AVEDA INSTITUE SAN ANTONIO PSI STATE BOARD
STUDY GUIDE
BASICS OF CHEMISTRY and ELECTRICITY
1. Organic chemistry is the study of substances containing carbon.
2. Pesticides are examples of organic substances.
3. Matter is any substance that occupies space.
4. Atoms are particles from which all matter is composed of.
5. An elemental molecule is two or more atoms of the same element that unites.
6. Boiling water is an example of liquid to gas because one state of matter is changing to form another.
7. A change in physical properties is when a physical change occurs in a substance.
8. An example of chemical change would be permanent hair color.
9. An example of a chemical compound would be (H2O).
10. An example of a physical mixture would be salt water and fruit salad.
11. A solution is a mixture of two or more solids, liquids, or gases.
12. Liquids that can be mixed together in any portrion without separating are known as miscible.
13. A substance that dissolves another substance to form a solution, with no change in chemical compositio
is a solvent.
14. A suspension is a mixture that must be shaken or mixed well before using.
15. Most emulsions used in a salon are oil-in-water emulsions.
16. Emulsions are mixtures of two or more immiscible substances.
17. The head of a surfactant molecule is water loving or hydrophilic.
18. Alkanomines are often used instead of ammonia in hair products because there is not a strong odor.
19. A colorless gas with a strong odor composed of hydrogen and nitrogen is ammonia.
20. In pure water some of the molecules naturally ionize into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.
21. pH is only possible because of the ionization of alcohol.
22. Acidity and alkalinity is measured by the pH scale.
23. Acidic solutions have a pH of 7.0 and lower.
24. Alkalis soften and swell the hair and have a pH of 7.0 and above.
25. Five is the average pH of skin and hair.
26. Oxidation is when a substance is combined with oxygen.
27. Reduction is the chemical reaction when hydrogen is added to a substance.
28. A conductor is a substance that readily transmits electricity.
29. An example of an insulator would be rubber or silk.
30. A direct current is a constant electrical current traveling in one direction.
31. A unit of electrical pressure is referred to as a volt.
32. An ampere is a unit of electrical strength.
33. A watt is the measurement amount of electrical energy that is being used.
34. A circuit breaker is a devise that automatically interrupts or shuts off an electric circuit in case of an
overload.
35. Electronic facial treatments are known as electrotherapy.
36. An anode is a positive electrode of electrotherapy.
37. In electrotherapy, the cathode is the negative electrode.
38. A galvanic current is a constant and direct current used to produce chemical effects on the tissues and
fluids of the body .
39. An alternating and interrupted current used to cause muscular contractions is the faradic current.
40. A high-frequency current is a electrical current that is used for its heat-producing effects.
41. The anode (positive electrode) of galvanic device contracts blood vessels.
42. The Cathode of galvanic device stimulates the nerves.
43. Disincrustation is the process of softening and emulsifying oil deposits and black heads in the follicles.
44. Visible light makes up 35% of natural sunlight.
45. Ultraviolet rays have short wave lengths and are the least penetrating rays.
46. The invisible rays that produce the most heat are infrared rays.
47. It is estimated that 1in 5 Americans will develop skin cancer.
48. “Combination light “is known as whit light.
49. The average distance you should place an infrared lamp from the shin is about 30”.
50. A safety precaution you should always fallow with electrical equipment is to use only one plug per outl
Completed 3-7-07
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
CHEMICAL TEXTURE SERVICES
1. Chemical texture services are what cause a chemical change that permanently alters
the natural wave pattern of the hair.
2. Resistant hair has a strong, compact cuticle.
3. A perm solution that is less alkaline is best for hair that is chemically treated,
damaged, or porous.
4. By breaking the side bonds of the hair a change in the natural wave pattern occurs.
5. Disulfide bonds are the strongest of the three types of side bonds.
6. When changes in pH occur salt bonds are easily broken.
7. In a wet set only a physical change occurs.
8. 1/3 of the hairs total strength comes from hydrogen bonds that are very weak.
9. You can improve your technical skills by making a point to keep up to date,
accurate client records.
10. Growth direction, density, elasticity, porosity, and texture are the most important
factors to consider in a hair analysis for a chemical service.
11. Coarse, fine and medium are descriptions of hair texture.
12. Coarse hair is usually harder to penetrate when treated with chemical texture
services.
13. Fine hair is the easiest to process and the most fragile texture with permanent
waving solution.
14. Elasticity is the single most important factor in determining the ability of hair to
hold a curl.
15. When wet hair can stretch up to 50% of its original length and then return to that
length without breaking it is considered to have normal elasticity.
16. End bond change is caused by wrapping the hair on perm rods.
17. A chemical change occurs when the application of waving solution and neutralizer is
done.
18. The type of side bonds broken is different in a perm than a wet set.
19. The size of the curl is determined by the size of the perm tool.
20. Tension is increased by wrapping the hair on small perm tools.
21. Divide the hair into panels and then into base sections for perm wrapping.
22. Base control is know as the position of the tool in relation to its base section.
23. The angle at which the hair is wrapped determines the base control.
24. In on-base placement hair is wrapped at an angle 45 degrees beyond perpendicular
to its base.
25. Hair is wrapped 45 degrees below perpendicular to its base section in off-base
placement.
26. Be cautious when using on-base placement because it places additional tension and
stress on the hair.
27. Off-base placement creates the least amount of volume.
28. Base direction is known as the angle at which the perm tool is positioned on the
head.
29. Croquignole wrapping is when the hair is wrapped from the ends to the scalp in
overlapping layers.
30. Hair is wrapped at an angle other than perpendicular in the spiral perm wrapping
technique.
31. Concave rods have a smaller circumference in the center than at the ends.
32. Straight rods have the same circumference along their entire length or curling area.
33. Soft bender rods have a distinguished feature because they can be bent into many
shapes.
34. To spiral wrap very long hair you can use loop or circle rods.
35. To control the hair ends use end wraps which are absorbent papers used when
winding the hair on the perm tool.
36. A single flat wrap is when you use one end paper over the top of the hair strand as
you wrap it around the perm tool.
37. A bookend wrap is when you fold one end wrap in half over the hair ends like an
envelope.
38. The double flat wrap is the technique that provides the most control over the hair
ends and keeps them evenly distributed.
39. Reduction is the chemical reaction known as when the permanent waving solution
breaks the disulfide bonds in the cortex.
40. Thiol compounds act as reducing agents in permanent waving solutions.
41. By adding ammonia to thioglycolic acid ammonium thioglycolate is produced.
42. Cold waves is another term for alkaline waves.
43. A wave that requires heat to speed up processing would be most true acid waves.
44. In todays salons most acid waves have a pH between 7.8 and 8.2.
45. An endothermic permanent wave usually requires heat from an outside source like a
hair dryer.
46. A wave that has no unpleasant ammonia odor is a benefit of a ammonia-free wave.
47. Within the first 5 to 10 minutes in permanent waving most of the processing takes
place as soon as the solution penetrates the hair.
48. It is essential that resistant hair gets complete saturation for proper processing in all
permanent waves.
49. About 50 percent of the hair's disulfide bonds should break and be rebuilt during a
properly processed permanent wave.
50. Too few disulfide bonds are broken if the hair is underprocessed.
51. Rebuilding broken disulfide bonds and deactivating any remaining waving solution
in the hair are the two functions neutralizers perform.
52. Oxidation is the chemical reaction involved in neutralizing.
53. Rinse perm solution from the hair for at least 5 minutes.
54. To avoid lightening the hair color and scalp irritation make sure to rinse perm
solution from the hair before neutralizing.
55. Blot the rods with towels after rinsing perm solution from the hair.
56. Applying a pre-neutralizing conditioner is an optional step after blotting the hair
and before applying neutralizer.
57. The hydrogen atoms in the broken disulfide bonds are so strongly attracted to the
oxygen in the neutralizer that they release their bond with the sulfur atom.
58. A demipermanent haircolor may be used on hair that has just been permed unless
the scalp is irritated.
59. Hair that has been treated with thio relaxer is safe to perm.
60. Uneven curls, severe discoloration, and hair breakage could occur because metallic
salts left a coating on the hair.
61. A mixture of ammonia and peroxide can be used to immerse at least 20 strands of
hair to test for metallic salts.
62. A straight set wrap is also called the basic perm wrap.
63. A curvature perm wrap creates a movement that curves within sectioned out panels.
64.The weave wrapping technique uses zigzag partings to divide base areas.
65. The piggyback wrap technique is also called the double tool perm technique.
66. A uniform curl from scalp to ends is produced in the spiral perm technique.
67. A preliminary test curl should be done to determine the proper processing time
needed for optimal curl development.
68. Using a larger tool as the last tool next to an unrolled section can make a smooth
transition from a rolled to an unrolled section when giving a partial perm.
69. Chemical hair relaxing is the process of rearranging the basic structure of extremely
curly hair into a straight form.
70. Chemical hair relaxing is very similar to permanent waving.
71. All relaxers and permanents change the shape of the hair by breaking the disulfide
bonds.
72. Most relaxers contain the same ingredients used in depilatories.
73. Extremely curly hair has varying diameter.
74. The weakest point in extremely curly hair is at its twists.
75. Thio relaxers have a pH above 10.
76. Each step in the pH scale represents a tenfold change in concentration.
77. The process of lanthionization is when hydroxide relaxers remove one atom of
sulfur from a disulfide bond and convert it into a lanthionine bond.
78. The disulfide bonds that are broken by hydroxide relaxers can never be reformed.
79. The neutralization of hydroxide relaxers involves the use of acid-balance shampoos.
80. Client’s hair treated with a hydroxide relaxer cannot be treated with a soft curl
permanent.
81. Metal hydroxide relaxers are ionic compounds formed by metal combined with
oxygen and hydrogen.
82. Sodium hydroxide relaxers are commonly called lye relaxers.
83. Guanidine hydroxide relaxers straighten the hair completely but with much less
scalp irritation than other hydroxide relaxers.
84. Lithium hydroxide relaxers are marketed as a mild alternative relaxer.
85. Mild relaxers are recommended for fine, damaged, or color treated hair.
86. The application for a virgin relaxaer begins ¼” to ½” away from the scalp.
87. Relaxer should be applied first to the most resistant area which is usually the back
of the neck.
88. During a relaxer procedure, a normalizing solution which is conditioners with an
acidic pH is always used prior to shampooing.
89. Do periodic strand testing to determine if the hair is sufficiently relaxed.
90. To neutralize hydroxide relaxers, shampoo the hair with an acid-balanced shampoo
at least 3 times.
91. A soft curl permanent makes existing curls larger.
92. A Jheri curl or soft curl permanent is a combination of thio relaxer and a thio
permanent.
93. In a soft curl permanent, the hair is first relaxed, and then wrapped on horizontal
base sections.
94. Do not shampoo first when a applying a hydroxide relaxer.
95. You should not attempt to remove more than 80% of the natural curl with chemical
relaxing.
_________
Completed 3/2007
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AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
SKIN THEORY
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The last step in the cleansing process is the application of a toner or tonic lotion.
A face wash is best used on clients with oily or combination skin.
The very best cleanser for very dry or mature skin is cleansing crème.
A facial product that restores the skin’s natural pH after cleansing is tonic lotion.
Among tonic lotions, the lowest alcohol content is found in fresheners.
The highest alcohol content in tonic lotions is found in astringents.
An exfoliant is used in the process of peeling and shredding the horny layer of the skin.
Almond meal or jojoba bead scrubs are products used for mechanical exfoliation.
In microdermabrasion, aluminum chloride and other crystals are directed at the skin in
order to abrade the stratum corneum.
10. Substances in enzyme peels that help speed up the breakdown of keratin, the protein in
the skin, are keratolytic enzymes.
11. Exfoliants that form a hardened crust on the skin that is then ‘rolled’ off are often called
gommage.
12. A type of enzyme peel that stays soft during application rather than drying to a crust uses
a powdered enzyme.
13. A group of exfoliants called alphahydroxy acids are derived largely from fruits.
14. If a client does not first use an alphahydroxy product at home for two weeks, an
alphahydroxy exfoliation in the salon may cause discomfort.
15. Nourishing crèmes, also called treatment creams, are designed for use during the night.
16. Moisturizers contain an ingredient that helps the skin retain water.
17. One feature of facial masks is that they provide complete closure to the environment.
18. Paraffin masks have no treatment properties.
19. Clay masks stimulate circulation, temporarily contract the pores, and are ready to use.
20. A type of facial mask that botrhs warms up and cools down on the skin is the modelage
mask.
21. Masks containing sulphur have a beneficial effect in reducing sebum production.
22. To keep paraffin and gypsum/plaster masks from sticking to the skin, you may use gauze.
23. Highly concentrated extracts in a water or oil base in single doses are contained in
ampules.
24. Facials may not be given to clients with acne.
25. The massage movement called effleurage is applied in a light, slow, rhythmic manner
without pressure.
26. The portion of the muscle at the fixed attachment to an immovable section of the skeleton
is the origin.
27. The massage movement called petrissage consists largely of kneading.
28. Because massage increases circulation, it should not be performed on clients with high
blood pressure.
29. The cosmetologist is not licensed to massage such areas as the leg above the knee.
30. Friction in massage requires the use of deep, rubbing movements.
31. Mastering massage techniques requires knowledge in anatomy and physiology.
32. Deeper stimulation of the muscles, nerves, and skin glands is produced by petrissage.
33. The massage movement called tapotement, or percussion, is a tapping movement.
34. Friction movements include chucking, rolling, and wringing.
35. You can cause contraction of a muscle if you apply pressure or stimulation to a point on
the skin over the muscle, called a motor point.
36. To relax a client early in the massage treatment, perform a few manipulations on the
proper motor points.
37. A weekly massage is recommended to keep normal skin in optimal condition.
38. A kneading movement used mainly on the arms is fulling..
39. A type of percussion movement performed only on the back, shoulders, and arms is
Hacking.
40. Of the various massage manipulations, tapotement, or percussion, is the most stimulating.
41. You should begin and end massage with effleurage.
42. In a plain facial, removing make-up follows the client consultation.
43. Two electrodes, one negative and one positive, are required by all modalities used in the
salon except for high frequency.
44. An electrode is an applicator for directing electric current to the skin from a machine.
45. A positive electrode can be distinguished from a negative electrode by the fact that it is
marked with a ‘P’ or plus sign.
46. When galvanic current is used, the electrode that is not used on the client’s face is the
positive electrode.
47. Grease deposits and blackheads are softened and emulsified in the follicles by a process
called desincrustation.
48. One electric current used during a facial to tone the facial muscles is the faradic current.
49. Acne-prone skin can benefit from the application of high-frequency current.
50. A notable feature of the high frequency current is that as the air around the glass facial
electrode vibrates, it emits violet sparks.
51. In direct surface application of high frequency current, when applying and removing the
electrode from the skin, hold your finger on the electrode.
52. In indirect high frequency application, the client holds the electrode while the
cosmetologist massages the face.
53. The application of light rays to the skin to treat disorders is known as light therapy.
54. Ultraviolet light produces vitamin D in the skin.
55. The application of infrared light dilates blood vessels and increases circulation.
56. The two basic types of facials are corrective and preservative.
57. It is best to remove facial products from containers with a spatula.
58. When draping for a facial, one towel is placed on the back of the facial bed and one is
placed across the client’s chest.
59. Optional steps in a facial are exfoliation and eyebrow arching, which would be performed
after the cleanser is removed from the face.
60. When using infrared rays or any other light therapy, cover the client’s eyes with eye pads.
61. In a facial for oily skin, after removing blackheads, apply astringent.
62. When you have started facial manipulations on a client, use feather-like movements if
you need to remove your hands.
63. The last product to be applied in a basic facial is usually moisturizer or sunscreen.
64. The cosmetologist’s role is to work closely with the client’s physician if the client has
acne.
65. Massage movements, when properly and skillfully applied; benefit the skin by increasing
circulation.
66. To make sure a facial service is relaxing for the client, make sure your hands are warm
and smooth.
67. You are likely to make your clients unhappy with your facial service if you run out of
products.
68. The therapeutic use of essential oils is called aromatherapy.
69. In a facial for oily skin, when you remove blackheads from the skin, press from under the
follicle.
70. When applying faradic or sinusoidal current, the insertion of the muscle is where you
place the cathode.
71. The usually tinted cosmetic applied as a base before make-up is foundation.
72. A type of foundation that is moist when applied but dries to a powdery finish is cream-topowder foundation.
73. Concealer that comes in a small ‘pot’ provides the most coverage.
74. Face powder is used to set the foundation.
75. Face powder that is translucent is colorless.
76. Cheek color is also called blush, blusher, or rouge.
77. Using a lip brush, apply lip color beginning at the outer corner of the upper lip.
78. A cosmetic that helps keep lip color from feathering is lip liner.
79. Generally, you should avoid matching eye shadow to eye color.
80. Eye shadow that is a contour color is used to minimize a specific area.
81. In makeup application, you use eyeliner to make the eyes appear larger.
82. Pressed powder eye shadow may be used with an eyeliner brush to create a softer lined
effect.
83. When choosing an eyebrow color for your client, avoid harsh contrasts between hair and
eyebrow color.
84. A cosmetic used to define, darken and thicken the eyelashes is called mascara.
85. You may use an angle brush to apply eyebrow shadow.
86. Cool colors include blue-reds.
87. When you choose makeup colors for a client, you must consider skin color, eye color and
hair color.
88. Eye makeup colors that are orange based are recommended for blue eyes.
89. To ensure a balanced look when applying makeup, avoid mixing warm and cool colors.
90. The first step in a professional make-up is client consultation.
91. Before applying foundation to the entire face, you can test the color on the client’s
jawline.
92. In a makeup application, the lipcolor is applied last.
93. A basic rule of makeup application is that a lighter shade of foundation emphasizes a
facial area.
94. The oval face is the artistically ideal face shape.
95. An inverted triangle-shaped face is characterized by a narrow jawline and a wide
forehead.
96. Darker foundation on the nose and lighter foundation on the cheeks at the sides of the
nose is corrective makeup for a broad nose.
97. Wide-set eyes can be made to appear closer together if you extend the eyebrow lines to
inside corners of the eyes.
98. Sallow skin can be corrected with a foundation that is pink.
99. Band lashes are eyelash hairs that are attached to a strip.
100.Attaching individual artificial eyelashes to a client’s own eyelashes is called eye tabbing.
Completed 2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
HAIRCOLOR THEORY
1. A pure or fundamental color that cannot be achieved from a mixture is called primary
colors.
2. A tertiary color is achieved by mixing equal amounts of a secondary color and its
neighboring primary color.
3. A primary and secondary color positioned opposite each other on the color wheel are
complementary colors.
4. A secondary color is obtained by mixing equal amounts of two primary colors.
5. Red, yellow, and blue are considered primary colors.
6. The darkest primary color is blue.
7. The secondary colors are orange, violet and green.
8. The equal combination of yellow and blue creates green.
9. A complementary color combination is red and green.
10. Blue-green and red-violet are tertiary colors.
11. Fine-textured hair takes color faster.
12. The hair texture likely to take longer to process is coarse hair.
13. Hair that is resistant and requires a longer processing time usually has low porosity.
14. Hair with high porosity has a lifted cuticle.
15. If you test the hair between your fingers and it feels smooth, it has low porosity.
16. The underlying color that emerges during lightening is known as contributing pigment.
17. The type of melanin that gives the hair black and brown color is eumelanin.
18. Level is used to identify the lightness or darkness of a color.
19. Intensity describes the strength of a color tone.
20. A base color is the predominant tonality of a color.
21. The warmth or coolness of a color is known as its tone.
22. Hair lightening is also called bleaching or decolorizing.
23. Haircolors are divided into four general classifications based on their chemistry, which,
in turn, affects the final color result and lasting ability.
24. Raising the cuticle of the hair so that the tint can penetrate is the function of the
alkalizing ingredient.
25. The function of hydrogen peroxide in haircolor is to break up the melanin.
26. Temporary haircolor makes a physical change.
27. The pigment molecules of semipermanent haircolor are smaller that permanent color
molecules are smaller than temporary molecules.
28. The haircolor category that is considered semipermanent requires a patch test.
29. Demiperment haircolor deposits color but does not lift color.
30. In recent years, demipermanent haircolor has been used exclusively on the midshaft to
ends.
31. The only haircolor that has a lifting action on the hair is permanent.
32. Permanent haircolors are considered permanent because the tint molecules are trapped
in the cuticle.
33. Permanent haircolors contain uncolored dye precursors known as aniline derivatives.
34. The agent that, when mixed with an oxidative haircolor, supplies the oxygen to develop
color molecules and create a change in hair color is the developer.
35. The most commonly used oxidizer in haircoloring is hydrogen peroxide.
36. Developers have a pH between 2.5 and 4.5.
37. The hydrogen peroxide used to provide maximum lift in a one-step color service is 40
volume.
38. Henna is a type of natural haircolor.
39. Gradual colors, historically marketed to men, are also called: metallic haircolors.
40. Lighteners work by dispersing melanin.
41. As soon as hydrogen peroxide is mixed into a lightener formula, it begins to release
oxygen.
42. Toners are used primarily on prelightened hair.
43. When you decolorize a client’s hair, your goal is to create the correct degree of
contributing pigment.
44. The hair should never be lifted with lightener past pale yellow.
45. The most critical part of the color service is the consultation.
46. A client consultation for haircoloring should include: stating the cost of service.
47. A release statement is used mainly to explain if hair is in proper condition to receive
color.
48. A predisposition test is performed to determine allergy to aniline.
49. A preliminary strand test should be performed in the lower crown.
50. Once a temporary color rinse has been applied style as desired.
51. How well semipermanent colors “take” depends on the hair’s porosity.
52. Semipermanent and demipermanent haircolor have similar application procedure.
53. The depositing color follows the lightener application in a double-process color
application.
54. Body heat causes hair at the scalp to process color faster.
55. Lines of demarcation would be created if you overlap previous colored or lightened hair.
56. During a retouch procedure if color is faded on hair ends a demipermanent color may be
applied on the faded hair ends.
57. To lift one or two levels an oil lightener is used.
58. Dry crystals known as activators can be mixed with cream lighteners.
59. Off the scalp lighteners come in powder form.
60. With retouch services, powder lighteners should not be used.
61. The more melanin hair has the longer it takes to lighten.
62. Hair can become softer and more fragile when heat is used along with lightening
chemicals.
63. Increasing the processing time can be done if a preliminary strand test for lightening
indicates the hair is not light enough.
64. 1/8” partings should be used for applying lightener.
65. Blotting the strand with a damp towel should be done in a lightening procedure when you
check a strand for lightening.
66. Achieving the proper foundation must be done before using a toner.
67. There are 10 degrees of decolorizing.
68. Breakage may occur when a lightener is applied and it overlaps previously lightened hair.
69. At the end of a toner if you use conditioner on the hair it lowers the pH.
70. Highlighting is known as coloring some hair strands lighter than the natural color.
71. The technique of coloring strands of hair darker than the natural color is known as
lowlighting.
72. With the cap technique the number of strands pulled through determines the degree of
highlighting or lowlighting you can achieve.
73. The clients scalp condition should be included on a completed haircolor record.
74. The balayage technique is known as painting a lightener directly onto clean, styled hair.
75. A haircolor with a blue base can be used if a client has unwanted orange tones.
76. To open the cuticle presoftening can be performed on gray or resistant hair.
77. To deposit a base color and equalize porosity fillers are used.
78. Weaving or slicing can be done in the foil technique of lightening.
79. If the haircolor is too dark tint removal may be performed.
80. A filler may be used when performing a tint back.
81. Leftover tint should be discarded after a tint has been mixed and used.
82. Choosing a color that is 1 level lighter is best when formulating permanent color for hair
that is 10-30 percent gray.
83. Replacing the hair’s missing primary color is the goal when selecting a color filler.
84. Identifying the actual color of brassiness is the first step in properly camouflaging
excessive brassiness.
85. Using shampoo with tint is known as a soap cap.
86. A combination of hydrogen peroxide and shampoo is known as a highlighting shampoo.
87. Presoftening and tinting is an example of a double-process color application.
88. A sign that hair is overly porous would be identified by a “gun-metal gray” shade.
89. A demipermanent color is sometimes used as a glaze to give the hair shine and tone.
90. Dimensional haircoloring is also known as a highlighting service.
91. Consider using a highlighting shampoo tint when a very slight change in hair shade is
desired or when the client’s hair processes very rapidly.
__
Completed 2/2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
HAIRCUTTING THEORY
1. Design lines that are proportionate are made by using reference points in a haircut.
2. The apex is the highest point on the top of the head.
3. The parietal ridge is also known as the crest area & is the widest area of the head.
4. The occipital bone is the bone that protrudes at the base of the skull.
5. The widest points in the fringe (bangs) area are represented by the two front corners.
6. The crown is the area between the back of the parietal ridge and the apex.
7. When falling into natural falling position, the fringe (bangs) area, falls no farther than the
outer corners of the eyes.
7. By parting the hair at the parietal ridge you can locate the top of the head.
8. Horizontal lines are straight lines that are parallel to the floor, or horizon.
9. Beveling is the technique in which the ends of the hair are cut at a slight taper, using
diagonal lines.
10. The sections are uniform working areas into which the hair is parted for control.
11. When cutting elevation is the angle or degree at which a subsection of hair is held from
the head.
12. To build weight you elevate the hair below 90 degrees.
13. To create more graduation you can elevate the hair more.
14. The guideline is the section of hair that determines the length the hair will be cut.
15. A stationary guideline is a guideline that does not move as the haircut progresses.
16. A traveling guideline is a guideline that moves with you as you work through the haircut.
17. The angle at which the fingers are held during cutting is known as the cutting line.
18. Overdirection is known as combing the hair away from its natural falling position toward
a guideline, instead of straight out from the head.
19. You use a stationary guideline when you use overdirection to create a length or weight
increase in a haircut.
20. Uniform layers create the same length throughout the haircut by using a traveling guide,
with no overdirection.
21. When straight hair dries it shrinks about ¼ to ½ inch.
22. When curly hair dries it shrinks about ½ to 2 inches.
23. A growth pattern is known as the direction in which the hair grows from the scalp.
24. Analyzing the face shape before a haircut is an important part of the client consultation.
25. Growth patterns, hairlines, wave patterns, density, & texture are the five characteristics
that determine the behavior of the hair.
26. The diameter of each hair strand is what hair texture is based on.
27. The amount of movement in the hair strand is how wave pattern is defined.
28. The haircutting shears are the tools used to cut straight or blunt lines in the hair.
29. The straight razor is the tool generally used when a softer effect is desired on the ends of
the hair.
30. The barber comb is generally used in the shears-over-comb technique.
31. The thinning shears is the tool used mainly to remove bulk from the hair.
32. The cutting hand is generally the hand that does most of the work in haircutting.
33. The ring finger is placed in the finger grip of the still blade when holding the shears.
34. It is necessary to palm the shears when combing the hair during a haircut.
35. The little finger is placed in the tang when holding a razor with the handle higher than the
shank.
36. Comb the subsection before cutting with the fine teeth of the styling comb.
37. Tension is the amount of pressure applied when combing and holding a subsection of
hair.
38. Cutting over the fingers is the hand position used most often when cutting uniform or
increasing layers.
39. Cutting palm to palm is the best way to control the subsection when cutting with a
vertical or diagonal cutting line.
40. Before blowdrying the client’s hair, sweep up cut hair and dispose of it as a good safety
and sanitation measure.
41. Prior to each new client the blade in your razor should be replaced.
42. The zero elevation cut is also known as the blunt haircut.
43. Using a 45 degree elevation is most common in the graduated haircut.
44. Use a 180-degree angle in a long layered haircut.
45. The ends of the hair appear farther apart in a layered haircut.
46. You will get uneven results when cutting hair that is partly damp and partly dry.
47. Cross-check a haircut by parting the hair in the opposite way from which you cut it.
48. If in a haircut you use horizontal partings, you should cross-check the lengths with
vertical partings.
49. A slight graduation of the line will result when tilting the client’s head forward while
cutting a blunt haircut.
50. A diagonal cutting line is used with a classic A-line bob haircut.
51. When all the hair is cut at the same length you are creating a uniform-layered haircut.
52. Curly hair shrinks more after it dries compared to straight hair.
53. A razor is a tool you should avoid when cutting curly hair.
54. The area between the outer corners of the eyes is known as the fringe area.
57. The hair ends are cut at an angle when cutting the hair with a razor; this generally gives a
softer appearance to the hair.
55. The guide is above the fingers in razor cutting compared to cutting with shears.
56. You should not use a razor on dry hair.
57. Slide cutting is the method of cutting hair in which the fingers and shears glide along the
edge of the hair to remove length.
58. Free-hand notching is when you snip out pieces of hair at random intervals with the tips
of the shears.
59. Shears-over-comb is a barbering technique that has crossed over into cosmetology.
60. The comb is held at an angle to the head when using the shears-over-comb technique.
61. Work with areas no wider than the blade when using the shears-over-comb technique.
62. One blade stays still in the shears-over-comb technique.
63. Texturizing is the process of removing excess bulk without shortening the length.
64. Razor rotation is a texturizing technique similar to razor-over-comb.
65. Removing weight is a more modern term for “thinning”.
66. The length guard attachment, allows you to cut all the hair evenly to one exact length and
is among the tools to have on hand when clipper cutting.
67. Using clippers is the best way to create a flat top or square shape close to the scalp.
68. The clipper moves sideways across the comb in the clipper-over-comb technique.
69. Always work against the natural growth patterns, especially in the nape, when cutting
with clippers.
70. Edgers are smaller-sized, cordless clippers used mainly to clean around the ears and
neckline.
71. The barber comb allows you to cut the hair very short and close to the head and is the
best comb to use with clippers.
72. The hair on the face is very coarse.
Completed 2-28-07
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
HAIRSTYLING THEORY
1. Using fingers, combs, and waving lotion to shape and direct the hair into S-shaped waves
is called finger waving.
2. The product used to keep the hair in place during the finger waving procedure is waving
lotion.
3. A good finger waving lotion does not flake when dry.
4. Applying finger waving lotion to one side of the head at a time prevents it from drying.
5. Using fingers to pinch or push ridges in a finger wave creates over direction of the ridge.
6. Pin curls are made of three main parts: circle, stem, and base.
7. In a pin curl, the part between the base and the first arc (turn) of the circle is the stem.
8. The base of the pin curl is the section that is the foundation of the curl.
9. The pin curl stem position that produces a tight, firm, long-lasting curl is the no-stem
curl.
10. The full-stem curl produces the greatest mobility.
11. Before you form pin curls, you must first mold a section of hair called the shaping.
12. Uniform pin curls are produced by open center curls.
13. If a fluffy curl is desired especially for fine hair, use closed center curls.
14. The most common pin curl base you will use is the arc base.
15. In a pin curl set, the finished curl is not affected by the shape of the base.
16. Triangular pin curl bases are used to prevent splits in the finished style.
17. Pin curl bases suitable for curly hairstyles without much volume or lift are the square
base.
18. An important technique to use when making pin curls is ribboning.
19. Pin curls sliced from a shaping and formed without lifting the hair from the head are
called carved curls.
20. Pin curls are correctly anchored when the clip enters at the open pen.
21. Curls used to create a wave behind a ridge are called ridge curls.
22. Two rows of ridge curls create a strong wave pattern.
23. Pin curls used to achieve height in the hair design are cascade curls.
24. Barrel curls are fastened to the head in a standing position on a rectangular base.
25. A roller holds the equivalent of two to four stand-up curls.
26. Rollers are different from pin curls in several ways, one way being that they give a
stronger set.
27. The panel of hair on which the roller is placed is called the base.
28. The hair between the scalp and the first turn of the roller is the stem.
29. The part of a roller curl that determines the size of the wave or curl is the circle or curl.
30. If hair is wound 1-1/2 turns around a roller, it will create a wave.
31. A C shape will result if the hair is wound around the roller one turn.
32. The volume achieved in a hairstyle is determined by the size of the roller and how it sits
on its base.
33. An on-base roller curl produces full volume.
34. For the least amount of volume in a roller set, use the off-base method.
35. A loose roller that is not properly secured to the head will result in a weak set.
36. Hot rollers and Velcro rollers are used only on dry hair.
37. Back-combing and back-brushing are used to remove roller indentations.
38. Teasing, ratting, matting, and French lacing are other terms for back-combing.
39. Ruffing is another name for back-brushing.
40. A technique used to keep curly or extremely curly hair smooth and straight is hair
wrapping.
41. The part of a blow-dryer that directs the air stream to a section of the hair is the
concentrator.
42. The diffuser attachment of a blow-dryer causes the air to flow more softly.
43. It is particularly important that the air intake at the back of a blow-dryer be kept clear.
44. Combs with closely spaced teeth create a smooth surface.
45. A classic styling brush has a half-rounded rubber base.
46. The generally oval brush with natural bristles or quills of bristle and nylon mix is the
grooming brush.
47. Smaller round brushes used during blow-drying add more curl.
48. A light, airy, whipped styling product that resembles shaving foam is mousse.
49. The most widely used hairstyling product is hair spray.
50. A hairstyling product that adds considerable weight to the hair is pomade or wax.
51. Guidelines for blow-drying the hair include directing the blow-dryer from scalp to ends.
52. Creating an up do can be difficult on hair that has been freshly washed.
53. Another term for thermal waving is marcel waving.
54. Thermal waving and curling are done on dry hair.
55. To hold an even temperature, thermal irons should be made of the best quality steel.
56. A conventional thermal iron is stove-heated.
57. Electric vaporizing irons shouldn’t be used on pressed hair because the hair will return to
its natural curly state.
58. For white, lightened, or tinted hair, it is advisable to use thermal irons.
59. The styling portion of a thermal iron consists of a rod and shell.
60. The required temperature of heated thermal irons depends on the texture of the hair.
61. The temperature of heated thermal irons is tested on a piece of tissue paper.
62. A thermal comb should be made of hard rubber.
63. When manipulating thermal irons, the rolling movement should be done with the fingers.
64. To give a finished appearance to hair ends, use end curls.
65. A thermal-curling method of winding a strand around the rod to create hanging curls is
called spiral curls.
66. Volume thermal iron curls are used to provide a finished hairstyle with lift.
67. A volume-base thermal curl is formed by placing the curl forward and high on its base.
68. Full-base thermal curls provide a strong curl with full volume.
69. In half-base curls the hair is held at a 90-degree angle.
70. The thermal curl that offers the least lift or volume is the off-base curl.
71. To ensure a good thermal curl or wave, the hair must be clean.
72. In thermal curling or waving, fishhook hair ends are caused when the hair ends protrude
from the irons.
73. Hair pressing temporarily straightens hair.
74. Hair straightening, or pressing, is a popular service that lasts until the next shampoo.
75. Types of hair pressing are the soft, press, hard press and medium press.
76. The type of hair pressing that removes 50% to 60% of the curl is the soft press.
77. The temperature of the pressing comb should be adjusted to the hair’s texture.
78. The least difficult type of hair to press is medium curly hair.
79. The type of hair that requires the least heat and pressure with a pressing comb is fine.
80. Applying a heated pressing comb twice on each side of the hair is known as a hard press.
81. Burnt hair strands cannot be conditioned.
82. In pressing coarse hair, more heat is required because it has the greatest diameter.
83. To avoid breakage when pressing fine hair, you should use less heat and pressure.
84. The use of excess heat on gray, tinted or lightened hair may discolor the hair.
85. Failure to correct dry and brittle hair before thermal straightening may result in hair
breakage.
86. To avoid smoke or burning while pressing hair, use less pressing oil.
87. A hard press in which a hot curling iron is passed through the hair first is called a double
press.
88. Hair pressing treatments between shampoos are called touch-ups.
89. Hair that is wiry and curly is difficult to press.
90. Before performing a hair press, the hair should be divided into four sections.
91. A scalp may be classified as normal, flexible, or tight.
92. Applying the thermal pressing comb once on each side of the hair is required for a soft
press.
93. Pressing combs should be constructed of good-quality steel or brass.
94. The actual pressing or straightening of the hair is accomplished with the comb’s back
rod.
95. Pressing oil may be applied either before or after the hair is thoroughly dried.
96. The hair and scalp may be conditioned with special hair products, hair brushing and scalp
massage.
97. The metal portion of a pressing comb may be immersed in a solution of hot baking soda
for 1 hour to give it a smooth and shiny appearance.
98. Too frequent hair pressing treatments can cause breaking and shortening of the hair.
99. Carbon may be removed from the pressing comb by rubbing with fine sandpaper.
100. Do not use high heat when pressing short hair at the temples and back of the neck.
Completed 2/7/07 Dan Ratcliff
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
1. Dermatology is known as the study of the skin and its treatment, nature, diseases, structure and
functions.
2. An esthetician is a specialist in the beautification, cleansing, and preservation of health of the skin
and body.
3. There is a slight acidity to healthy skin.
4. The eyelids have the thinnest skin.
5. The soles and palms have the thickest skin on the body.
6. The epidermis is known as the protective outer layer of the skin.
7. Blood vessels are not located in the epidermis.
8. The dermis contains the oil and sweat glands, the nerves, papillae, and the hair follicles.
9. Scale like cells made up of keratin are located in the stratum corneum.
10. The stratum corneum is the layer of the epidermis that is continually being shed and replaced.
11. The horny layer of the skin is known as the stratum corneum.
12. The stratum germinativum is where the growth of the epidermis begins.
13. Located in the stratum germinativum is melanin, which protects sensitive cells from the destructive
effects of excessive UV rays.
14. Found in the true skin are the papillary and reticular layers.
15. At the bottom of the hair follicle is where the small cone-shaped elevation known as papillae are
located.
16. The reticular layer of the dermis supplies the skin with oxygen.
17. A fatty layer of the skin is known as subcutaneous tissue.
18. Lymph and blood is what nourishes the skin.
19. Cold temperature causes the sensory nerve fibers in the skin to react.
20. Goose bumps are caused by the motor nerve fibers of the skin.
21. Elastin and collagen is what gives the skin its flexibility, strength, and form.
22. Even after being repeatedly stretched, skin regains its shape from the help of elastin, which is a
protein fiber.
23. The body’s temperature is regulated by the sudoriferous.
24. Except for the soles and palms, sebaceous glands are found in all parts of the body.
25. Sweat pores are the small openings of the sweat glands.
26. The nervous system controls the excretion of sweat from the skin.
27. Numerous sudoriferous glands are found particularly in armpits, soles, forehead, and the palms.
28. Oil is secreted by sebaceous glands.
29. The hair follicle is where the duct of the sebaceous gland opens into.
30. Sebum’s function is to lubricate the skin.
31. A 98.6 degree Fahrenheit temperature is maintained by the sweat glands of the skin and blood
regulating the body heat.
32. The sun’s rays cause 80 to 85% of the skin’s aging.
33. The weakening of the elastin and collagen fibers in the skin tissue cause sagging and wrinkles.
34. UVA rays also known as the “aging rays” are the ultraviolet rays of the sun.
35. UVB rays also known as the “burning rays” can damage the eyes and skin.
36. Between the hours of 10 A.M. and 3 P.M. is when ultraviolet exposure is the highest.
37. By affecting the melanocytes, UVB rays cause tanning of the skin.
38. Weakening and contraction of the blood vessels is caused by the nicotine in tobacco.
39. Blood vessels overdilate with an excessive intake of alcohol.
40. You should refer a client to a physician if they have an inflamed skin disorder that is not infectious
41. A primary skin lesion is a papule.
42. Pustules is where pus is most likely to be found.
43. Vesicles is what poison ivy and poison oak produce.
44. Fissures are the skin lesions found in chapped hands and lips.
45. A cyst is an abnormally developed, closed sac containing morbid matter, semifluid, or fluid.
46. A cicatrix may develop after an injury heals.
47. A tumor is known as an abnormal cell mass.
48. A crust is likely to cover a blemish or wound before it has healed completely.
49. Scale is what dandruff is an example of.
50. The technical term for blackhead is comedone.
51. The technical name Milia is also known as whiteheads.
52. Milaria rubra is a not included as one of the sebaceous gland disorders.
53. Acne vulgaris is one of the technical names for acne or common pimples.
54. Dilation of blood vessels, a chronic congestion of nose and cheeks, is a characteristic of Rosacea.
55. Dry skin is a symptom of asteatosis.
56. The appearance of oily and shiny skin occurs in seborrhea.
57. The scalp is where Steatomas usually appear.
58. Foul-smelling perspiration is known as Bromhidrosis.
59. Hyperhidrosis is known as excessive sweating.
60. Milaria rubra is a condition people can develop when exposed to excessive heat.
61. Dry or moist lesions are characteristics of Eczema, which is an inflammation of the skin.
62. Psoriasis is indicated by the presence of red patches covered with silver-white scales.
63. A recurring viral infection is known as Herpes simplex.
64. Dermatitis venenata may occur from certain chemicals found in cosmetics.
65. Freckles is known as lentigines.
66. An absence of melanin is a characteristic of albinism.
67. Chloasma is the technical term for liver spots.
68. Leukoderma is a skin disorder that is also known as albinism and vitiligo.
69. A stain occurs during aging or after certain diseases and is an abnormal skin discoloration.
70. Nevus is the technical name for a birthmark.
71. A keratoma may be formed with continued friction and pressure on the hands and feet.
72. The technical term for a skin tag is hypertrophy, this occurs most often on the neck of an older
person.
73. The verruca is a hypertrophy that is infectious and caused by a virus.
74. A basal cell carcinoma is the least severe and most commom type of skin cancer.
75. Malignant melanoma is characterized by dark brown or black patches on the skin that may be
textured, jagged, uneven, or raised.
76. Squamous cell carcinoma is a skin cancer characterized by nodules or scaly red papules.
77. Vitamin C is the vitamin that promotes the production of collagen in the skin.
78. The topical form of vitamin A is known as Retin-A or Retinoic acid.
79. To protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun’s rays use vitamin E and vitamin A together
80. 50 to 70 percent of the body’s weight is composed of water.
COMPLETED 6/15/07
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
INFECTION CONTROL PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Bacteria are a one-celled microorganism with both plant and animal characteristics.
A parasite is a type of pathogenic bacteria.
Pathogenic is a term used to refer to harmful bacteria.
Disease is produced by pathogenic bacteria.
Saprophytes are a type of bacteria that lives on dead matter.
Spirilla are what cause Syphilis and Lyme disease.
Bacteria with a round shape are called cocci.
Bacteria with a rod shape are called bacilli.
Streptococci are bacteria arranged like a string of beads that cause strep throat and
blood poisoning.
10. Bacteria with a corkscrew shape are called spirilla.
11. Mycobacterium fortuitum furunculosis is the bacteria that caused concern in 2000
in the pedicure industry.
12. Cocci are the bacteria that rarely show active motility, or self-movement.
13. Flagella are the slender, hair like extensions with which certain bacteria move
about.
14. Mitosis is the process where bacteria cells reproduce by simply dividing into two
new cells.
15. Certain bacteria, such as anthrax and tetanus bacilli form spores during their
inactive stage.
16. When a disease is transmitted from one person to another it is known as a
communicable disease.
17. Syphilis is a general infection that affects the whole body.
18. Pus is an indication of infection.
19. Measles and hepatitis are caused by a virus.
20. Bacteria can live on their own, unlike viruses.
21. A disease marked by inflammation of the liver is known as hepatitis.
22. The immune system is broken down in the body with Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS).
23. The HIV virus is what causes AIDS.
24. Sharp implements can transmit the HIV virus.
25. Broken skin is where bacteria and viruses can enter the body through.
26. Fungi come in mold, mildew, and yeast form.
27. Refer clients with a contagious disease and condition to a physician when in a
cosmetology school or salon.
28. Immunity is when you have resistance to an infection.
29. Items are contaminated when the surfaces of them are not free from dirt, microbes,
and oils.
30. You can decontaminate your tools and surfaces by removing pathogens and other
substances.
31. The only level of decontamination that kills bacterial spores is sterilization.
32. Surgeons use sterilization.
33. Nonporous surfaces may be disinfected.
34. Damage can result when disinfectants are used on human hair, skin, or nails and
should never be used on them.
35. Each individual state and the EPA must approve all disinfectants.
36. In the cosmetology school and salon every product should have an MSDS.
37. Storage requirements for a product are the important information found on an
MSDS.
38. To regulate and enforce safety and health standards OSHA was created.
39. A disinfectant must be pseudomonacidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, and virucidal
when it is “Formulated for Hospitals and Health Care Facilities.”
40. When a salon implement comes in contact with body fluids or blood it should be
completely immersed in a disinfectant that kills HBV and HIV virus or EPAregistered tuberculocidal and cleaned.
41. You must disinfect or discard any item that is used on a client.
42. You must thoroughly clean implements before soaking in a disinfectant.
43. Using only sodium hypochlorite with ultrasonic bath cleaners is an effective way to
clean tiny crevices in implements.
44. In 10-15 minutes most quaternary ammonium compounds disinfect implements.
45. For metal implements phenolic disinfectants in 5 percent solution are mostly used.
46. Bleach and alcohol are two disinfectants used in the salon in the past, but have been
replaced by more effective and advanced technologies.
47. Alcohol for disinfection of implements is not allowed in states requiring hospital
disinfection.
48. Sodium hypochlorite is the technical name for bleach.
49. Formalin is a product that is not considered safe for salon use because it causes a
number of health problems.
50. Implements should not be removed from disinfectants with bare fingers.
51. Change the solution used in a wet sanitizer once a day.
52. Always add disinfectant to water when mixing.
53. You should store properly disinfected implements in a covered and disinfected
container.
54. It is useful to store disinfected implements in ultraviolet (UV) sanitizers.
55. You should use drapes, capes, or linens once and then launder them with bleach.
56. You should disinfect those parts of tools that cannot be immersed in liquid, such as
clippers.
57. After each client you should disinfect foot spas with an EPA-registered disinfectant
with virucidal, fungicidal, bactericidal, (and in some states tuberculocidal efficacy.
58. A 5 percent bleach solution should be used to fill the foot spas every two weeks and
be left to sit overnight.
59. Double-bag cotton balls or contaminated wipes from a blood spill when disposing of.
60. Sanitation is the lowest or third level of decontamination.
61. An example of sanitation is washing your hands.
62. Pump-type liquid soap should be provided instead of bar soap because it can grow
bacteria.
63. Warm water and soap is generally considered sufficient to wash your hands with in
the salon.
64. Antiseptic is a known product that can safely be applied to the skin.
65. Universal Precautions are known as the controls and guidelines that require
employees and employers to assume that all human specified body fluids and blood
are infectious for HBV, HIV, and other blood borne pathogens.
_________________________________________________________________
Completed 2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
INTRODUCTION TO COSMETOLOGY
1. The Greek word that means cosmetology is Kosmeticos.
2. As early as the glacial age, people have been practicing the skills of haircutting and
hairstyling.
3. Cosmetics were first used by the Egyptians
4. The leaves of an ornamental shrub are the source of a dye called Henna.
5. As long ago as 3000 B.C., nail care was practiced in Egypt and China.
6. In ancient Rome, a woman’s social class was often indicated by her hair color.
7. After Pope Alexander III forbade monks and priests to shed blood, they were assisted by
barbers.
8. The procedure known as bloodletting is believed to be the origin of the barber pole.
9. The use of irons for waxing and curling the hair was a technique developed by Marcel
Grateau.
10. Ralph Evans and Everett McDonough invented the first permanent waving method that
did not require a machine.
11. Paying salon bills and taxes is usually NOY one of the duties assigned to the entry-level
cosmetologist.
12. A new cosmetology graduate is usually offered a first job as a salon stylist.
13. In the history of African-American hair care and cosmetics, an important early figure was
Madame C.J. Walker.
14. A texture service specialist provides services to clients desiring permanent straightening.
15. Cancer patients with a loss of hair may seek the services of a wig specialist.
16. Working as a consultant for a cosmetic company is one of the job opportunities available
to a/an esthetician.
17. A new image for a client is created when a make-up artist uses cosmetics to blend and
shade.
18. A full range of services is available at a day spa.
19. One of the qualities necessary to be a successful salon manager is the ability to supervise
people.
20. Product knowledge classes are frequently provided by product educators.
21. The presentations of a design team usually include fashion and runway shows.
22. The figure $50 billion represents the salon industry’s annual gross income.
23. One of the responsibilities of government regulatory agencies is providing standards for
the industry.
24. Continuing your education after earning your license will help you develop your career to
the maximum.
25. Many specialized treatments are offered by day spas, including nutritional counseling,
hydrotherapy, and aroma therapy.
26. Successful living requires a set of tools and guidelines called life skills.
27. To feel good about yourself and be successful, it is important to build self-esteem.
28. By building a game plan, you are consciously planning your life.
29. Compartmentalizing allows us to control our mental activity.
30. An important factor in learning is motivation, which comes from interest in the subject
matter.
31. Satisfying our emotional needs involves self-love and acceptance.
32. Thinking and doing things in a new way is an example of creativity.
33. Establishing values and goals is supported by writing a mission statement.
34. Making daily, weekly, and monthly schedules is one technique of time management.
35. A to-do list, which is the key to organizing time, can help you prioritize tasks and
activities.
36. To find a constructive solution when you are overwhelmed by a goal, try dividing it into
short term goals.
37. An aid to developing good study habits is identifying your learning style.
38. When studying, staying focused is easier if you keep your goals in mind.
39. Ethics can be defined as moral principles.
40. Conducting yourself with integrity would prevent you from stealing clients.
41. The state licensing boards set the code of ethics.
42. Good ethical standards include compassion, cooperation, and honesty.
43. You need commitment to achieve true professionalism.
44. What you believe and think is reflected in your attitude.
45. Perfectionism would not be included among the qualities of a healthy attitude.
46. When we are emotionally stable, we can express our emotions appropriately.
47. In order to act professionally, we need to understand the needs of others.
48. Staying calm under stress can be aided if you take deep breaths.
49. The technique of agreeing and asking what you can do to remedy the situation is effective
with a difficult, disgruntled client.
50. It is important in a care giving career like cosmetology to take care of yourself.
51. Your professional image is the impression you project and consists of your outward
appearance and conduct.
52. The Old English word for ‘whole’ is hal.
53. The basis for a life that is happy and productive is achieving balance.
54. Personal hygiene involves the daily practice of cleanliness and health.
55. A key to good personal hygiene is daily bathing.
56. The skin, which eliminates toxins from the system, is the largest organ in the body.
57. For a well-groomed look, proper hair care should include regular shampooing.
58. Clean, fresh-smelling, and well-maintained clothes are part of good personal grooming.
59. The most important consideration in choosing your work clothes is the dress code of the
salon.
60. The texture and wave pattern of your hair will help to determine your own hairstyle.
61. Always remember when applying make-up to accentuate your best features.
62. Healthy ways of dealing with include deep breathing, positive affirmation, and
meditation.
63. Having an established daily routine for sleep and meals is helpful in reducing stress.
64. Renewing yourself with relaxation allows you to face the day refreshed and eager.
65. There are many benefits to eating a nutritious diet, including preventing a variety of
illnesses.
66. The proper functioning of our organs is enhanced by regular physical exercise.
67. Aerobic exercises include cross-country skiing, dancing, and walking.
68. Posture is part of what is called physical presentation.
69. To maintain good posture while standing, keep the neck elongated.
70. Comfortable, well-fitting shoes should have low heels and wide toes.
71. Blood circulation to the feet is enhanced by foot massage.
72. Ergonomics is the study of how to fit the job to the person.
73. If you are required to stand for long periods, you can avoid strain on your body by
placing one foot on a stool.
74. Free-standing shampoo bowls are ergonomically designed.
75. A good practice you can follow to prevent physical strain is to swivel the client’s chair.
___________________________________________________________________________
______________
Completed 2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
NAIL STRUCTURE AND GROWTH THEORY
1. The nails, which are part of the integumentary system, are an appendage of the skin.
2. A slightly pink nail is a sign of a healthy nail.
3. The nail is technically referred to as onyx.
4. The nail is composed of keratin, which is a protein.
5. Between 10% and 30% of the nail is made up of water.
6. The nail bed is the portion of the skin on which the nail plate rests.
7. The cells that produce the nail plate are found in the matrix (nail root).
8. The lunula, or half moon, is the visible portion of the matrix(nail root).
9. The part of the nail unit that rests on and is attached to the nail bed is the nail plate.
10. A normal cuticle is flexible.
11. The extension of the cuticle that partly overlaps the lunula is the eponychium.
12. The hyponychium seals the normal skin to the free edge of the nail.
13. Extending over the fingertip is the part of the nail plate called the free edge.
14. Specialized ligaments attach the nail bed and matrix bed to the underlying bone.
15. The matrix bed is embedded in a deep fold of skin called the mantle.
16. A rate of nail growth of 1/8” a month is average for normal adults.
17. A nail condition that is safe to work with in the salon is onychophagy.
18. Careless filing and excessive use of cuticle solvents and nail polish removers are among
the causes of abnormal nail brittleness.
19. The technical term for white spots or a whitish discoloration of the nails is leukonychia.
20. Agnail is a condition of splitting of the cuticles.
21. Blue or discolored nails is a condition that may be a sign of poor blood circulation.
22. Uneven growth of the nails, usually the result of illness or injury, can cause corrugations.
23. Carefully buffing the nails and applying a ridge filler is helpful when manicuring a client
with corrugations.
24. Cutting off too much cuticle can result in hangnails.
25. Eggshell nails have a thin nail plate and are noticeably more flexible than normal.
26. Darkening of the fingernails or toenails is called melanonychia.
27. The medical term for wasting away of the nail is onychoatrophia.
28. Hypertrophy of the nail is also known as onychauxis.
29. When one or both edges of the nail plate fold at 90 degrees or more into the soft tissues
of the nail margins, the disorder is called plicatured nails.
30. Onychorrhexis is characterized by abnormally brittle nails with striations of the nail plate.
31. Pterygium can be recognized by forward growth of the eponychium.
32. Tile-shaped nails have an increased crosswise curvature throughout the nail plate caused
by an increased curvature in the matrix bed.
33. Nail disorders, formerly called molds, characterized by discoloration between the nail
plate and artificial nails are actually caused by bacteria.
34. It is safer to perform nail services for clients who have forward growth of the
eponychium.
35. Vegetable parasites are commonly known as fungi.
36. A bacteria that can cause nail infections when artificial products such as tips and wraps
are applied under unsanitary conditions is Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
37. Nail disease or deformity in general is called onychosis.
38. Paronychia, which affects the tissues surrounding the nail, is a bacterial infection.
39. An inflammation called onychia affects the matrix bed.
40. Onychocryptosis is commonly called ingrown nails.
41. “Rams’ Horn Nail”, technically known as onychogryposis, most commonly affects the
great toe.
42. Onycholosis is the loosening of the nail.
43. One common symptom shared by onychomadesis, onychoptosis, and onychia is shedding
of the nail.
44. Ringworm is technically known as tinea.
45. A lump of red tissue grows from the nail bed to the nail plate in the nail inflammation
called pyogenic granuloma.
46. Tinea pedis is the medical term for athlete’s foot.
47. The common term for tinea unguium is ringworm of the nails.
48. Whitish patches that can be scraped off the nail surface are characteristic of a common
form of tinea unguium.
49. A client with an infected finger can be treated by a physician.
50. Removing any artificial nails is the only service you can perform for a client with a nail
fungus infection.
___________________________________________________________________________
_______
Completed 2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
PRINCIPLES OF HAIR DESIGN
1. Begin with analyzing the whole person when designing the right hairstyle for your client.
2. A strong visual sense is an important factor in being a good hair designer.
3. You can take calculated risks once you have a strong foundation in both technique and styling skills.
4. The overall outline of a hairstyle is described in the element of form.
5. Volume is referred to as space in hair design.
6. To soften a hair design use curved lines.
7. Create more interest in a design by using repeated lines, whether curved or straight.
8. In hair design you can create the illusion of less or more volume through the use of color.
9. One of the considerations is the client’s skin tone when choosing a new haircolor.
10. Wave pattern is described with the terms curly, straight, and wavy.
11. Chemicals can alter a wave pattern.
12. The relationship between body type, hair, and face refers to one of the principles of hair design known as
proportion.
13. To balance facial features use an asymmetrical hair design.
14. An exciting method of creating emphasis is known as ornamentation.
15. A look that is proportionate is created by a harmonious style.
16. You can style your design to minimize weaknesses and play up strengths when you analyze your client’s
features.
17. Hair texture is defined as coarse, medium, and fine.
18. A small, narrow silhouette can be created with straight, fine hair.
19. Medium, wavy hair is the most versatile hair type for styling.
20. Hair that is coarse and wavy could have a very wide silhouette appear if not shaped properly.
21. The hair type that is hard to curl and has some volume is coarse and straight.
22. When hair is curly, fine, and too long, too much scalp can be revealed and separation can occur.
23. Coarse and extremely curly hair can have the widest silhouette.
24. The prominence and position of facial bones is what determines the facial shape.
25. Oval is generally considered and recognized to be the ideal facial type.
26. Forehead to eyebrows, eyebrows to end of nose, and end of the nose to bottom of the chin are the three
zones of the face for design purposes.
27. Inverted triangle is among the facial shapes.
28. Style hair away from the forehead if your client has a narrow forehead.
29. The hair should fall below the jaw and be full when styling for a client with a long jaw.
30. The outline of a figure or face as seen in a side view is known as a profile.
31. Concave, straight, and convex are the three basic profile types.
32. The hair in the chin area should move forward if your client has a convex profile.
33. Use bangs with no volume when styling a client with a large forehead.
34. Be sure the hair is below or above the chin line if your client has a large chin.
35. How you design the hair around the ears will be affected when a client wears glasses.
36. Diagonal, triangle, and curved are the three basic parts for bangs.
37. To develop height on top use a side part.
38. Recommend styles that are appropriate and flattering when consulting with a male client.
39. A mustache and full beard can camouflage a receding chin in a male client.
40. A closely groomed mustache and beard may look good on a balding male client.
Completed 6/22/2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
SALON FUNDAMENTALS
STUDY GUIDE
Salon Ecology
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Bacteriology is the scientific study of bacteria.
Pathogenic bacterial cells may be harmful to the body.
Non-pathogenic bacterial cells are harmless and can be beneficial to humans.
Microbe means the same as germ or bacteria.
A disease that is easily spread from one person to another is communicable.
The common cold, hepatitis and measles are communicable diseases.
Bacteria cause disease, infections, and some produce toxins.
Spirilla is a coiled, corkscrewed shaped organism that can cause highly contagious
diseases.
9. `Spherical shaped bacterial cells are known as cocci.
10. Rod shaped bacterial cells are known as bacilli,
11. Bacterial cells can enter the body through a break in the skin, the nose, and throat.
12. In bacteria, each cells grows in size and divides to form two new cells.
13. Flagella or cilia are hair-like projections used to propel bacteria.
14. During the inactive stage, bacteria cells my die, become dormant or produce spores.
15. The common cold is caused by a filterable virus.
16. When in the spore forming stage, bacteria are not harmed by disinfectants,
17. The HIV virus spreads AIDS.
18. External parasites are plants and animals that live on or obtain nutrients from another
organism.
19. AIDS cuases the immune system to break down.
20. HIV can be transferred by blood, semen, and/or body fluids.
21. Immunity is the ability to destroy infectious agents in the body
22. A general infection is located in all parts of the body.
23. Salon cleanliness is a universal precaution.
24. Infection control is divided into sanitation, disinfection and sterilization.
25. Cosmetologists use sterilization, disinfection, and sanitation.
26. Antiseptics are used to reduce, but not kill, microbes.
27. Washing your hands is an example of sanitation.
28. Disinfection is one step below sterilization.
29. Disinfectants are used to destroy or kill bacteria and some viruses except bacterial spores.
30. An EPA registration number is given to a product along with the approval of the efficacy
claims on the label to ensure the product is safe and effective.
31. OSHA is the agency under thedepartment of labor that enforced safe and health standards
in the workplace.
32. MSDS provides key information on products regarding ingredients, hazards, combustion
and storage.
33. Broad spectrums are disinfectants that kill microbes.
34. The 1997 OSHA Bloodborne Pathogen Standard requires the use of EPA registered
disinfectant with an efficacy against HIV and HBV or tuberculocidal.
35. All implements should be thoroughly cleaned before immersion.
36. Remove hair, wash the implement with soap and water, and immerse the implement in a
disinfectant when disinfecting a brush or comb.
37. Store disinfected implements in a disinfected and covered container.
38. Solution in disinfectant containers should be changed as recommended by the
manufacturer.
39. Ultrasonic cleaners use high frequency sound waves to create a cleansing action that
cleans areas on tools that are difficult to reach with a brush.
40. The process known as ‘double-bagging’ is performed when a blood spill occurs.
41. Bar soaps can harbor and transmit bacteria.
42. Label containers storing disinfectants.
43. When handling disinfectants, it is important to avoid inhaling fumes, contact with eyes,
and to wear gloves.
44. If a surface is free from dirt, oil, and/or microbes, it has been decontaminated.
45. Sterilization does not apply to most cosmetology services because the skin is not being
punctured.
46. Dispose of any material coming in contact with body fluids in a resealable plastic bag
inside a waste can lined for disposal.
47. Tools and implements used to puncture the skin must be sterilized or designed to be
disposable.
48. Sanitation is the lowest level of infection control.
49. Sterilization can be practiced on non-porous surfaces.
50. Sterilization standards require the use of a liquid sterilant and/or moist or dry heat.
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
SHAMPOOING, RINSING, AND CONDITIONING THEORY
1. When you shampoo a client’s hair, your primary purpose is to cleanse the hair and scalp.
2. The condition of the client’s hair ia a consideration in the selection of shampoo.
3. pH levels are a measure of whether a solution is acid or alkaline.
4. shampoos that are acidic rather than alkaline are better for the hair.
5. The purification process for fresh water is done by sedimentation and filtering.
6. The amount of minerals contained in water determines its degree of hardness.
7. Shampoo’s main ingredient is purified water.
8. Molecules made up of hydrophilic head and lipophilic tail are responsible for the
effectiveness of surfactants.
9. The molecular process in surfactants works by lifting off oils and dirt into the water.
10. The most vigorous growth in the shampoo market is found in shampoos sold through
salons.
11. In hair products that are acid-balanced, the pH is between 4.5 and 5.5.
12. To restore moisture and elasticity to the hair while adding volume, use conditioning
shampoos.
13. In some cases, very strong medicated shampoos must sit on the scalp for a longer period.
14. Shampoos that contain acidic ingredients are designed to cut through product build up are
called nonstripping.
15. In some cases, dry or powder shampoos are advisable, such as for elderly clients.
16. Color-enhancing shampoos combine a surfactant base with basic colors.
17. For hair that feels dry or damaged, a temporary remedy is conditioner.
18. Heredity, health, and diet are the determining factors in the texture and structure of hair.
19. The products known as rinse-through finishing rinses are used for detangling hair after
shampooing.
20. When deep, penetrating conditioners are applied, it is sometimes necessary to put the
client under a hooded dryer.
21. Among the ingredients of conditioners are humectants.
22. The cuticle of the hair has overlapping scales and is the outermost layer.
23. After as alkaline chemical treatment, instant conditioners are used to restore pH balance.
24. A conditioning agent used on the scalp to remove oil accumulations is scalp astringent
lotion.
25. Included in the formulation of moisturizers are quaternary ammonium compounds which
attach to hair fibers.
26. A protein conditioner is effective for slightly increasing hair diameter.
27. The purpose of concentrated protein conditioners is to penetrate the cortex.
28. It is not recommended to use concentrated protein treatment immediately after a chemical
treatment.
29. Use deep conditioning treatments when equal protein and moisturizing treatment is
needed.
30. Spray-on thermal protectors are used to protect hair during thermal services.
31. For a client with coarse, wavy hair, all the following products are recommended: leave-in
conditioner, protein treatments, and moisturizing treatments.
32. All of the following products are recommended for dry, damaged hair: light leave-in
conditioner, gentle cleansing shampoo, and spray-on thermal protection.
33. An effective method of removing dust, dirt, and spray build-up is correct hair brushing.
34. Do not brush the hair before giving a chemical service.
35. Natural bristle brushes have overlapping layers that clean and add luster to the hair.
36. To brush hair most effectively, part it into sections.
37. Scalp massage is performed prior to the shampoo and provides stimulation.
38. To be a successful at scalp massage, it is important to know the location of the blood
vessels.
39. The relaxing movement is part of scalp manipulation techniques.
40. A necessary item when performing a shampoo service is a shampoo cape.
41. When preparing to shampoo a client, it’s important to examine a client’s hair scalp.
42. Water temperature is an important consideration during a shampoo, so always test the
temperature.
43. When manipulating the scalp during a shampoo, use firm pressure if the client has
healthy hair and scalp.
44. During the shampoo, manipulating the scalp immediately follows applying shampoo.
45. At the end of the shampoo, the clean-up and sanitation process includes disinfecting
combs and brushes.
46. After the hair is shampooed and rinsed, apply conditioner, avoiding the base of the hair.
47. Once conditioner has been applied gently comb it through the hair.
48. Placing the client under a heated dryer may be necessary for a deep conditioning
treatment.
49. Chemically treated hair, after shampooing, has a tendency to tangle.
50. In order to avoid scalp irritation when performing chemical services do not shampoo,
brush or massage.
51. If dry shampoo is called for, apply it directly onto the hair.
52. When shampooing a client in a wheelchair, any of the following may be appropriate:
shampooing at home, using a dry shampoo, shampooing at the shampoo bowl.
53. A general scalp treatment is important for keeping the scalp clean and healthy.
54. Apply suitable scalp lotion during a normal hair and scalp treatment.
55. It is appropriate to perform a dry hair and scalp treatment for a deficiency of natural oil.
56. A scalp steamer is appropriate for a dry hair and scalp treatment.
57. Increasing blood circulation by kneading the scalp helps to normalize overactive
sebaceous glands.
58. High frequency current is effective during a dandruff treatment.
___________________________________________________________________________
____________
Completed 2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
THE SALON BUSINESS
1. Mortgage payments are not the stylist's responsibility if in a booth or chair rental
arrangement.
2. Carrying your own insurance is the stylist's responsibility when in a booth or chair
rental compared to owning a salon.
3. The direct competition should be considered when selecting the location for a salon.
4. Demographics include information about buying habits, size, and average income of
the population.
5. Develop a business plan first before you seek financing to open a salon.
6. Local regulations regulate business codes and building renovations.
7. Federal laws cover Social Security.
8. Insurance policies are purchased by salon owners to protect themselves against
malpractice lawsuits.
9. A corporation is a salon that has a state charter and is owned by stockholders.
10. Being an owner of a corporation subjects you to the most limited personal loss.
11. A partnership is when two people own a salon together.
12. Who is responsible for repairs should be specified in the lease when you lease a
space for your salon.
13. Determine how much capital you will need to run a business for at least the first two
years before you open one.
14. Consistently high standards are what a client can expect every time they come to the
salon is considered quality control.
15. Income includes receipts from retail sales and services.
16. 15 percent of the total gross income is the net profit for the average salon.
17. The salon's inventory records can show information about which products are
selling well and which products are not.
18. When suppliers offer special prices major purchases of supplies should be made.
19. It is important that the salon have good lighting and plumbing for the client to have
a satisfactory service.
20. OSHA puts out guidelines that require that the ingredients of cosmetic preparations
be displayed prominently for clients.
21. Satisfied clients are the best form of advertising.
22. Direct mail advertising will give you closer contact with potential clients.
23. Salaries are the largest expense item in operating a salon.
24. The receptionist is known as the quarterback of the salon.
25. The appointment book will give an accurate reflection of what is taking place in the
salon at any given time.
26. County laws cover individual and salon licenses.
27. Be familiar with all products and services when booking appointments by telephone
in the salon.
28. It is important to avoid interrupting when listening to a client’s complaint.
29. Keep client records at a central location.
30. Approximately 50 percent of the salon's budget is spent on salaries.
31. Retail supplies are products sold to clients.
32. Maintaining proper business records is a requirement of federal, province or state,
and local tax laws.
33. Having an organized inventory system is necessary in order to maintain an efficient
and accurate control of supplies.
34. Consumption supplies are salon supplies that are used in the daily business
operations.
35. A seven year retention period should be used for cancelled checks and payroll
books.
36. Paying the employees should be the top priority in the allotment of funds.
37. Sharing information is an important guideline for becoming an effective manager.
38. Concentrate advertising around slow periods.
39. Generally no more than 3 percent of your total gross income should be spent on
your advertising budget.
40. Recommending what is in the client’s best interest when retailing is an important
point to keep in mind.
___________
Completed 3/2007
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
WIGS AND HAIR ENHANCEMENTS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The ratio of head size to body is about 1 to 7 in a classic body proportion.
It is best if the client is in street clothes during a consultation for hair enhancements.
A simple match test can distinguish synthetic hair wigs from human hair wigs.
You will have greater durability with a human hair wig over a synthetic wig.
Having a pre-set texture, color, and cut is an advantage of a synthetic wig over a
human hair wig.
6. Virgin European hair is the human hair that is considered top of the line for wigs.
7. Yak hair is the animal hair whose natural white color lends it to adding fantasy
colors.
8. The hair from Asia and India is the second most costly hair available for wigs.
9. The natural state of Indian hair is wavy.
10. Turned hair is more expensive because the hair has the cuticle-intact.
11. Wigs that are usually hand-knotted are called cap wigs.
12. A capless wig consists of rows of wefts sewn to elastic strips in a circular pattern.
13. Hand-tied wigs most closely resemble actual human hair growth.
14. Semi-hand-tied wigs are a combination of hand-tied human hair and synthetic hair.
15. Machine made wigs are the method of wig construction that is the least expensive.
16. Pin curls and the hair wrap are two methods used to prepare the hair for putting
on a wig.
17. Use a gentle shampoo when shampooing a wig.
18. During haircutting the wig should be placed on a block, when you cut and style a
wig.
19. The aim is to make a wig look realistic when styling it.
20. You should use hair that has been bleached or decolorized if you are going to
custom-color a human hair wig.
21. The hair will smoke and swell if you use an oxidizing haircolor on hair that has been
treated with metallic dye.
22. If a human hair wig has been treated with metallic dye it should not be permed.
23. On top of the hair is where a hairpiece sits.
24. An integration hairpiece is a hair addition with an opening in the base through
which the client’s own hair is pulled to blend with the added hair.
25. Toupees are hairpieces particularly suited for men with severe hair loss, but are also
work by women.
26. Attach hair extensions to the base of the hair.
27. Hair extensions are attached to on-the-scalp braids in the track-and-sew method.
28. Bonding is the method of attaching single strands or hair wefts with a glue gun or
adhesive.
29. Always perform a patch test before you apply bonded extensions.
30. Fusion is the method of bonding extension hair to the client’s own hair with
material activated by a special heating tool.
AVEDA INSTITUTE SAN ANTONIO
STUDY GUIDE
ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY
1. Anatomy is the study of the structures of the human body that can be seen with the naked eye.
2. The cell membrane is what encloses the animal and living plant cells.
3. Plasma is the substance of which all living cells are composed.
4. Cytoplasm is where food material for self-repair and cellular growth is found.
5. Anabolism is the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones.
6. A group of cells that perform a specific function is known as a tissue.
7. Examples of nerve tissue are the spinal cord and the brain.
8. Epithelial tissue is the technical term for the tissue that serves as a protective covering on the body.
9. The organs of the body are stomach, lungs, intestines, and kidneys.
10. The heart and blood vessels are organs that are part of the circulatory system.
11. The skeletal system is the body system that serves as the physical foundation of the body.
12. Osteology is the scientific study of the functions of the bones, anatomy, and structure.
13. The cranium is the portion of the skull that protects the brain.
14. Producing white and red blood cells is an important function of the bones.
15. The parietal bones are the two bones that form the crown (top) and sides of the cranium.
16. The hyoid is the technical term for what is commonly known as the “Adam’s apple” and is a Ushaped bone.
17. The thorax serves as a protective framework for the organs, lungs, and heart and is a bony cage.
18. Zygomatic bones are the technical term for the cheekbones.
19. The mandible is the strongest and largest bone of the face.
20. The joint is the place where two or more bones connect.
21. The bones that from the sides of the head are called the temporal bones.
22. The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm.
23. The phalanges are the 14 bones in the fingers of each hand.
24. The nasal bones form the bridge of the nose.
25. The origin is known as the place of attachment of a muscle to an immovable section of the skeleton.
26. Myology is the study of the functions, diseases, and structure of the muscles.
27. The striated muscles are controlled by the will and are attached to the bones.
28. The epicranius is the muscle that covers the top of the skull.
29. The orbicularis oculi is the muscle that rings the eye socket.
30. The zygomaticus major and minor are the muscles of chewing, or mastication.
31. The trapezius is one of the muscles that control swinging movements in the arm.
32. The sternocleidomastoideus is the muscle in the neck that lowers and rotates the head.
33. The adductors are the muscles that draw the fingers together.
34. The brain, spinal cord, spinal nerve, and cranial nerves make up the central nervous system.
35. The brain is the largest and most complex nerve tissue in the body.
36. Sensory nerves are carried to the brain when you touch, smell, see, hear, or taste something.
37. The axon is a part of the nerve cell, or neuron that sends impulses away from the cell body to other
neurons and glands.
38. Auriculotemporal nerve is the fifth cranial nerve affecting the external ear and skin above the
temple.
39. The nasal nerve affects the lower side and point of the nose.
40. The fifth cranial nerve is the largest cranial nerve.
41. The supraorbital nerve affects the skin of the eyebrows and forehead.
42. The seventh cranial nerve is the chief motor nerve of the face.
43. The muscles of the upper part of the cheek are affected by the zygomatic nerve.
44. The buccal nerve affects the muscles of the mouth.
45. The cervical nerves originate at the spinal cord.
46. The sides and front of the neck as far down the breastbone are affected by the cervical cutaneous
nerve.
47. The radial nerve is the sensory motor nerve that with its branches, supplies the thumb side of the
arm and back of the hand.
48. The digital nerve is one of four principal nerves of the hand and arm that supplies the fingers.
49. The circulatory system controls the steady circulation of blood through the body.
50. The capillaries, arteries, veins, and heart comprise the blood-vascular system.
51. The atria are the name for the upper heart chambers.
52. The ventricles and the atria are part of the interior of the heart.
53. The arteries are vessels that carry blood away from the heart.
54. Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart.
55. The lymph is the clear yellowish fluid that circulates in the lymphatic of the body.
56. The pericardium is the membrane that encloses the heart.
57. Hemoglobin, platelets, white and red corpuscles, and plasma is what blood is composed of.
58. There is 8 to 10 pints of blood also known as the nutritive fluid in the human body.
59. Plasma is the fluid part of blood in which blood cells and platelets flow.
60. Platelets are cells that contribute to the blood-clotting process.
61. The platelets are where hemoglobin is found and it is what gives blood its bright red color.
62. Nutritive substances being carried to all body cells is one of bloods critical functions.
63. The lymph nodes filter the lymph that is circulated through the lymphatic vessels.
64. The internal carotid artery supplies blood to the nose, eyes, eyelids, and brain.
65. The superior labial artery supplies blood to the nose and upper lip region.
66. The facial artery is also known as the superficial temporal artery.
67. The middle temporal artery supplies blood to the temples.
68. It is important to know that the posterior and supraorbital auricular are the two branches of the
internal carotid artery.
69. The radial and ulnar are the two arteries that are the main supply of blood to the hands and arms.
70. The endocrine system is the group of specialized glands affecting sexual activities and development
71. The duct glands are the oil and sweat glands of the skin.
72. Examples of hormones are estrogen, insulin, and adrenaline.
73. The gastrointestinal system is also known as the digestive system.
74. The respiratory system is the body system that enables breathing.
75. An important role the skin performs in the excretory system is the elimination of perspiration.
Completed 3-7-07