Paper No.
2748
SOME EMPIRICAL OBSERVATIONS ABOUT BACTERIA PROLIFERATION AND
CORROSION DAMAGE MORPHOLOGY IN KUWAIT OILFIELD WATERS
Abdul Razzaq Al-Shamari
TPL Specialist, Inspection & Corrosion Team
Kuwait Oil Company, Ahmadi, Kuwait
Abdul Wahab Al-Mithin
TL (S&E), Inspection & Corrosion Team,
Kuwait Oil Company, Ahmadi, Kuwait
Surya Prakash
Sp Corr Eng, Inspection & Corrosion Team,
Kuwait Oil Company, Ahmadi, Kuwait
Moavin Islam
Project Director, KOC ICMS Contract
Corrpro Companies, Inc., Ahmadi, Kuwait
Allen J. Biedermann
Senior Engineer, KOC ICMS Contract
Corrpro Companies, Inc., Ahmadi, Kuwait
Ashok Mathew
Corrosion Chemist, KOC ICMS Contract
Corrpro Companies, Inc., Ahmadi, Kuwait
ABSTRACT
It is well known that certain types of bacteria can cause microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC)
failures in pipelines and process equipment particularly in the oil and gas industry. A number of
different types of bacteria strains have been implicated in the MIC process. Of these, the SRB (Sulfate
Reducing Bacteria) strain is the best known and is perhaps the first to be implicated in the MIC process.
The morphology of corrosion damage associated with SRB is often characterized by deep terraced pits.
Strong evidence of planktonic and sessile bacterial proliferation, consisting of SRB, GAnB (General
Anaerobic Bacteria) and GAB (General Aerobic Bacteria), in brackish water and effluent water systems
in various Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) facilities, have been gathered during routine fluid sampling and
corrosion monitoring services conducted over the last several years. Severe MIC attack on coupons
has been observed and some equipment failures due to MIC have also been encountered. The
corrosion morphology observed is typical of SRB attack.
Effluent waters in some KOC facilities are very high in total dissolved solids (TDS) content, exceeding
200,000 mg/l and SRB counts in such waters have been found to be very low. However, the GAnB
counts are high. Severe corrosion on coupon samples have been encountered in these high TDS
waters and the corrosion morphology is very similar to SRB induced attack even though little or no SRB
is detected. The present paper discusses these unique observations.
Key words: Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC), Corrosion Morphology, SRB, GAnB
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
1
INTRODUCTION
It is well known that certain types of bacteria can cause microbiologically influenced corrosion
(MIC) failures in pipelines and process equipment particularly in the oil and gas industry. In
order for MIC problems to occur, the environmental conditions must be viable to allow growth of
bacteria and the required nutrients have to be present. Bacteria require several different
nutrients in order for microbial growth to occur. These materials may be naturally present or
added in treating chemicals.
In general, MIC will occur where the bulk solution pH ranges from 5 to 9 and total dissolved solids
are less than 200,000 mg/l.1 Frequently, the elements for a corrosion cell are present before the
bacteria become involved in the corrosion process. The presence and activity of microorganisms greatly accelerates, and often concentrates, the corrosion phenomenon. Bacteria can
be seen to intensify rather than act as the original cause of many corrosion incidents.2 A
number of different types of bacteria strains have been implicated in the MIC process.1 These
include among others, sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB), acid producing bacteria, iron fixing
bacteria, sulfur bacteria, sulfide generating bacteria, and slime forming bacteria. Sometimes
the bacteria species are referred to as SRB, GAB (General Aerobic Bacteria) and GAnB
(General Anaerobic Bacteria). However, it may be noted that SRB are the best known agents of
MIC and were the first to be implicated in the MIC process.3 Because SRB are so commonly
found in corrosion situations, they are used as a marker organism to assess the risk of bacterial
corrosion in a system. SRB have been extensively studied, and many mechanisms have been
proposed to explain their effect on the corrosion process.4
The morphology of pits is often considered as an indicator of MIC. The presence of a terraced
pit is usually attributed to SRB while pits within pits, or tunneling effects are considered to be
signs of acid producing bacteria.1 It should be pointed out that these forms of corrosion can
also be caused by other non-biological mechanisms. Identification of a corrosion failure as
being MIC should include, besides morphology, detection of live bacteria in the corroded area
and detection of metabolic products (e.g. sulfides, organic acids, etc.) showing that the
bacteria were active in the area. Many techniques have been developed for detecting and
quantifying bacterial proliferation in different process industries as well as in oil field
environments. Comprehensive reviews of these methods are available in recent
publications.5,6
Crude Oil Processing at KOC
The Kuwait Oil Company (KOC), which is a major player among the Middle East crude oil
production and processing concerns, operates a large number of facilities consisting of 22
Crude Processing Plants (or Gathering Centers), 4 Gas Processing Plants (or Booster
Stations); 3 Effluent Water Disposal Plants, Seawater Treatment and Injection Plants, Early
Production Facilities, and a vast network of pipelines carrying different products. At the
Gathering Center (GC), the incoming crude oil from producing wells, consisting of a mix of
emulsified oil, gases, dissolved salts and other solid impurities, is first put through Separators
to separate the emulsified oil from the gases and solid impurities. The separated gas is sent to
Booster Stations for further processing and the emulsified oil is sent to Wet Crude Storage
Tanks where the oil and water separates. The separated water from the Wet Crude Tank,
known as Produced Water (PDW) with a high salt content, is drained and sent to the Effluent
Water (EFW) Storage Tank.
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
2
The decanted crude oil from the Wet Crude Storage Tanks is sent to the Desalting Section
comprising of a 1st Stage Desalter and a 2nd Stage Desalter. Brackish Water (BRW) from
source wells (routed through BRW Storage Tanks) is utilized as wash water in the 2nd Stage
Desalter which receives partially cleaned crude oil from the 1st Stage Desalter. The spent
BRW from the 2nd Stage Desalter known as Recycle Water (RCW) is fed into the 1st Stage
Desalter where it is utilized to wash the incoming crude oil received from the Wet Crude
Storage Tanks. The spent RCW from the 1st Stage Desalter known as 1st Stage Effluent
Water (EFW) is sent to the EFW Storage Tank. The Final Effluent Water (FEFW) consisting of
PDW and 1st Stage EFW is sent to the Effluent Water Disposal Plant (EWDP) where it is either
disposed through Disposal Wells or utilized for Water Injection after further treatment. The
processed crude oil from the GC is either sent to one of the three Refineries in Kuwait or to the
Export Terminal for export to other countries. Figure 1 shows the Process Flow Diagram
(PFD) of a typical Gathering Center.
Bacterial Proliferation at KOC
Strong evidence of bacterial proliferation, consisting of SRB, GAnB and GAB, in brackish water
and effluent water systems in various KOC facilities, have been gathered during routine fluid
sampling and corrosion monitoring services conducted over the last several years. Severe
MIC attack on coupons has been observed and some equipment failures due to MIC have also
been documented.7 The corrosion morphology observed was typical of SRB attack.
Effluent waters in some KOC facilities are very high in total dissolved solids (TDS) content,
exceeding 200,000 mg/L and SRB counts in such waters have been found to be zero or very
low. However, the GAnB counts are often high. Contrary to what is reported in the literature,
severe MIC on coupon samples have been encountered in these high TDS waters and the
corrosion morphology is very similar to SRB induced attack even though no SRB is present.
Corrosion coupon, fluid analysis and bacteria data gathered from some of the KOC facilities
are reported and discussed in the present paper with emphasis on the morphological aspects
of the corrosion damage.
CHARACTERISTICS AND CORROSIVITY OF KUWAIT OIL FIELD WATERS
Water Chemistry
Chemical analysis of the different types of waters (BRW, PDW, RCW and EFW) associated with
crude oil processing is carried out on a routine basis to determine various key parameters such
as pH, conductivity, TDS, Total Hardness, Dissolved Oxygen, H2S and CO2 concentrations,
Corrosion and Scale Inhibitor residuals, and iron content (total and dissolved). The different
waters have significant variations in their chemistry depending on the production areas. Table 1
shows the typical composition of the different types of waters from the different oil producing
areas in Kuwait designated as East, West, North and South.
It can be seen that the BRW from the North area is much higher in TDS (Total Dissolved Solids),
chloride, calcium and magnesium content compared to waters from the other areas. The PDW
from the West and North regions also have very high TDS levels. The Final EFW from the West
and North production areas tend to have very high TDS, with those from the West always
showing TDS levels in excess of 200,000 mg/L.
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
3
Figure 1. Process Flow Diagram (PFD) of a Typical Crude Processing Facility (Gathering Centre).
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
4
Table 1
Typical Composition of Different Types of Waters from Different Oil Producing Areas of Kuwait
Parameter
Unit
Brackish Water (BRW)
Recycled Water (RCW)
East
South
West
North
East
Oily
Oily
Clear
Water Water
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
Clear
5.8
6.3
5.6
5.8
6.1
7.0
pH
Final Effluent Water (FEFW)
East South West North East South West North
Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear
Colour/Appearance
Produced Water (PDW)
6.9
7.1
7
7.1
6
7.1
7.3
South
West
North
Slight
Clear Yellowish
Yellowish
6.1
5.8
5.8
μs/cm 4880
4800
4620 18150 5360
7140 10610 19210 309000 281000 468000 407500 298750 262500 432000 338750
Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 2537
2300
2402 9485 2780
3705
5520
9990 160680 146600 243360 212875 155350 137000 224640 176000
Salt Cont. as NaCl
mg/L 1319
1170
1608 8250 1650
2470
4120
9075 154550 142840 241710 206244 154550 130040 223112 165000
Hardness as CaCO3
mg/L 1500
2200
1500 3100 1520
2500
2400
3300
36000
32500
64000
52000
33500
33000
60500
39500
H2S Content
mg/L 0.02
0.005
0.03
0.01 0..02
0.1
21
0.01
0.03
0.005
0.8
0.2
0.02
3.01
14
0.03
C.I Residual content
mg/L
1.0
3.29
1.2
1.1
5.4
20.4
3.4
0.9
6.6
1.5
3.2
0.7
2.8
5.35
5.5
4.1
S.I Residual content
mg/L 0.53
19.2
1.4
0.2
4.8
12.3
2.6
2.6
2.8
0
0.7
0
0.74
3.42
2.6
0.3
Fe Content (Total)
mg/L
0.7
0.2
0.2
0.21
0.3
0.04
2
1.1
13
0.3
1.45
87.7
Fe Cont.(Dissolved)
mg/L
0.6
0.04
0.1
0.13
0.2
0.01
1.3
0.3
3.0
0.8
13.9
2.3
10
0.12
1.35
80.2
Mn Content
mg/L
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.04
0.1
1.0
0.03
0.9
1.4
1.8
0.02
0.5
2.35
mg/L
400
561
360
880
368
600
600
920
10200
9200
20800
16000
10000
10020
18800
12200
mg/L
121
195
146
219
146
240
218
243
2552
2308
2916
2916
2065
1946
3214
2187
2-
mg/L 1100
1013
1215
975
1250
1160
1350
1375
72
5
180
600
65
130
110
700
-
mg/L
709
1024 5000 1000
1500
2500
5500
93750
Conductivity
2+
Ca Content
Mg
2+
Content
SO4 Content
Cl Content
M.Alkalinity as CaCO3 mg/L
-
HCO3 Content
mg/L
800
86560 147380 125000 93750
78810
136040 100000
20
170
200
120
90
24
207
244
130
110
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
5
Corrosion and Bacteria Data
Internal Corrosion Monitoring activities are carried out on a routine basis in all KOC facilities
with the help of Online Monitoring Equipment that include Corrosion Coupons, Corrosion
Probes, Bio-probes, Hydrogen Patch probes etc. installed at key locations in the facilities.
However, data from corrosion coupons are the ones most widely used for determining the
corrosivity of the various process streams.
Corrosion and pitting (localized corrosion) rates obtained from coupons are categorized as
‘Low, Moderate, High and Severe’ as per Guide Lines in NACE document RP07757
summarized in Table-1 below. Coupon processing is done as per ASTM procedure G-1.8
Table-2
Classification of Corrosion and Pitting Rates as per NACE Guidelines
General Corrosion Corrosion Pitting Corrosion Corrosion
Category
Rate (mpy)*
Category
Rate (mpy)*
Low
<1
Low
<5
Moderate
1-4.9
Moderate
5-7.9
High
5-10
High
8-15
Severe
>10
Severe
>15
*mpy = mils per year (1 mil = 0.001 inch = 0.254 mm)
As per Company protocol, the corrosion monitoring service periods are at 45-day intervals for
the first three services for new locations and then 45 days for locations with High to Severe
category general and pitting rates, 90 days for locations with Moderate to High pitting rates,
and 180 days for the locations with Low to Moderate corrosion rates.
Analyses for planktonic bacteria, consisting of Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB) General
Aerobic Bacteria (GAB) and General Anaerobic Bacteria (GAnB), are carried out on water
samples while analyses for sessile bacteria for the same species are performed on the
deposits from the coupons obtained during routine coupon retrievals as per approved
Company protocols.9 Sessile sampling is done only from coupons with sufficient deposits.
Bacteria analysis is performed by the Serial Dilution technique following standard NACE
methodology.10 Guidelines for quantifying bacterial proliferation in terms of the afore
mentioned bacteria strains are provided in Company Procedures11 and summarized in Table 3
below.
Table 3
Target Bacteria Population Density
(Maximum Allowable)
Bacteria
Sessile
Planktonic
Type
Bacteria Count Bacteria Count
SRB
< 102/cm2
< 1/ml
2
2
GAB
< 10 /cm
< 104/ml
GAnB
< 102/cm2
< 104/ml
©2013 by NACE International.
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The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
6
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
Over the last few years a large amount of coupon corrosion data as well as data for both
planktonic and sessile bacteria in different process streams have been collected from the various
KOC facilities. Table 4 presents a snapshot of some of the corrosion data and corresponding
sessile bacteria data obtained in different types of waters during 2011.
It has been found that almost in all cases, coupons exposed to BRW suffer very severe localized
corrosion. In a few cases, standard 3-inch coupons have been found to be almost totally
consumed within 45 days of exposure. In all cases of severe localized corrosion damage, the
presence of planktonic as well as sessile bacteria (all three species – SRB, GAB and GAnB)
were positively identified and the bacteria counts were found to be significantly above the
allowable limits given in Table 3. It may be noted that all three bacteria species had the same
count in the BRW. Typical examples of the morphology of corrosion attack encountered in BRW
streams are shown in Figure 2. The morphological features of the corrosion damage are similar
to what is often cited in the open literature as due to MIC in presence of SRB.
Severe localized corrosion on coupons have also been observed in RCW as well as in 1st Stage
EFW and Final EFW streams as shown in Table 4. In all these cases, the common factor is the
presence of bacteria. However, it is interesting to note that in these environments, the SRB count
is seen to be very low or zero, and the GAnB is always high. The GAB count appears to vary.
Typical examples of the corrosion morphology observed in these environments are shown in
Figures 3 through 6. The morphological features are very similar to those observed in BRW
environments which, as mentioned earlier is assumed to be due to SRB attack.
From the above data and observations, it is quite clear that the severe localized corrosion
encountered in all these types of waters is not due to normal corrosion processes alone but is
bacteria related. The data also indicates that the severe localized corrosion can perhaps be
attributed to the GAnB species rather than SRB since the former seems to be the common factor.
Unfortunately, it is unresolved as to what specific bacteria strain or strains constitute the GAnB
species and further study is warranted to identify these strains. Based on limited circumstantial
evidence i.e. the presence on sulfides in the corrosion products, it would appear that the bacteria
strains involved in GAnB influenced corrosion, are some sort of sulfate reducers similar to the
commonly known SRB strain, but does not appear in the standard SRB test media.
It should be noted that equipment and piping exposed to BRW, RCW, PDW and EFW in KOC
facilities are usually coated. Currently, the piping for BRW circuits is mostly made of GRP. It is
also important to point out that corrosion inhibitor treatment is carried out in all systems handling
BRW, RCW and EFW. Biocide treatment is carried at the EWDPs and has recently been started
at some of the GCs. In spite of these chemical treatments, severe corrosion continues to be
observed on installed coupons and bacterial proliferation has persisted. It appears that the
effectiveness of the corrosion inhibitor is hampered by the presence of bacteria (biofilms) on
the metal surface. It is possible that these inhibitor products could indeed be effective in the
absence of bacterial proliferation. It is likely that equipment and piping, which are not coated,
may suffer corrosion damage and possibly unexpected failures if bacteria proliferation continues
unabated.
©2013 by NACE International.
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NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
7
Table 4
Corrosion and Bacteria Data in Different Types of Oil Field Waters
Type of Water
BRW
RCW
PDW
1st Stage EFW
Final EFW
Coupon
Retrieval
date
Exposure
Days
24-Apr-11
24-Jul-11
18-Dec-11
08-Sep-08
19-Dec-11
06-Sep-11
22-Jun-11
25-Aug-11
04-Dec-11
09-Mar-11
24-Apr-11
24-Jul-11
17-Apr-11
01-Jun-11
05-Sep-11
46
91
49
55
102
89
62
64
102
45
46
91
18
45
29
Note:
BRW = Brackish Water;
PDW = Produced Water;
Corrosion Rate
(mpy)
General Localized
10
10
30
16
18
17
127
164
77
13
41
14
55
40
83
504
255
473
48
227
260
748
724
454
515
504
354
178
490
352
Sessile Bacteria
(Counts/cm2)
SRB
GAB
GAnB
27000
27000
27000
27
2700
2700
17
17
0
0
0
0
17
0
17
27000
27000
27000
270
270
2700
170
170
0
270
0
27
1700
1700
170
27000
27000
27000
2700
2700
27000
17000
17000
17000
27000
27000
27000
17000
17000
17000
RCW = Recycle Water;
EFW = Effluent Water
Figure 2. Typical Morphology of Localized Attack on Coupons in BRW
©2013 by NACE International.
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8
Figure 3. Typical Morphology of Localized Attack on Coupons in RCW
Figure 4. Typical Morphology of Localized Attack on Coupons in PDW
©2013 by NACE International.
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9
Figure 5. Typical Morphology of Localized Attack on Coupons in 1st Stage EFW
Figure 6. Typical Morphology of Localized Attack on Coupons in Final EFW
©2013 by NACE International.
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10
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Strong evidence of planktonic and sessile bacterial proliferation, consisting of SRB (Sulfate
Reducing Bacteria), GAnB (General Anaerobic Bacteria) and GAB (General Aerobic Bacteria),
in BRW (Brackish Water), RCW (Recycle Water) and EFW (Effluent Water) systems in various
KOC (Kuwait Oil Company) facilities have been gathered during routine fluid sampling and
corrosion monitoring services conducted over the last several years.
Severe MIC
(Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion) attack on coupons has been observed and some
equipment failures due to MIC have also been encountered.
Coupons exposed to BRW suffer very severe localized corrosion. In a few cases, standard 3inch coupons have been found to be almost totally consumed within 45 days of exposure. In all
cases of severe localized corrosion damage, the presence of planktonic as well as sessile
bacteria (all three species – SRB, GAB and GAnB) were positively identified and the bacteria
counts were found to be significantly above the allowable limits.
Severe localized corrosion on coupons has also been observed in RCW as well as in 1st Stage
EFW and Final EFW streams. In all these cases, the common factor is the presence of bacteria.
However, in some cases the SRB count is seen to be very low or zero, and the GAnB is always
high. The GAB count appears to vary. The morphological features are very similar to those
observed in BRW environments, which is assumed to be due to SRB attack.
From the data and observations, it is quite clear that the severe corrosion encountered in all these
types of waters is not due to normal corrosion processes but is bacteria related. The data also
indicates that the severe localized corrosion can perhaps be attributed to the GAnB species
rather than SRB. Unfortunately, it is unresolved as to what specific bacteria strain or strains
constitute the GAnB species and further study is warranted to identify these strains. Based on
circumstantial evidence i.e. the presence on sulfides in the corrosion products, it would appear
that the bacteria strains involved in GAnB induced corrosion, are some sort of sulfate reducers
similar to the commonly known SRB strain.
The impact of bacteria proliferation on oil and gas production facilities can be multi-faceted
which can seriously impact operating costs. Hence, the monitoring and control of bacterial
proliferation in oil production and processing facilities should be a high priority. It has been
observed that the effectiveness of corrosion inhibitors is often hampered by the presence of
bacteria (biofilms) on the metal surface. Once the presence of bacteria and the occurrence of
MIC is confirmed in a facility, appropriate biocide treatment should be immediately started.
It is important to note that biocide treatment should not be carried out on an arbitrary basis.
Prior to field application, a rigorous laboratory evaluation of candidate products should be
carried out to identify the most effective biocide or biocides, determine appropriate treatment
levels and mode of application as well as to determine compatibility issues with other
commonly used oil-field chemicals. KOC is currently in the process of implementing biocide
treatment in various facilities following such procedures.
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
11
REFERENCES
1. “Strategy for Bacteria Analysis Associated with Process Fluids,” Final Report on Task 1-2
submitted to Kuwait Oil Company under Contract 10626 by CC Technologies (author J.
Boivin), May 2002.
2. J. Boivin; "Oil Industry Biocides;” NACE Western Canadian Region Western Conference,
Calgary, 1994; Reprinted in Materials Performance, V. 34 (2), pp. 65-68. Feb. 1995.
3. J. R. Postgate; in The Sulfate-reducing Bacteria (2nd Ed.), University Press, Cambridge. 1984
pp. 135-6, 1984.
4. J. Boivin and J.W. Costerton; "Corrosion in Bacterial Biofilms"; 11th International
Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, ASME Paper #92-955,
Calgary, June, 1992.
5. R. Sooknah, S. Papavinasam and R.W. Revie, “Monitoring Microbiologically Influenced
Corrosion: A Review of Techniques,” Paper No. 07517, NACE CORROSION/2007,
Nashville, TN, March 11-15, 2007.
6. S. Al-Sulaiman, A. Al-Mithin, G. Murray, A.J. Biedermann and M. Islam, “Advantages and
Limitations of Using Field Test Kits for Determining Bacterial Proliferation in Oil Field
Waters,” Paper No. 08695, NACE CORROSION/2008, New Orleans, LA, March 16-20,
2008.
7. NACE RP-0775, “Preparation, Installation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Corrosion
Coupons in Oilfield Operations.” NACE International, Houston, Texas, 2009.
8. ASTM G1–03 (2011), “Standard Practice for Preparing, Cleaning, and Evaluating Corrosion
Test Specimens,” American Society for Testing and Materials, PA, 2011.
9. Procedure for Microbial Collection and Analysis, CCI-004, Internal Corrosion Monitoring
Services, Kuwait Oil Company, September 2011.
10. NACE Standard TM0194-2004 “Standard Test Method – Field Monitoring of Bacterial
Growth in Oil and Gas Systems,” National Association of Corrosion Engineers International,
Houston, Texas, 2004.
11. Document No. KOC-ICM-002 Rev#1, “Dosage Control Strategy for Internal Corrosion and
Scale Control Chemicals,” Kuwait Oil Company, September 2005.
©2013 by NACE International.
Requests for permission to publish this manuscript in any form, in part or in whole, must be in writing to
NACE International, Publications Division, 1440 South Creek Drive, Houston, Texas 77084.
The material presented and the views expressed in this paper are solely those of the author(s) and are not necessarily endorsed by the Association.
12