GEOLOGY 306 Laboratory
Instructor: TERRY J. BOROUGHS
NAME:
Location and Distance on Earth (Chapter 22 – part 1)
For this assignment you will require: a calculator, protractor, and a metric ruler, and an atlas of maps
(provided for you). Objectives: you should be able to explain the grid system used for locating places
and features on Earth; use the Earth’s grid system to accurately locate a place or feature; explain the
relation between latitude and the angle of the North Star (Polaris) above the horizon; explain the relation
between longitude and solar time; determine the shortest route and distance between any two places on
Earth’s surface.
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER Chapter 22 IN YOUR MANUAL
(Read the questions from your manual and place your answers in the following spaces provided.)
1.
Complete questions 1 through 7A on the diagrams in your manual, 7th edition or questions 1 through
6 A, 8th edition. This will give you the needed practice to move on to question 7B, 7th edition or 6B,
8th edition.
7.
Part B: Estimate the latitude of the various points associated with question 7B (7th edition) or 6B (8th
edition).
Point A:
30N Latitude
Point B: 5S Latitude
Point C:
Point D:
Point E:
Point F:
Use the index in the back of the Atlas of maps provided by your instructor to complete the
following questions from your laboratory manual.
8.
Identify the Latitiude of the following locations:
Zurich, Switzerland:
Cairo, Egypt:
Your home city, (identify and locate):
Los Angeles, California:
9.
The farthest one can be from the equator is (45, 90, or 180) degrees of latitude. Select the best
answer.
10. What are the names of the two places on Earth that are farthest from the equator to the north and
the south?
11. What are the names of the five special parallels of latitude marked and named on most globes at the
following locations?
66˚30’00” N Latitude:
23˚30’00” N Latitude:
0˚00’00” Latitude:
23˚30’00” S Latitude:
66˚30’00” S Latitude:
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12. Is the angle of Polaris above the horizon from someone standing a point C, figure 22.3 (45, 90, or
180 degrees)? Select the best answer.
13. Describe the relationship between the angle of Polaris and the angle of Latitude.
14.
What is the degree to Polaris for the following locations?
Anchorage, AK:
degrees, minutes, etc.
Calgary, Canada:
degrees, minutes, etc.
Orlando, Fl:
degrees, minutes, etc.
Your home city, (identify and locate):
degrees, minutes, etc.
San Francisco, CA:
degrees, minutes, etc.
15. Identify the city that the prime meridian runs through in England!
16. How many degrees of longitude separate each of the meridians on most globes or maps?
17. Identify the Longitude for the following locations on Figure 22.5.
Point A:
30E Longitude
Point D:
18.
Point B: 20W Longitude
Point C:
Point E:
Point F:
Identify the Longitudes of the following locations:
Melbourne, Australia:
Honolulu, Hawaii:
Your home city, (identify and locate):
Los Angeles, Ca.
19. The farthest a place can be directly east or west of the prime meridian is (45, 90 or 180 degrees).
Select the best answer.
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20. What is the Solar time for an observer located 1 degree West of the Noon Meridian?
21. What is the Solar time for an observer located 4 degrees East of the Noon Meridian?
22.
If it is noon, according to Solar time (the Sun is directly above) at 70˚ W longitude, what is the
solar time at each of the following locations?
65˚ W Longitude:
72˚ W Longitude
90˚ W Longitude:
110˚ E Longitude:
23.
The following times represent Greenwich Mean Time or the time at the Prime Meridian in
Greenwich, England. Using these times and the fact that the time at your ship’s location is Noon (the
Sun is directly above you), determine the Longitude of your ship relative to the Prime Meridian.
Don’t forget to include a direction (either East or West of the Prime Meridian!) Note: drawing a
diagram showing the Prime Meridian, the ship’s location east or west of the prime meridian, and the
difference in hours may be helpful.
6:00 P.M.:
1:00 A.M.:
2:30 P.M.:
24.
25.
Using Figure 22.7 (7th edition) or figure 22.6 (8th edition) estimate the Latitude and Longitude of the
following points.
Point A:
30N Latitude,
60E Longitude
Point B:
Latitude,
Longitude
Point C:
Latitude,
Longitude
Point D:
Latitude,
Longitude
Point E:
Latitude,
Longitude
Identify the Latitude and Longitude of the following locations:
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia:
Latitude,
Longitude
Krakow, Poland:
Latitude,
Longitude
Moscow, Russia:
Latitude,
Longitude
Perth, Australia:
Latitude,
Longitude
Lima, Peru:
Latitude,
Longitude
3
26.
Identify the major (internationally-known) location (city, lake, mountain peak, etc.) based upon the
Latitude and Longitude provided and any of the maps, globes, and atlases provided in the class
room. If the location is a city, you should find an exact match for the latitude and longitude in your
atlas. If the location is a geographical feature such as a lake or mountain range which covers a
larger area, you may find an approximate match rather than an exact match in your atlas.
45˚30’N Latitude, 73˚35’W Longitude:
41˚52’N Latitude, 12˚37’E Longitude:
36˚53’S Latitude, 174˚45’E Longitude:
27. Extra credit! Use the following map to complete this question. Use a wall map of the world or
world map in an atlas to find the following water bodies, rivers, and mountains. Examine their
latitudes and longitudes, and then label each on the world map provided. To conserve space mark
only the number or letter of the feature at the appropriate location on the map. The letter or number
should be located and written directly on top of the appropriate feature, not off to the side of it!!!
Water Bodies
Mountains
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.
J.
K.
L.
North America
1. Rocky Mountains
2. Cascade Range
3. Sierra Nevada
4. Appalachian Mountains
5. Black hills
6. Teton Range
7. Adirondack Mountains
South America
8. Andes Mountains
Europe and Asia
9. Pyrenees Mountains
10. Alps
11. Himalaya Mountains
12. Ural Mountains
Africa and Australia
13. Atlas mountains
14. MacDonnell Ranges
Pacific Ocean
Atlantic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Gulf of Mexico
Mediterranean Sea
Caribbean Sea
Persian Gulf
Red Sea
Sea of Japan
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Rivers
North America
a. Mississippi
b. Colorado
c. Missouri
d. Ohio
South America
e. Amazon
Europe and Asia
f. Volga
g. Mekong
h. Ganges
i. Yangtze
Africa and Australia
j. Nile
k. Congo
l. Darling
4
5
Geologic Maps and Structures (Chapter 7) (7th Edition) or (Chapter 8) (8th edition)
For this assignment you will require: metric ruler, protractor, colored pencils and eraser. Objectives:
you should be able to explain how geologists describe the orientation of folded rocks and faults using the
measurements strike and dip; draw and interpret a simple geologic block diagram; describe the various
types of folds and how they form; recognize and diagram anticlines, synclines, domes and basins in both
geologic map and cross-sectional views; discuss the formation and types of dip-slip and strike-slip faults;
recognize and diagram the various types of faults in both geologic map and cross-sectional views;
interpret a simplified geologic map and use it to construct a geologic cross section.
TYPES OF STRESS:
COMPRESSION  
Directed pressure/stress toward each other, associated with
converging plate margins.
TENSION  
Directed pressure/stress away from each other, associated with
diverging plate margins.
SHEAR 

Directed pressure/stress sliding past each other, associated with
transform plate margins.
TYPES OF STRAIN:
ELASTIC:
Non-permanent deformation, once stress is released, the material
returns to its original configuration.
PLASTIC:
Permanent deformation, often ductile curved in appearance.
OR DUCTILE:
BRITTLE:
Rigid deformation, where the material will rupture and break.
STRIKE AND DIP:
STRIKE:
Describes the orientation of the strata relative to the compass directions
(N, S, E, W) FOR EXAMPLE: STRIKE: N45W
DIP:
Describes the amount and direction of tilting of the strata. FOR
EXAMPLE: DIP: 45N
Describe the type of deformation you would expect if you dropped each of the items listed
below onto a concrete floor.
Elastic, Brittle, or Ductile Deformation
Material
Wine Glass
Modeling Clay
China Plate
Tennis Ball
Pizza Dough
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Type of Deformation
Fill in the blanks to formulate a series of handy-dandy rules to help in the interpretation of
geologic maps and cross sections.
a.
b.
The following rules refer to relative ages of sedimentary beds. Choose “OLDER"
OR “YOUNGER" for your answers.

When synclines and basin are eroded, the beds exposed in the center are
than the beds exposed away from
the center.

When anticlines and domes are eroded, the beds exposed in the center
are
than the beds exposed away from the
center.
The following rules refer to beds and contacts between beds, as seen in map view.

When
folds have been eroded, the contacts between
beds, as seen on a horizontal surface, are straight and parallel. Choose
plunging or non - plunging.

When plunging synclines have been eroded, the contacts between beds,
as seen in map view, bend so as to point
the
direction of plunge. Choose toward or away from.

When plunging anticlines have been eroded, the contacts between beds,
as seen in map view, bend so as to point
the
direction of plunge. Choose toward or away from.

The outcrop width of a bed
as the angle between the
surface and the dip of the bed decreases. Choose increases or
decreases
THE FOLLOWING PROBLEMS USE BLOCK DIAGRAMS
REMEMBER STRIKE AND DIP READINGS INCLUDE BOTH AN ANGLE AND COMPASS
DIRECTIONS! FOR EXAMPLE STRIKE: N45°W, DIP: 60°N For these 3D diagrams, just
estimate the angles involved, e.g. 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, and over 75°.
Block A
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BLOCK A.
1. Use the Strike and dip symbols to help you identify various features/aspects of this
fold.
2.
Is this a plunging fold?
3. Identify the strike (of the fold axis and limbs)
Identify the dip for EACH of the fold limbs. Remember to include both the approximate dip
angle and dip direction! For Example: 45°E and 45°W
and
4. Identify this fold
BLOCK B
1. Use the Strike and dip symbols to help you identify various features/aspects of this
fold.
2.
Is this a plunging fold?
3. Identify the strike (of the fold axis and limbs)
Identify the dip for EACH of the fold limbs. Remember to include both the approximate dip
angle and dip direction! For Example: 45°E and 45°W
and
4. Identify this fold
Block B
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Block C
BLOCK C
1. Use the Strike and dip symbols to help you identify various features/aspects of this
fold.
2.
Is this a plunging fold?
3. Identify the direction of plunge
and the approximate amount of plunge
of the fold axis.
4.
Identify this fold
BE SPECIFIC!
BLOCK D
1. Draw the relative movement of the hanging wall and footwall ON THE FRONT
(CROSS-SECTIONAL) VIEW using arrows.
Identify the dip of the fault surface.
Remember to include both the approximate dip
angle and dip direction! For Example: 45°E
2.
Is the hanging wall moving up or down?
3.
Identify this fault.
Block D
Block E
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BLOCK E
1. Draw the relative movement of the hanging wall and footwall ON THE FRONT
(CROSS-SECTIONAL) VIEW using arrows.
Identify the dip of the fault surface. Remember to include both the approximate dip angle and
dip direction! For Example: 45°E
2.
Is the hanging wall moving up or down?
3.
Identify this fault.
BLOCK F
1. Draw the relative movement of the hanging wall and footwall ON THE FRONT
(CROSS-SECTIONAL) VIEW using arrows.
Identify the dip of the fault surface. Remember to include both the approximate dip angle
and dip direction! For Example: 45°E
2.
Is the hanging wall moving up or down?
3.
Identify this fault. BE SPECIFIC!
Block F
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Block G
BLOCK G
1.
Draw the relative movement of the fault on the MAP (surface) view using arrows.
2.
What is the strike of the fault plane?
3.
What is the relative motion on this fault?
4.
Identify this fault. BE SPECIFIC!
THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS REFER TO Chapter 7 (7th edition) or Chapter 8 (8th Edition) IN
YOUR MANUAL
(Read the questions from your manual and place your answers in the following spaces provided.)
2.
Place your answers here rather than on figure 7.5 (7th edition) or figure 8.4 (8th edition) of your
manual.
Left Map:

Strike: North
Angle of Dip:
Right Map:
Direction of Dip:

Strike: North
Angle of Dip:
3.
Direction of Dip:
Write your answers here regarding fold types in figure 7.16 (7th edition) or figure 8.12 (8th edition):

Identify the fold in each diagram:

Identify the ages of the rock layers in each of the diagrams:

Anticline: Youngest:
: Oldest

Syncline:
: Oldest

The plane extending through each block diagram is called:

The rock layers for the anticline dip
the axial plane.

The rock layers for the syncline dip
the axial plane.

The Syncline is symmetrical or asymmetrical?

The Anticline is symmetrical or asymmetrical?

Are these folds plunging or non-plunging?

Rocks exposed at the surface of the syncline get older or younger as you move away from the
Left diagram:
Youngest:
Right Diagram:
fold axis?
11

Rocks exposed at the surface of the anticline get older or younger as you move away from the
fold axis?
4.
Using Figure 7.21 (7th edition) or figure 8.16 (8th edition), you should observe the blocks of rock on
either side of the fault and indicate the relative ages of the surface rocks on either side of the fault
trace. One side will be older and the other side will be younger. Keep in mind that the fault will dip
toward the Hanging wall, which will also be above the fault surface. The block that is below the fault
surface will be the Foot wall. Using this information complete the following questions.
a. On an eroded normal fault, the rocks at the surface on the direction of the dip (side in
which the fault is dipping and/or the Hanging wall side) are the (youngest or oldest)
surface rocks? Pick one.
b. On an eroded reverse fault, the rocks at the surface on the direction of the dip (side in
which the fault is dipping and/or the Hanging wall side) are the (youngest or oldest)
surface rocks? Pick one.
5.
Is the fault illustrated in figure 7.23 or figure 8.19 (8th edition) a (right-lateral or left-lateral) strikeslip fault? Pick one.
The following questions refer to figure 7.25 (7th edition) or figure 8.22 (8th edition) a geologic map
of the Devils Fence, Montana area.
6.
What is the verbal and fractional scale of the Devils Fence map? You may have to convert your
verbal scale to a fractional scale.
Verbal Scale:
Fractional Scale:
7.
1 inch =
Miles
:
Identify the Oldest and youngest sedimentary rocks by the Name and geologic age (not numerical
age)
Youngest:
Name:
Geologic Age (name):
Oldest:
Name:
Geologic Age (name):
8.
Are the intrusive igneous rocks near the center of the structure in (younger or older) than the
adjacent sedimentary rocks? Pick one.
9.
Examine the strike and dip of the rock units on the Devils Fence Geologic map. Draw in several
large arrows on the map, pointing in the direction of dip of several of the rock units. A) Do the rock
layers indicated near the center of the map in section 14 dip toward the (northwest or southeast)?
Pick one. B) The same rocks in section 14 are also found in section 18. Do the rocks in section 18
dip toward the (East or West)? Pick one
A:
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B:
10. What is the approximate angle of dip of the rock units in section section 2?
Angle of Dip:
11. Are the rocks getting (older or younger) away from the center of the fold? Pick one.
12. Is this geologic structure a (non-plunging or plunging) (Anticline or Syncline)? Pick the best
combination of answers.
13. List two lines of evidence that you used to determine the type of structure identified above.
Evidence:
Additional Extra credit questions:
(Summary / Report Page):
1.
Use figure 7.27 (7th edition) or figure 8.23 (8th edition) in your manual and provide the strike and dip
of the igneous intrusion (7th edition) or limestone layer (8th edition).
Strike: North
2.

Angle and direction of dip:

What type of stress, (compression or tension) was responsible for producing the geologic structure
in figure 7.25 (7th edition) or figure 8.22 (8th edition)? Pick one.
3.
With reference to the axial plane, where are the youngest rocks located in an eroded anticline?
Label the hanging wall and the footwall on each of the two faults illustrated in figure 7.29 (6th edition)
or figure 7.31 (7th edition) or 8.27 (8th edition). On each photo, draw arrows showing the relative
movement of both sides of the fault. Determine if the hanging wall is going up or down for each
photo. Name the type of fault illustrated in each photo and describe the forces or stresses that
produced it.
Is the hanging wall going up or down for figure A:
Figure B:
4.
A.
Name:
Stress / Forces:
B.
Name:
Stress / Forces:
13
BLOCK H
1. Draw and identify the fold axis on this fold. (Use appropriate symbols)
2.
Are the folds in this diagram plunging or non-plunging?
3.
Identify this fold
4.
On the fault, is the hanging wall moving up or down?
5.
What is the strike
and approximate dip
of the fault?
6.
Identify the fault
Block H
14
The End!!