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Food Chains
Introduction Strategies:
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
1. Do an introductory art activity with the class. Cut out a strip of construction paper for each
student, and have each child write his or her name on it. Encourage students to write down
something they already know about food chains, or a question about food chains they would
like to have answered during this unit. Then have students link and glue the strips together,
and hang your classroom chain in a highly visible place. Let this project serve as a visual
reminder of the links in a food chain during this unit. When the unit is finished, invite kids
to read their questions and see if they can provide the answers.
2. Ask children if they have ever observed an animal eating something. Have them share
examples with the class (a robin eating a worm, a squirrel eating seeds, a cow eating grass,
or a spider eating a fly). Then ask, "What benefits do animals get from eating?" (Students
may respond that eating makes them stronger, or helps them grow and live longer.) Explain
that animals eat other animals or plants in order to survive. The plant or animal they eat
provides energy for them to live. Such examples are links in what is called a Food Chain. All
living things are "linked" together in various food chains, and each plays an important part
in passing energy from one living thing to another.
1
Teaching Notes:
Ecosystems
Cards needed: (E)
Ecosystems
Freshwater
Prairie
Desert
Savannah
Rainforest
Forest
Ocean
Backyard
Presenting the concept:
Place the Ecosystems title card in the pocket chart. (You may want to write
the definition bolded below on sentence strips and place it in the pocket
chart as you read.)
Note to teacher: Ecosystems are labeled by color icons on each picture card.
The plants and animals chosen in this book are “typical” to the ecosystem in
which they live. Some living things may be found in more than one
ecosystem, however. Be sure to discuss other possibilities for each ecosystem,
as there are additional living things which have not been pictured.
Freshwater: red
Prairie: dark blue
Backyard: orange
Forest: light pink
Savannah: yellow
Desert: purple
Rainforest: lime green
Ocean: light blue
Other classifications indicated with an icon are:
Scavengers and Decomposers: black
Adaptations and Survival Terms: hot pink
Humans in food Chains: green
2
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Ask children, "What is an ecosystem (EE-co-SIS-tem)?" Take all answers, then
explain, ”an ecosystem is an area that includes all the living and natural
non-living things within it (animals, plants, rocks, soil). All living things
play an important role within their ecosystem.” Ask children to name an
ecosystem. Use the subtitle cards shown above to help you display various
ecosystems in the pocket chart as you say, “Examples are rainforests, deserts,
prairies, freshwater ecosystems, oceans, savannahs, forests, or even your
own backyard!” Talk about what each ecosystem provides for the living things
within it (food, homes, and protection). Use picture cards to show an animal
or plant that lives in each ecosystem.
Name ___________________________________
Activity 1
Ecosystems
Directions: Draw a line from each picture
to the ecosystem in which it lives.
savannah
frog
desert
sea otter
backyard
sloth
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
forest
roadrunner
ocean
lion
quail
freshwater
rainforest
raccoon
3
Teaching Notes:
Producers
Cards needed:(from all ecosystems)
algae
duckweed
grass
seeds
tall grasses
acacia tree
tropical plant
dandelion
fruit seeds
seeds
wild grasses
cactus flower
saguaro cactus
corn
Producers
lettuce
berries
tree leaves
kelp
plankton
Background information:
Plants are interesting life forms. They are the only living things that make their own
food. Chlorophyll (CLOR-o-fil), the green material in their leaves, catches the energy
of the Sun. When water from the ground and carbon dioxide from the air combine with
the Sun’s energy, a plant undergoes a process called photosynthesis (FO-toe-SINthuh-sis). This process allows plants to produce sugar as food. Because they are the
only living things to make (or produce) their own food, they are called producers
(pro-DO-serz). Because they make their own food, producers are always the first thing
eaten, or the first source of energy in any food chain. Oftentimes, animals eat the
“products” of a producer: the seeds, leaves, fruit, and flowers of the plant.
Presenting the concept:
Place the title Producers in the top of the pocket chart. Pass out the picture cards
shown above, plus a few others, to students. Invite them to name what is pictured on
the card they are holding, and to place it in the pocket chart if it is a producer. When
every student has had a chance to participate, review the term producer
and the pictures in the pocket chart together.
Follow-up activity:
4
Read books and show videos about plants. Invite children to make posters on the
process of photosynthesis. Review the bold vocabulary words, asking students to
illustrate a plant and label the parts that are involved in the food-making process
(Sun, leaves, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, sugar).
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Every living thing needs energy to survive. Nutrients (NU-tree-ents) are substances
found in food that promote good health and growth, and give us energy (EN-er-gee).
Energy allows us to move and breathe, which we need to do to survive. Imagine how
dull the world would be if nothing moved!
Name ___________________________________
Activity 2
Producers
Directions: Look at the pictures below. Put an X through the
living things that do not produce their own food.
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
fruit
algae
wildebeest
robin
cactus
acacia tree
duckweed
grasshopper
grass
tropical plant
tall grasses
fish
5
Teaching Notes:
Cards needed:
orange ( )
Backyard
Consumers
pink ( )
Forest
(C)
Consumers
raccoon
grass
grasshopper
white-tailed
deer
owl
snail
Carnivores
Herbivores
field mouse
seeds
robin
dead leaves
earthworm
rabbit
Omnivores
Producers
chipmunk
dandelion
bull snake
eagle
berries
tree leaves
Background information:
When an animal hunts or stalks another animal, the hunter is called a predator (PREH-duhter). Most carnivores are predators. The animal being hunted by a predator is called prey
(PRAY). A lion is an example of a predator. A zebra is an example of its prey.
Presenting the concept:
Place the Consumers title card in the pocket chart. Under it, place the subtitle Backyard or
Forest. Under that, place the words Producers, Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores. Hand out
the Forest or Backyard picture cards. Ask students to determine if the item in each picture is
a producer, herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore, and place each card under the correct heading.
Ask students to explain their reasons by looking at traits on each picture. For example, sharp
teeth may indicate a carnivore. (Answers are labeled on the Card Chart on page 32.)
Repeat this activity with other ecosystems. Challenge students to determine the consumer
type for animals that are not pictured on the cards:
Carnivores: falcon, wolf, coyote, badger, lynx, weasel, cheetah, harpy eagle, flamingo, heron
Herbivores: fruit bat, monkey, caterpillar, elephant, gazelle, antelope,
giraffe, rhinoceros, kangaroo
Omnivores: skunk, pig, opossum
6
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Children have learned that plants produce their own food for energy. Animals, on the other
hand, need to eat plants or other animals in order to get energy. For this reason, they are
called consumers (con-SOO-merz). They must consume food from outside their bodies to get
the energy and nutrients they need for survival. Animals that eat plants are called herbivores
(HER-buh-vorz). Animals that eat meat (other animals) are called carnivores (CAR-nuh-vorz).
Still other animals that eat both plants and meat are called omnivores (OM-nih-vorz).
Humans are omnivores, because most of us eat both plants and animals.
Name ___________________________________
Activity 3
Consumers
Directions: Look at the following pictures. Label the living thing
H for herbivore, C for carnivore, or O for omnivore.
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
dragonfly
raccoon
cow
human
hummingbird
zebra
shark
white-tailed deer
hawk
7
Teaching Notes:
Cards needed: (black
Scavengers
hyena
)
Decomposers
scavenger
vulture
raven
Scavengers &
Decomposers
eagle
dung beetle
decomposer
staghorn beetle
earthworm
snail
ant
Background information:
Students have learned that all living things need energy in order to survive. Producers
are plants that make their own food, and consumers are animals that eat plants or
other animals for energy.
There are still other types of consumers: animals that feed on things that were once
living. Scavengers (SCAV-en-jerz) are larger animals like vultures or ravens, which feed
on dead animal flesh and bones. For example, a vulture will wait for a lion to kill a
zebra before tearing away at its remaining carcass. A scavenger does not hunt its food.
It waits until predators kill it, it is killed by accident,or old age or disease kill it. Then
it moves in to eat the remains.
Presenting the concept:
Place the titles Scavengers and Decomposers at the top of the pocket chart. Pass out
the picture cards shown above to students, and ask them to identify the picture as a
scavenger or a decomposer, and place the picture card under the correct heading in the
pocket chart. As students place it in the pocket chart, ask them to tell the class in
which ecosystem the animal lives.
Follow-up activity:
As a center activity, mix up the cards from this activity under the two titles. Invite
students to rearrange the cards under the correct headings. Then have students list
other living things that are Scavengers or Decomposers. Ask
Scavengers:
Decomposers:
them to label each living thing as a producer, consumer,
wild dog
mite
jackal
mushroom
scavenger, or decomposer. Some examples (which are not
crow
slug
shown on cards) are given to the right.
fly
bacteria
opossum
8
slime mold
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Decomposers (de-com-PO-serz) are tiny consumers that live in the soil and eat dead
plant or animal material to get their energy. Most decomposers are helpful to the cycle
of life. They help break down dead plant and animal material on the ground, which
returns nutrients to the soil. This in turn helps grow healthy plants. Examples of
decomposers are earthworms, slugs, snails, mushrooms, beetles, ants, and bacteria.
Name ___________________________________
Activity 4
Scavengers and Decomposers
Directions: Look at the pictures. Write S under the living things that are scavengers, and D under
those that are decomposers. Then write a definition for the terms at the bottom of the page.
hyena
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
staghorn beetle
ant
eagle
earthworm
dung beetle
snail
vulture
Scavenger:
Decomposer:
9
Teaching Notes:
Cards needed: (green
human
corn
sun
)
milk
Humans in
Food Chains
cow
eats
Food Chain
eggs
hen
salad
lettuce
Presenting the concept:
Introduce the lesson by asking students, "Are people part of food chains?"
Invite them to think about this by giving examples of what they eat for
breakfast. Ask if any of the foods they eat are plants (fruits, vegetables or
grains), animal protein (bacon, eggs), or dairy foods (milk, yogurt, cheese).
Discuss how these foods come from living things, and give us energy to live.
Place the title card Food Chain at the top of the pocket chart. As you explain
these examples, place picture cards below the title.
Example 2: We often eat chicken at meals. The chicken we eat was once living,
and it fed on corn for energy. The corn is a producer, which grows
using energy from the Sun. Eating chicken is beneficial for humans.
It gives us energy and helps strengthen our muscles for movement.
Follow-up activity:
Invite students to illustrate cards in a food chain that includes humans. Tell
them to think of something they eat that is
part of a food chain, and research, if
necessary, where the food comes from.
HINT: Processed snacks may be more difficult
to show in a food chain. It may be better to
choose more natural, wholesome foods.
10
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Example 1: The milk we drink comes from cows that get their energy from
eating grass (plants). Grass can grow only with energy from the
Sun, the origin of energy in all food chains. Drinking milk is
beneficial for humans, as it gives us energy and strengthens our
bones.
Name ___________________________________
Activity 5
Humans in Food Chains
Directions: Draw arrows indicating the f low of energy
in these food chains.
=
=
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
11
Teaching Notes:
Cards needed: (hot pink
Animal
)
Animal Adaptations
and Survival
Reasons for
Adaptations
Non-Survival
shell
color
fur
mankind
air pollution
deforestation
teeth
claws
wings
disease
oil spills
weathering
speed
poison
camouflage
overpopulation
drought
flood
beak
gills
scales
acid rain
hunting
pesticides
Animal Adaptation picture cards:
Place the words Reasons for Non-Survival in the pocket chart, and explain,“Forces within an ecosystem
can cause animals to die. The natural occurrence of the food chain affects many animals. Predators
hunt prey to survive, and in turn, the prey adapt to survive their predator’s attack. Disease and illness
brought in by newcomers can be spread to other living things in the area, and cause a rapid decline
in population. Also, overpopulation of a species may result if its predator species is killed off or
hunted. Overpopulation leads to a lack of food, which causes a species to starve.
Other reasons for non-survival are natural occurrences like the weather. Lack of rain (drought), or too
much rain (flood) can affect the living things in an ecosystem. Weather conditions can also break
down the land or homes in which animals live. Rainwater, sleet, or snow may alter the landscape of a
mountain or break down a sandy shoreline, and as a result, harm the animals that once made homes
there (weathering).
Finally, mankind is a major reason for animal non-survival. With the growth of economy and industry,
forests are being cut down (deforestation), animals are being killed for industry or sport (hunting),
chemicals are being used to produce better crops (pesticides), and transportation systems and
factories are being built up to maintain a growing industry (air pollution, oil spills, and acid rain).
Review this information by placing the word cards shown above in the pocket chart.
Presenting the concept:
Place the words Animal Adaptations in the pocket chart. Place the card for each italicized word below
in the pocket chart as you present this information to students. Adaptations are characteristics that
allow animals to better “survive” in their environment. Adaptations evolve over time, and can
include animals’ behaviors, coverings (fur, scales), color (camouflage), or body parts (claws, feet, beak,
wings, gills, antlers, feathers, tails or horns). Adaptations provide efficient ways for animals to obtain
food, defend themselves from predators, or reproduce successfully.
12
Pass out the adaptation picture cards. Have students name the adaptation on the card, and place it in
the pocket chart under the title Animal Adaptations. Be sure that they explain what the adaptation is,
and how it helps the living thing survive. If students can come up with other adaptations, invite them
to illustrate their own cards and place them in the pocket chart. (See page 32 for answers.)
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Background information:
Name ___________________________________
Activity 6
Animal Adaptations and Survival
Directions: Look at the pictures below. Write the adaptation under each animal,
and tell how it helps the living thing survive. Below, share some ideas you have for
helping to increase the chances of animal survival.
fish
Adaptation:
bear
Adaptation:
pelican
Adaptation:
macaw
Adaptation:
tree frog
Adaptation:
albatross
Adaptation:
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Humans can increase the chance of animal survival by:
13
Teaching Notes:
Food Chains
& Food Webs
Cards needed: E, W, and all picture cards (by ecosystem)
Freshwater
Desert
Savannah
Rainforest
Ocean
Forest
Prairie
Backyard
producer
herbivore
carnivore
omnivore
predator
prey
scavenger
decomposer
Food Chain
Food Web
Background information:
eats
Within an ecosystem, there are many opportunities for one living thing to eat another.
For example, a rabbit may eat berries or grass. A fox may eat a rabbit or a squirrel.
Because each living thing can eat numerous other living things, the possibilities can be
endless. When food chains within an ecosystem overlap like this, they form what is
called a food web.
Presenting the concept:
Pass out the picture cards (by ecosystem) to children. Place an ecosystem title in the
pocket chart, with a subtitle of Food Chain or Food Web underneath, and invite students
to place pictures in the pocket chart that show a food chain or food web from that
ecosystem. Use the picture cards and arrow cards to depict a sample food chain for
students to see. Go over the order in which things are eaten (herbivores eat producers,
carnivores eat herbivores, omnivores eat carnivores, herbivores, or producers), showing
how energy passes from one living thing to another. Remember to always start with a
producer. Use arrow cards to show the possibilities within a food web.
Follow-up activity:
Pass out cards from one ecosystem to children. Invite a student to hold hands with
another child who is holding a card that pictures
something they eat. Form human food chains in this
way, for the whole class to see. Observe how many
different food chains are possible in an ecosystem.
14
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Children have now learned that living things eat other living things to survive. As living
things eat other living things, they pass energy from one to another. This pattern of
passing energy from one animal to another is called a food chain. There are many,
many food chains – too many to count, in fact. Since every ecosystem has different life
forms, the animals have varied energy sources. Food chains are often depicted according
to their ecosystem, with arrows showing the energy passing from one living thing to
another. There has to be at least 2 living things in a food chain (humans eat lettuce),
but sometimes the chain can grow to more than 5 living things! (A heron eats a bass
eats a frog eats insects eats plants.)
Name ___________________________________
Activity 7
Food Chains Crossword Review
Directions: Read the clues below to help you fill in the
food chains crossword puzzle.
2.
Across
1. a living thing that is a plant-eater
3. the first link in every food chain
5. particular areas that includes all living and non-living things
7. a living thing that makes its own food for energy
9. something that is passed from one living
thing to another in a food chain
11. a living thing that eats plants or animals
13. important substances found in food, which
promote growth and good health
1.
6.
10.
3.
4.
8.
5.
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Down
2. a number of food chains linked together
3. a living thing that hunts or stalks its
food
4. a series of living things linked together
by the fact that they eat or are eaten
6. a living thing that does not make its
own food
8. The source of energy for all plants
9.
10. a living thing that eats dead or
decayed matter for energy
12. a living thing that eats meat
14. a living thing that breaks down
plant and animal matter for energy
16. a living thing that is a victim
of predators
12.
7.
14.
16.
11.
13.
15
Cards-At-A-Glance
Reading List
Cards are shown as front-to-back pairs.
Labels indicate producers or types of consumer. See key below.
Desert
Miranda Macquitty
Alfred A. Knopf Publishers, NY: 1994
The Desert
Joni Phelps Hunt
Silver Burdett Press, NJ: 1995
C
O S
bass
C
Grasslands
Rose Pipes
Raintree Steck-Vaughn, TX: 1998
Habitats: Forests
Anita Ganeri
Raintree Steck-Vaughn, TX: 1997
Hungry Animals: My First Look
at a Food Chain
Pamela Hickman
Kids Can Press, Ltd., Canada: 1997
The Hunt for Food
Anita Ganeri
Millbrook Press, CT: 1997
P
The Magic School Bus Gets Eaten:
A Book about Food Chains
Joanna Cole & Bruce Degen
Scholastic, Inc., NY: 1996
One Small Square: Swamp
Donald Silver
Learning Triangle Press, NY: 1997
A Rain Forest Tree
Lorien Kite
Crabtree Publishing, NY: 1999
What are Food Chains and Webs?
Bobbie Kalman
Crabtree Publishing Company, NY: 1998
Who Eats What? Food Chains and Food Webs
Patricia Lauber
HarperCollins Publishers, NY: 1995
Wetland
April Pulley Sayre
Twenty-First Century Books, NY: 1996
Woodland Life
Peter Reilly
Grolier Educational Corporation, CT: 1991
16
eggs
salad
raven
P
H C
acacia tree
wings
leaf cutter
ants
claws
tuna
desert rat
plankton
eagle
camel
cactus
flower
kelp
color
camouflage
P P
sea otter
producer
drought
herbivore
pesticides
herbivore
flood
carnivore
disease
carnivore
overpopulation
carnivore
deforestation
carnivore
mankind
omnivore
oil spills
omnivore
air pollution
scavenger
weathering
decomposer
acid rain
shell
Consumers
teeth
Producers
color
Carnivores
claws
Herbivores
fur
Scavengers
wings
Omnivores
speed
Ecosystems
beak
Decomposers
poison
Food Web
gills
Food Chain
camouflage
prey
scales
predator
eats
Prairie
eats
Backyard
eats
Reasons for
eats
Non-Survival
eats
Animal
eats
Adaptations
feet
H P
rabbit
jaguar
sea gull
prairie dog
C H
zebra
talon
O P
berries
butterfly
H
gills
H C
lettuce
tropical plant
H P
vulture
sea urchin
hunting
beak
S C
hummingbird
S
anchovy
staghorn
beetle
P P
ostrich
desert
tortoise
D O
hen
sloth
O
shrimp
tall grasses
H
wildebeest
shark
ant
H H
H
dung beetle
P H
chipmunk
tall grasses
road runner
H O
cow
H
P
C
H
snail
fox
P H
seeds
C
P
D
earthworm
seeds
C
C C
milk
grasshopper
O
One Small Square: Backyard
Donald Silver
W.H. Freeman and Company, NY: 1993
sun
H
algae
saguaro
cactus
P D
field mouse
P
dragonfly
The Living Desert
Randy Moore and Darrell S. Vodopich
Enslow Publishers, NJ: 1991
quail
H
duckweed
diamondback
rattlesnake
O D
corn
grass
dead
leaves
hawk
P P
duck
owl
C
human
robin
O
turtle
Lives Intertwined: Relationships
Between Plants and Animals
Allen M. Young
Franklin Watts Publishing, NY: 1996
tropical fruit
O O
fish (minnow)
deer
boa constrictor
P C
leopard
dandelion
H
Food Chains: The Unending Cycle
Margaret Anderson
Enslow Publishers, NJ: 1991
C H
hyena
P C
mink
The Food Chain
Malcolm Penny
Bookwright Press, NY: 1988
raccoon
producer
Freshwater
beak
Desert
C
C P
lion
tarantula
C: carnivore
H: herbivore
tree leaves
gila
monster
KEY:
P: producer
O: omnivore
C C
C
bull snake
frog
Savannah
Rainforest
D: decomposer
S: scavenger
Ocean
Forest
Pocket Chart Science — Food Chains © Learning Resources, Inc.
Chains, Webs & Pyramids
Laurence Pringle
Thomas Y. Crowell Company, NY: 1975