599.00
49.95
75.00
46.25
44.00
120.00
700.00
10.00
15.00
825.00
200.00
250.00
$7,330.13
Miscellaneous
Stipends and 10% indirect costs
Grand Total:
$2,669.87
$10,000
11
Budget Summary
Description
Chemical Supplies and Laboratory
Materials
Stipends
Indirect cost
Grant Funds Requested From
MWD
Cost ($)
7,330.13
1,669.87
1,000
10,000
Budget Justification
A total budget of $10,000 is requested for the successful completion of the Pasteurization Using
a Lens and Solar Energy project. Laboratory chemicals and supplies including Fresnel lenses,
chemicals, microorganisms, glassware, an autoclave, hemocytometer, and centrifuge will cost
$7,330.13. Each of the five team members will receive approximately a $333.97 stipend, which
is based on the average undergraduate researcher‟s payment at UCR of $10 per hour. Each
student will match 25% of the total grant award with volunteer time over the course of the entire
project. Thus each of the five student team members will volunteer an additional 50 hours.
Indirect Costs will be capped at 10% of the total cost of the project at $1,000 as stipulated by the
Request for Proposal.
12
Timeline
Date
January - March 2012
March-April 2012
May-July 2012
July- September 2012
September-December
2012
january-March 2012
March-April 2012
I __
- - Event
Continuing literature research
Announce selection of grant recipients
Receipt of grant; Purchase materials and equipment necessary
Carry out experiments and develop a prototype of device
WWF staff on site visit and complete project
Prepare presentation and conduct a Dry-Run during EWB meeting
MWD Expo featuring student projects, presentations and
Prototypes
Signatures
- - - -
-
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Manager
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13
Works Cited
[1]
"A Short History of BCOE." UCR.EDU. University of California, Riverside, 23 Dec. 09.
Web. 10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.engr.ucr.edu/about/history.html>.
[2] "UNICEF - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Statistics." UNICEF - UNICEF Home.
UNICEF, 27 Apr. 2010. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_statistics.html>.
[3] "UNICEF - Water, Sanitation and Hygiene - Common Water and Sanitation-related
Diseases." UNICEF - UNICEF Home. 1 Apr. 2005. Web. 23 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.unicef.org/wash/index_wes_related.html>.
[4] Metcalf, Robert. "THE MICROBIOLOGY OF SOLAR WATER PASTEURIZATION,
WITH APPLICATIONS IN EAST AFRICA." Katharinehamnett.com. Web. 10 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.katharinehamnett.com/images/campaigns/csp_report/New-Methods-of-WaterPasteurisation.pdf>.
[5] "SODIS: SODIS METHOD." SODIS: Willkommen Bei SODIS. SODIS, 24 May 2011. Web.
10 Nov. 2011. <http://www.sodis.ch/methode/index_EN>.
[6] Xie, W.t., Y.j. Dai, R.z. Wang, and K. Sumathy. "Concentrated Solar Energy Applications
Using Fresnel Lenses: A Review." Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 15.6
(2011): 2588-606. Print.
[7] Dan, and Denise. Sport and Linear Lenses. GreenPowerScience, 2007. Web. 28 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.greenpowerscience.com>.
[8] "Chad." U.S. Department of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public
Affairs, 6 Dec. 2010. Web. 11 Nov. 2011. <http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/37992.htm>.
[9] "CIA - The World Factbook." Welcome to the CIA Web Site — Central Intelligence Agency.
Central Intelligence Agency Web, 4 Nov. 2011. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
<https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cd.html>.
[10] "Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2003/81: Technical Cooperation and Advisory
Services in Chad." The UN Refugee Agency. UN Commission on Human Rights, 25 Apr.
2003. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,UNCHR,,TCD,,43f313550,0.html>.
[11] "Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2004/85: Technical Cooperation and Advisory
Services in Chad." The UN Refugee Agency. UN Commission on Human Rights, 21 Apr.
2004. Web. 11 Nov. 2011.
<http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,UNCHR,,TCD,,43f313909,0.html>.
[12] "Monthly Weather for Faya, Chad." Weather.com. The Weather Channel. Web. 11 Nov.
2011. <http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/CDXX0002>.
14
Presented to
ESTEVAN 0(80A
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, RIVERSIDE
thank yo u for participating in the
Southern California World Water Forum
College Grants Program on Innovative Conservation Technology,
Communication and Policy.
Octo ber 7, 2011
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John V. Rossi
Genera l Manager
Ch arles D. Field
Div ision 1
Securing Your Water Supply
Thomas P. Evans
Div ision 2
Brenda Denn stedt
Divis io n 3
Donald D. Ga llea no
Divis ion 4
S.R. "AI" Lopez
Drvisio n 5
December 5, 20 11
Ms. Kawai Tam
UCR, Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
900 University Avenue, Bourns Hall
Riverside, CA 92521
Dear Dr. Tam:
It's my pleasure to write a letter in support of the proposal ent itled : "Pasteurization Using a Lens
and Solar Energy (PULSE) Method" that is being submitted to the Southern California World
Water Forum by your PULS E team at the Uni versity of California Riverside.
As a professional in the water industry, I experience firsthand the importance and the necessity
of providing safe and sanitary drinking water to customers. I am also well aware of the energy
and financial demands of conventional water treatment facilities. As the availability of affordable
and sanitary water increases, so does the quality of life for both individuals and communities.
For third world countries where large treatment facilities are not available, it's necessary to find
an alternative method for quickly and effectively disinfect water.
Therefor e, having reviewed the proposed PULSE Method proposal, Western Muni cipal Wate r
District full y gives support to the efforts put forth. I belie ve that external funding is in order so
that the students involved can conduct the proper experiments with adequate materials to design
a device that will help provide people with sanitary drinking water. Any effort which can help
save lives and enhance quality of life is worthy of support.
S~lY~ lJ; ~r \
. ex
MICHELE MCKINNEY UNDER
Community Affairs Manager
14205 Meridi an Parkway, Rivers ide , CA 92 51 8
.
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