PROJECT
MANAGEMENT
Trying to manage a project without project
management is like trying to play a football
game without a game plan
K. Tate (Past Board Member, PMI).
Brad Fink
28 February 2013
Project Management
Executive Summary
David Carhart runs a consulting company; his new project has several activities that need to be
completed in order to finish a new project. David needs to know how long this project will take
to complete as well as identifying which activities are critical. The route chosen is to draw an
Activity-on-Node Network Diagram.
The District Manager needs to know what the critical path is on a new project as well as the
length of the critical path. Having been tasked to provide this information, the best possible
solution is to draw an activity-on-arrow network diagram.
Robert Klassen, owner of an Ontario factory has provided data for the activity time estimates on
one of his production lines. Robert wants a product so he can visually see each activity with the
critical paths during the process and what the expected time of completion may be. He would
also like some type of work process chart to post on the company bulletin board for his
employees to view at as well.
Andrea McGee of McGee Carpet and Trim installs carpet in commercial offices. She has a
concern with the amount of time that it is taking to complete the projects as of late due to some
of her employees being unreliable. A list of activities along with the optimistic, most likely and
pessimistic times has been provided. Andrea wants to know what the completion time will be as
well as the variance for each activity, the total project completion time with the critical path, and
what the probability of finishing the project in Forty days or less.
Bill Fennema, president of Fennema Construction wants an activity-on-node network diagram
illustrating each task, also the duration and predecessor relationships of the activities. What Bill
needs to distinguish is the expected time for activity C and its variance. Bill would also like to
see the critical path with its estimated time, the activity variance along the critical path and the
probability of completing the project before week Thirty Six.
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Project Management
Contents
David Carhart’s Consulting Company ........................................................................................3
AOA Network Diagram .................................................................................................................7
Robert Klassen’s Factory ..............................................................................................................9
McGee Carpet and Trim .............................................................................................................13
Fennema Construction ................................................................................................................19
Summary .......................................................................................................................................23
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Project Management
David Carhart’s Consulting Company
David Carhart Consulting is about to start work on a new project, in order for David to manage
his time and his team, he needs to know two things; how long will it take his team to complete
the project, and what are the critical activities?
To help identify David’s needs the following data in Table 1 has been provided in order to help
draw an Activity-on Node Network Diagram shown in Figure 1.
Following the activity chart of Table 1, the
activity-on-node network diagram can now be
constructed. In the activity column, the activities
are identified by (A – H) respectively. The
middle column is the immediate predecessor; this
is the activity that must happen before the next
activity can be started. The last column is the
time, in this case the time is in days.
In Table 1, notice activity B has a predecessor of
A; this means that activity A must be completed
Carhart's AON Network Diagram
Immediate
Time
Activity
Predecessor(s) (In Days)
A
N/A
3
B
A
4
C
A
6
D
B
6
E
B
4
F
C
4
G
D
6
H
E,F
8
Table 1 –Activity-on-Node Chart
before activity B can start. Activity H however is slightly different; both activities (E and F)
must be completed before activity H can start. Corresponding to each activity is the time activity
A will be completed in three days, in three days activity B can start. All this can be better
viewed in an activity-on-node network diagram shown in Figure 1 below.
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Project Management
David Carhart’s Consulting Company
B
Start
A
D
G
E
Start
H
C
F
Figure 1 –Activity-on-Node Network
Diagram
Figure 1 shows each activity and in the what order during the process, this will help all
communicate more efficiently, if one team
member is responsible for activity F, he will
be able to speak directly to the individual in
charge of activity C and so forth.
David also needs to know how many days this
ES: Earliest start time an activity can start
EF: Earliest an activity can finish
LS: Latest time an activity can start
LF: Latest time an activity can finish
project is going to take, to find this answer
David needs to do some basic math. Figure 2
Figure 2 -Abbreviations
will provide the abbreviations to make the process easier.
Starting with activity A, take the activity time which is three days, add that to the ES which is
zero, since activity A has no predecessor, this will give activity A an earliest end time of three
days. Continuing left to right the next activity’s earliest start time will be the previous activity’s
earliest end time. Referring to Figure 1, notice that H has two different arrows pointing towards
it, one from activity E and activity F, activity H will have an ES of whichever EF is greater, in
this case it will be activity F. Moving left to right and following the arrows, simply continue to
fill in the blanks until the last activity is reached. Since activity H is the last activity the LF and
LS need to be figured.
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Project Management
David Carhart’s Consulting Company
To find the LF and LS we need to work backwards, activity H will have an equal EF and LF,
take the LF and subtract the activity time, in this case it will be 21-8 which gives the LS equal to
21, and this will be the predecessors LF. All of the start times and end times can be better
viewed in Table 2 below as well as how to find out which activities are on a critical path.
Acivity-on-Node Time Computations Chart
Activity
Time in
Days
Pred.
ES
EF
LS
LF
SLACK
Critical
Path
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
3
4
6
6
4
4
6
8
N/A
A
A
B
B
C
D
E,F
0
3
3
7
7
9
13
13
3
7
9
13
11
13
19
21
0
3
3
7
9
9
13
13
3
7
9
13
13
13
19
21
0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 2 –Activity Time Computation Chart
Notice that activity H has an LF time of 21, this is actual work days, this does not take in account
of weekends or holidays, the actual calendar view will essentially be 28 days. Also, on the
furthest right column all the critical paths are given, for Davis all activities with the exception of
activity E are critical activities.
For a better birds-eye view, Figure 3 can be a much easier way for managers to map and
calculate all activities in a project.
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Project Management
David Carhart’s Consulting Company
3
4
7
7
7
7
B
3
0
3
0
0
0
13
13
0
13
13
4
11
D
3
7
A
START
6
6
19
G
0
19
FINISH
E
3
9
3
6
2
13
9
0
13
9
9
Early Start Duration Early Finish
8
21
H
C
3
13
4
0
21
13
F
9
0
13
Task Name
Late Start
Slack
Late Finish LEGEND
Figure 3 –Activity-on-Node (Diagram option 2, Red Arrows indicate Critical Path)
Figure 3 is the same activity-on-node as shown in Figure 1 except this one uses boxes with each
activities (ES, EF, LS and LF) just another way to help managers see the big picture. The red
arrows also indicate which activity is part of the critical path as well.
Some might ask, why is activity E not part of the critical path, the reason for this is it has a slack
time of two days, so activity E can be delayed for two days without disrupting the actual
completion time of the entire project.
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Project Management
Activity-on-Arrow Network Diagram
A work diagram is needed for the employees to view. This will enable them to know when
their portion of the job will start, and how long it is supposed to take them to complete the
activity before handing it over to the next level.
There are many ways to give them a visual look, but the activity-on-arrow network diagram
is being used for the ease of understandability of all employees which can viewed in Figure 4.
Activity-on-Arrow Network Diagram
D
B
5
2
H
2
5
Start
B
A
Finish
3
I
5
E
A
G
5
5
2
C
4
F
5
Figure 4 –Activity-on-Arrow Network Diagram
Besides just the diagram, some other information is needed for management. Information such
as; which activity or activities are on a critical path and what is the length of the critical path.
The critical path is vital to a project, if there is any delay during one of the activities on a critical
path, this could end up being a show stopper.
The best way to find the answers is to use a time computation chart, this will show all the
earliest start time (ES), the latest start time (LS), the earliest finish time (EF), and the latest finish
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Project Management
Activity-on-Arrow Network Diagram
time (LF). Although these time are somewhat irrelevant to some, they are key to finding what is
being asked, and that again is what are the critical paths and how long is the critical path? Below
in Table 3, shows the activity-on-arrow time computation chart showing in the far right column
marked “Critical Path”.
Acivity-on-Arrow Time Computations Chart
Activity
Time in
Days
Pred.
ES
EF
LS
LF
SLACK
Critical
Path
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
5
2
4
5
5
5
2
3
5
N/A
A
A
B
B
C
E,F
D
G,H
0
5
5
7
7
9
14
1
16
5
7
9
12
12
14
16
15
21
0
6
5
8
9
9
14
13
16
5
8
9
13
14
14
16
16
21
0
1
0
1
2
0
0
1
0
Yes
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Table 3 –Activity-on-Arrow Time Computation Chart
Looking back at Figure 4 the critical path is displayed with red arrows as well as seen in Table 3.
Notice that the slack time is zero when there is a critical path. This means in laymen terms; there
is no room for error during that particular activity. To find the length of the critical path, add up
activities (B, D, and H), these three activities are on a direct path to the finish activity. The length
of the critical path is 3 days.
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Project Management
Robert Klassen’s Factory
Task time estimates for a production line project at Robert Klassen’s Ontario factory are as
follows, shown in Table 4. Based off this information, David Klassen wants an activity-on-node
network diagram configured, below in Figure 5. Looking at Table 4, the first two activities (A
and B) have no predecessors; these will be the start
point for all other activities to follow. Activity C
has a predecessor of A, and no contact from activity
Activity
Time (In Immediate
Hours) Predecessors
B. Before activity D can begin, activities (B and C)
must be completed. Activity F has a predecessor of
activity F, while activity G has both activities (E and
F) proceeding it. This can all be better viewed in a
network diagram. When looking at Figure 5, notice
that the nodes now are represented by using
rectangles.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
6
7.2
5
6
4.5
7.7
4
N/A
N/A
A
B,C
B,C
D
E,F
Table 4 –Activity Estimates
Another noticeable difference is that the times are in
hours, which differs from most projects which usually deal with days or even weeks. Figure 5
shows the nodes in a way better adapted for finding all answers any manager to find with little
effort.
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Project Management
Robert Klassen’s Factory
0
6 Hours
6
6
Activity A
0
0
0
7.2
5
11
17
Activity C
6
7.2
6
0
3.8
24.7
24.7
Activity F
11
17
11
Activity B
3.8
7.7
6
0
4
28.7
Activity G
24.7
24.7
0
28.7
17
Activity D
11
11
0
17
11
4.5
15.5
Activity E
20.2
9.2
Early Start
Duration
Early Finish
24.7
LEGEND
Late Start
Slack
Late Finish
Figure 5 –Activity-on-Node Activity Diagram
This is only the first part of what David needs, and by using this diagram, it will make finding
the critical path easier, which is the next part. Based off Figure 5, the times needed to find the
critical path has already been identified, all that is needed is some simple math; in Table 5 the
spreadsheet will provide all the relevant data showing the critical path(s).
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Project Management
Robert Klassen’s Factory
Acivity-on-Arrow Time Computations Chart
Activity
Time in
Days
Pred.
ES
EF
LS
LF
SLACK
Critical
Path
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
6.0
7.2
5.0
6.0
4.5
7.7
4.0
N/A
N/A
A
B,C
B,C
D
E,F
0
0
6
11
11
17
24.7
6.0
7.2
11.0
17.0
15.5
24.7
28.7
0.0
3.8
6.0
11.0
20.2
17.0
24.7
6
11
11.0
17
24.7
24.7
28.7
0
3.8
0
0
9.2
0
0
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Table 5 –Klassen’s Factory Time Computation
Looking at Table 5 there is more than one thing that will answer most of David’s questions. At
the bottom of the column indicated by (LF), the number 28.7 is the total number of hours to
complete all activities. Secondly, the critical paths are easily identified under the (Slack)
column, all slack times with zero are considered to be on a critical path, in this case activities (A,
C, F and G) are the critical paths.
Another way to look at how each activity works hand in hand with the other activities is seen
through a (Gantt) chart; named after Henry Gantt. This chart is very common due to the fact it
usually follows along or in some instances placed on a calendar. The thought here is, if you can
look and understand a calendar, you will be able to look and understand a Gantt chart. Figure 6
shows exactly what a Gantt chart looks like pertaining to Robert’s needs.
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Project Management
Robert Klassen’s Factory
Figure 6 –Gantt chart
Again, looking at the Gantt chart in Figure 6, the activities (A and B) can easily be seen starting
at the same time with activity C starting when they are finished. Activities (D and E) start as
soon as activity C is complete. Since activity D is longer, activity F will start as soon as activity
D is complete. Lastly, activity G will begin as soon as activity F is complete.
In the Gantt chart, on each activity bar, the number of hours is projected; showing how long each
task is supposed to take. At the very top of the chart just above activity A is the task summary
timeline bar which shows how long all tasks summed up will take, again this shows that all tasks
will take 28.7 hours.
\
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Project Management
McGee Carpet and Trim
To help Andrea with her situation, she would like to know what the expected time it will take to
complete a project. Within the project she has eleven activities to accomplish and would also
like to know the variance for each task.
To start this off there are some issues that need to be addresses, these concern the three different
times that will determine the expected time of completion and help derive to the variance of each
activity.
In Table 7, the three time required to find the information are provided, they are times (A, B and
M). Using a little math, all the data needed is simple enough, but first we need to understand
what the times given represent.

Time A is the optimistic time an activity will take if everything goes as planned, in
estimating this value, there should be only 1/100 chance that the time will actually be less
than time A.

Time B is the pessimistic time an activity will take assuming very unfavorable conditions
exists. While estimating this value, there should be only a small probability of again
1/100 chance the activity time will be greater than time B.

Time M is the most likely time, or the most reliable estimate of the time required to
complete an activity.
To figure out what each activity’s expected completion times will be, as stated earlier, an easy
mathematical calculation must be performed. The expected completion time equals (Time A
plus 4 times time M plus time B) divided by 6. Since the most likely time M is the most
realistic, its value is four times greater than the other two times, hence multiplying it by four.
Looking at activity A, the formula will look like 3+4*6+8/6 which equals 5.83; this is the
expected completion time of activity A. Table 6 will provide the rest of the expected times for
each activity.
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McGee Carpet and Trim
(A): Optimistic, (M): Most Likely, (B):
Pessimistic Times
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
A
3
2
1
6
2
6
1
3
10
14
2
M
6
4
2
7
4
10
2
6
11
16
8
Activity
Completion
Times
Below in Table 7 are the
completed calculated expected
completion times for each
activity.
Expected Completion Times
Table 7 –
Expected
B
8
4
3
8
6
14
4
9
12
20
10
Immediate
Predecessor(s)
N/A
N/A
N/A
C
B,D
A,E
A,E
F
G
C
H,I
Table .6 –Optimistic, Most
Likely and Pessimistic Time
Chart
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Predecessor
N/A
N/A
N/A
C
B,D
A,E
A,E
F
G
C
H,I
Variance Times
A
M
B
3
6
8
2
4
4
1
2
3
6
7
8
2
4
6
6
10
14
1
2
4
3
6
9
10
11
12
14
16
20
2
8
10
Expected
Completion
Time
5.83
3.67
2.00
7.00
4.00
10.00
2.17
6.00
11.00
16.33
7.33
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Project Management
McGee Carpet and Trim
Now the expected completion times have been calculated, the variance for each activity can be
determined. To find the variance of each activity, again Table 7 has provided all the data
required to calculate the mathematical formula. The variance is found by time B minus time A
divided by six, and the answer squared, this will be the variance, taking the data from time A it
will look as so; ((8-3)/6))², which gives time A, a variance of 0.69. Table 8 will complete the
rest of the activities variances.
Activity Variance
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Predecessor
N/A
N/A
N/A
C
B,D
A,E
A,E
F
G
C
H,I
Variance Times
A
M
B
3
6
8
2
4
4
1
2
3
6
7
8
2
4
6
6
10
14
1
2
4
3
6
9
10
11
12
14
16
20
2
8
10
Variance
Table 8 –Activity
0.69
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.44
1.78
0.25
1.00
0.11
1.00
1.78
Variance
With the expected completion times and the variance complete, the next step to Andrea needs to
do is find the (ES, LS, ES and EF) times, the critical path(s), the total project completion time
and the slack times. This may sound overwhelming, however, with the right tool all this can be
accomplished in one easy process, and that tool is the activity-on-node network diagram shown
in Figure 7 with all corresponding data in Table 9.
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Project Management
McGee Carpet and Trim
McGee Carpet and Trim Arow-on-Node Network Diagram
0
5.83 5.83
A
7.17 7.17 13
13
10
F
0
13
23
23
23
23
6
H
0
29
29
29
13
2.17 15.17
G
15.83 2.83 18
0
3.67 3.67
B
5.33 5.33
9
9
9
0
0
2
C
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
7
D
0
4
E
0
15.17 11 26.17
I
18 2.83 29
29
7.33 36.33
K
0 36.33
13
13
9
Early Start
9
16.33 18.33
J
0 18.33
Duration
Early Finish
LEGEND
Late Start
Slack
Late Finish
Figure 7 –McGee Arrow-on-Node Network Diagram
Figure 7 is only a tool to help get the real information needed, all the data in each node is easily
entered into a spreadsheet to find all the information Andrea needs which is below in Table 9.
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McGee Carpet and Trim
Activity
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
Time in
Predecessors
Days
28.3
18.7
9.5
35.3
19.0
48.3
9.7
28.5
56
81.33
35.67
N/A
N/A
N/A
C
B,D
A,E
A,E
F
G
C
H,I
ES
EF
LS
LF
SLACK
Critical
Path
0
0
0
2
9
13
13
23
15.17
2
29
5.83
3.67
2
9
13
23
15.17
29
26.17
18.33
36.33
7.17
5.33
0
2
9
13
15.83
23
18
2
29
13
9
2
9
13
23
18
29
29
18.33
36.33
7.17
5.33
0
0
0
0
2.83
0
2.83
0
0
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Table 9 –Computation Times
In Table 9, all the times need for Andrea are easily viewed, however the real important times are
the total project completion times which is highlighted in green under the LF column. Next to
the LF column is the slack times, notice that all slack times of zero are also a (Yes) in the critical
path column, so activities (C,D,E,F,H,J and K) are all part of the critical path, this can also be
seen by looking at the red arrows back in Figure 7.
Now that all times have been computed, the critical paths have been identified; Andrea’s last
question can be answered. What is the probability that McGee Carpet and Trim will finish the
project in 40 days or less? Again a little math is needed, to find the answer Andrea must first
add up all the variances on the critical paths which are; (0.11, 0.11, 0.44, 1.78, 1.0, 1.0 and 1.78)
which sums up to 6.22. Next is to find the project standard deviation, which is taking the sum of
all critical path variances and getting the square root, √6.22 with a result of 2.49 days. So now
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Project Management
McGee Carpet and Trim
Andrea knows that the deviation is 2.49 now she can continue to find out the probability of the
project being completed in forty or less days. Now Andrea has to subtract 40 days from
36.33days giving her -3.67, now divide that by the project deviation of 2.49 giving her -1.47.
Andrea needs to look at a Z Table, Table 10 and find out what the percentage is.
Z
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
-1.6
0.05480
0.05370
0.05262
0.05155
0.05050
0.04947
0.04846
0.04746
0.04648
-1.5
0.06681
0.06552
0.06426
0.06301
0.06178
0.06057
0.05938
0.05821
0.05705
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1
0.08076
0.09680
0.11507
0.13567
0.15866
0.07927
0.09510
0.11314
0.13350
0.15625
0.07780
0.09342
0.11123
0.13136
0.15386
0.07636
0.09176
0.10935
0.12924
0.15151
0.07493
0.09012
0.10749
0.12714
0.14917
0.07353
0.08851
0.10565
0.12507
0.14686
0.07215
0.08691
0.10383
0.12302
0.14457
0.07078
0.08534
0.10204
0.12100
0.14231
0.06944
0.08379
0.10027
0.11900
0.14007
Table 10 –Z Table
Since Andrea has a value of 1.47 she needs to look at the Z Table and scroll down until she
reaches 1.4, then scroll right until she reaches the 0.07 column, circled in red, the number that
links the 1.4 row and the 0.07 column is 0.07078; multiply that by 100 and Andrea has a 7.08%
chance of finishing within Forty days or less.
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Project Management
Fennema Construction
Bill Fennema has spent an exhausting amount of time developing tasks, the tasks duration times
and which tasks are to be completed in a sequenced order. Bill has provided this data to have an
activity-on-node network (AON) diagram be drawn. With the AON diagram he has also asked
for the expected time of completion for activity C as well as its variance. Figure 8 with start this
process with the AON Diagram.
1
2
3
5
6
8
9
7
4
10
11
Figure 8 – Fennema Construction Activity-on-Node Diagram
Notice in Figure 8 that instead of each node containing letters representing each activity, they are
now represented by numbers; 1 represents activity A and 11 representing activity K. This style
of activity numbering will help Bill recognize the tasks he is used to using. The critical path is
symbolized by the nodes in red. The critical paths in Figure 8 are (A, C, F, H, J and K)
The piece of information Bill needs, is to find the expected time of completion for activity C, this
can be done with little effort utilizing an Excel spreadsheet, and Table 11 will show all expected
completion times, however only activity C will be highlighted.
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Project Management
Fennema Construction
Fennema Contruction Expected Completion Times
Activity Predeccessor
A
N/A
B
A
C
A
D
A
E
B
F
E,C
G
E,C
H
F
I
F
J
D,G,H
K
I,J
A
4
2
8
4
1
6
2
2
6
4
2
Times
M
8
8
12
6
2
8
3
2
6
6
2
B
10
24
16
10
3
20
4
2
6
12
3
Expected Table 11 –Expected
Completion Completion Times
Time
7.67
9.67
12.00
6.33
2.00
9.67
3.00
2.00
6.00
6.67
2.17
Bill now has the expected time of completion not only for activity C, but all activities involved
with the project. All of the expected completion times were computed using the optimistic time
(A), most likely time (M) and pessimistic time (B) which Bill provided in his data. The next bit
of information needed is the variance of activity C, again the spreadsheet will easily configure
this shown in Table 12 below.
Fennema Contruction Variance (Activity C)
Activity Predeccessor
A
N/A
B
A
C
A
D
A
E
B
F
E,C
G
E,C
H
F
I
F
J
D,G,H
K
I,J
A
4
2
8
4
1
6
2
2
6
4
2
Times
M
8
8
12
6
2
8
3
2
6
6
2
B
10
24
16
10
3
20
4
2
6
12
3
Expected
Variance
Completion
Time
7.67
1.00
9.67
13.44
12.00
1.78
6.33
1.00
2.00
0.11
9.67
5.44
3.00
0.11
2.00
0.00
6.00
0.00
6.67
1.78
2.17
0.03
Table 12 –
Variance
Values
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Project Management
Fennema Construction
Now that Bill knows what the activity-on-node looks like, what the critical path is, the expected
completion time for activity C as well as its variance, the estimated time of the critical path and
activity variance along the critical path is needed. To complete this, the Gantt chart will become
extremely useful; Figure 9 will show the critical activities along with the expected completion
times.
Figure 9 –Gantt chart (Critical Path)
Looking at Figure 9, there are only six activities; these particular activities are on the critical path
of the project. The estimated time of completion can be seen on the top summary bar; in this
case the estimated completion time is 40.18 (Questionable) weeks. The reason for the question
mark is that this is in fact an estimated time. Since the current subject is “critical path”, the next
relevant topic is the variance of the critical path. Looking back to Table 12, when summing up
all of the variances on the critical path the total will end up being 10.03, refer to Table 13.
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Project Management
Fennema Construction
Fennema Contruction Variance (Activity C)
Activity Predeccessor
A
N/A
C
A
F
E,C
H
F
J
D,G,H
K
I,J
Times
M
B
8
10
12
16
8
20
2
2
6
12
2
3
Total Variance:
A
4
8
6
2
4
2
Variance
1.00
1.78
5.44
0.00
1.78
0.03
10.03
Table 13 –Critical Path Variance
Another piece of information Bill needs to know is the possibility of completing the project
before week 36, looking at Table 13 above, take the 10.03 variance and calculate the square root,
which is the standard deviation of 3.17.
Using a calculator, subtract the expected completion time of 40.18 weeks from the 36 weeks Bill
is striving for, the result is -4.18, this is the Z value, divide the Z value by the standard deviation
and the final calculation is -1.32. Looking at the Z Table, in Figure 14 go down the Z column
until -1.3 is reached, move to the right under the column heading of 0.02, the result is 0.09342,
multiply that by 100 and the probability is 9.34% chance of completing the project before week
36.
Z
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
-1.5
0.06681
0.06552
0.06426
0.06301
0.06178
-1.4
-1.3
-1.2
-1.1
-1
-0.9
-0.8
0.08076
0.09680
0.11507
0.13567
0.15866
0.18406
0.21186
0.07927
0.09510
0.11314
0.13350
0.15625
0.18141
0.20897
0.07780
0.09342
0.11123
0.13136
0.15386
0.17879
0.20611
0.07636
0.09176
0.10935
0.12924
0.15151
0.17619
0.20327
0.07493
0.09012
0.10749
0.12714
0.14917
0.17361
0.20045
Figure 14 –Z
Table
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Project Management
Summary
As managers, it is necessary to realize all the tools available on the market that will assist them
in producing vivid and explosive reports. More importantly is knowing when and how to use
these applications. In the case of David Carhart and Andrea McGee, the tools of choice were an
Excel spreadsheet and Visio, the importance of knowing not only how to use the basic functions
of an application, but how to master them can be the difference between a poor document and an
eye opening report.
In the case of Robert Klassen and Fennema Construction, not only were Visio and a spreadsheet
were used, but also an application called Project was utilized, as most can understand, knowing
more than one application and using more than just one can have a much greater impact on the
upper management and the decision they face during that crucial time of an approval or
disapproval.
The old saying “If you don’t use it, you lose it” is as true today as when it was first said. If
current managers do not use the applications designed to direct them into better managers, there
are always others behind them ready to get their chance at managing and climbing up the
corporate ladder. The managers who choose not to utilize the tools or refuse to train themselves
will lose all the vital skills necessary to become professionally proficient. For those managers
who do take the time and conduct their own professional development, not only will their
employees look at them with confidence, but maybe, just maybe so will the corporate
supervisors.
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