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A device used in electrical circuits to maintain a constant relation between
current flow and voltage. Resistors are used to step up or lower the voltage at
different points in a circuit and to transform a current signal into a voltage
signal or vice versa, among other uses. The electrical behavior of a resistor
obeys Ohm's law for a constant resistance; however, some resistors are
sensitive to heat, light, or other variables.
Resistor
Variable resistors, or rheostats, have a resistance that may be varied across a
certain range, usually by means of a mechanical device that alters the
position of one terminal of the resistor along a strip of resistant material. The
length of the intervening material determines the resistance. Mechanical
variable resistors are also called potentiometers, and are used in the volume
knobs of audio equipment and in many other devices.
Variable
Resistor
a device with three terminals, two of which are connected to a resistance
wire and the third to a brush moving along the wire, so that a variable
potential can be tapped off: used in electronic circuits, esp as a volume
control Sometimes shortened to pot
Potentiometer.
Potentiometer
Trimmer Pot
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Capacitor
Polarized
Capacitor
Variable
Capacitor
Trimmer
Capacitor
COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION
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### nF
Manually adjustable, variable, electrical resistor. It has a resistance element
that is attached to the circuit by three contacts, or terminals. The ends of the
resistance element are attached to two input voltage conductors of the
circuit, and the third contact, attached to the output of the circuit, is usually a
movable terminal that slides across the resistance element, effectively
dividing it into two resistors.
An electrical device consisting of two conducting plates separated by an
electrical insulator (the dielectric), designed to hold an electric charge.
Charge builds up when a voltage is applied across the plates, creating an
electric field between them. Current can flow through a capacitor only as the
voltage across it is changing, not when it is constant. Capacitors are used in
power supplies, amplifiers, signal processors, oscillators, and logic gates.
An electrolytic, tantalum or Aluminum, capacitor in which the dielectric film
is formed adjacent to only one metal electrode; the impedance to the flow of
current is then greater in one direction than in the other.
A capacitor whose capacitance can be varied continuously by moving one set
of metal plates with respect to another. The physics principle being the
capacitance varies with both the surface area of the plates and how far they
are from each other.
Trimmer capacitors are used mainly to effect the alignment of resonant
oscillatory circuits. As a rule, the capacitance of a trimmer capacitor is set
during the circuit test process. After such setting, the movable parts of the
trimmer capacitor are locked in place and remain in their fixed positions
while the device is operating. A trimmer capacitor is generally a simplified
parallel-plate variable capacitor with one stator plate and one rotor plate.
Fixed
Inductor
An inductor is a passive electrical component that can store energy in a
magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An inductor
is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically, an inductor is a
conducting wire shaped as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic
field. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is
induced that opposes the change in current that created it.
Variable
Inductor
A variable inductor can be constructed by making one of the terminals of the
device a sliding spring contact that can move along the surface of the coil,
increasing or decreasing the number of turns of the coil included in the
circuit. An alternative construction method is to use a moveable magnetic
core, which can be slid in or out of the coil. Moving the core farther into the
coil increases the permeability, increasing the inductance.
Transformer
A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to
another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils. A
varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux
in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying
electromotive force (EMF), or "voltage", in the secondary winding.
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An electrical device with two active terminals, an anode and a cathode,
through which current passes more easily in one direction (from anode to
cathode) than in the reverse direction. Diodes have many uses, including
conversion of AC power to DC power, and the decoding of audio-frequency
signals from radio signals.
Diode
A Schottky diode is a special type of diode with a very low forward-voltage
drop. When current flows through a diode there is a small voltage drop across
the diode terminals. A normal silicon diode has a voltage drop between 0.6–
1.7 volts, while a Schottky diode voltage drop is between approximately 0.15–
0.45 volts. This lower voltage drop can provide higher switching speed and
better system efficiency.
Schokkey
Diode
Zener diodes are widely used as voltage references and as shunt regulators to
regulate the voltage across small circuits. When connected in parallel with a
variable voltage source so that it is reverse biased, a Zener diode conducts
when the voltage reaches the diode's reverse breakdown voltage. From that
point on, the relatively low impedance of the diode keeps the voltage across
the diode at that value.
## V
Zener Diode
A tunnel diode or Esaki diode is a type of semiconductor diode which is
capable of very fast operation, well into the microwave frequency region, by
using quantum mechanical effects.
Tunnel
Diode
Diode for alternating current', is a diode that conducts current only after its
breakdown voltage has been reached momentarily. When this occurs, diode
enters the region of negative dynamic resistance, leading to a decrease in the
voltage drop across the diode and, usually, a sharp increase in current through
the diode. The diode remains "in conduction" until the current through it drops
below a value characteristic for the device, called the holding current.
From Triode for Alternating Current, is a electronic component which can
conduct current in either direction when it is triggered (turned on), and is
formally called a bidirectional triode thyristor or bilateral triode thyristor. It is
approximately equivalent to two complementary unilateral thyristors joined in
antiparallel (paralleled but with the polarity reversed) and with their gates
connected together.
Diac
Triac
a varicap diode, varactor diode, variable capacitance diode, variable reactance
diode or tuning diode is a type of diode which has a variable capacitance that is
a function of the voltage impressed on its terminals.
Varactor
Diode
Pin Diode
A PIN diode is a diode with a wide, lightly doped 'near' intrinsic semiconductor
region between a p-type semiconductor and an n-type semiconductor region.
It is typically heavily doped because they are used for ohmic contacts.The wide
intrinsic region makes the PIN diode an inferior rectifier (one typical function
of a diode), but it makes the PIN diode suitable for attenuators, fast switches,
photo detectors, and high voltage power electronics applications.
Light Emitting
Diode
When a light-emitting diode is forward biased (switched on), electrons are able
to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the
form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the
light (corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy
gap of the semiconductor. An LED is often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and
integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern.
Photodiode
A photodiode is a type of photo detector capable of converting light into either
current or voltage, depending upon the mode of operation. Photodiodes are
similar to regular semiconductor diodes except that they may be either
exposed (to detect vacuum UV or X-rays) or packaged with a window or optical
fiber connection to allow light to reach the sensitive part of the device.
Diode Bridge
A diode bridge is an arrangement of four (or more) diodes in a bridge
configuration that provides the same polarity of output for either polarity of
input. When used in its most common application, for conversion of an
alternating current (AC) input into direct current a (DC) output, it is known as a
bridge rectifier.
AC
AC
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Transorb
A transient voltage suppression (TVS) diode is an electronic component used to
protect sensitive electronics from voltage spikes induced on connected wires.
It is also commonly referred to as a transorb. A transient voltage suppression
diode may be either unidirectional or bidirectional.
Gunn
Diode
A Gunn diode, also known as a transferred electron device (TED), is a form of
diode used in high-frequency electronics. In the Gunn diode, three regions
exist: two of them are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of
lightly doped material in between. When a voltage is applied to the device, the
electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer.
Silicon
Controlled
Rectifier
A silicon-controlled rectifier (or semiconductor-controlled rectifier) is a fourlayer solid state device that controls current. In the normal "off" state, the
device restricts current to the leakage current. When the gate-to-cathode
voltage exceeds a certain threshold, the device turns "on" and conducts
current.
G
A
K
Optical isolator, is "an electronic device designed to transfer electrical signals
by utilizing light waves to provide coupling with electrical isolation between its
input and output". The main purpose of an opto-isolator is "to prevent high
voltages or rapidly changing voltages on one side of the circuit from damaging
components or distorting transmissions on the other side.
### mA
Optoisolator
C
NPN Transistor
B
B
E
PNP Transistor
Darlington
NPN/PNP
Transistor
C
E
C
B
E
B
C
E
G
JFET N/P
Field Effect
Transistor
D
S
G
D
S
MOSFET
N/P
MOSFET DUAL
N/P
D
G
D
G
S
S
D
D
G1
G1
G2
G2
S
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic
signals. It is made of a solid piece of semiconductor material, with at least
three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current
applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing
through another pair of terminals. The doping region determines NPN or PNP
the Darlington transistor (often called a Darlington pair) is a compound
structure consisting of two bipolar transistors connected in such a way that the
current amplified by the first transistor is amplified further by the second one,
giving a much higher current gain (written β, hfe, or hFE) than each transistor
taken separately and, in the case of integrated devices, can take less space
than two individual transistors because they can use a shared collector.
The junction gate field-effect transistor (JFET or JUGFET) is the simplest type of
field effect transistor. It can be used as an electronically-controlled switch or as
a voltage-controlled resistance. Electric charge flows through a semiconducting
channel between "source" and "drain" terminals. By applying a bias voltage to
a "gate" terminal, the channel is "pinched", so that the electric current is
impeded or switched off completely.
Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET, MOS-FET, or
MOS FET) is a transistor used for amplifying or switching electronic signals. In
MOSFETs, a voltage on the oxide-insulated gate electrode can induce a
conducting channel between the two other contacts called source and drain.
channel can be of n-type or p-type (see article on semiconductor devices), and
is accordingly called an nMOSFET or a pMOSFET (also nMOS, pMOS).
The dual gate MOSFET has a tetrode configuration, where both gates control
the current in the device. It is commonly used for small signal devices in radio
frequency applications where the second gate is normally used for gain control
or mixing and frequency conversion. For Basic MOSFET See section above.
S
Solar Cell
A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell or photoelectric cell) is a solid state
electrical device that converts the energy of light directly into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. Assemblies of cells used to make solar modules which are
used to capture energy from sunlight, are known as solar panels. The energy
generated from these solar modules, referred to as solar power, is an example
of solar energy.
Photo-Resistor
A photoresistor or photoconductor light dependent resistor (LDR) is a resistor
whose resistance decreases with increasing incident light intensity. It is made
of a high resistance semiconductor. If light falling on the device is of high
enough frequency, photons absorbed by the semiconductor give bound
electrons enough energy to jump into the conduction band. The resulting free
electron (and its hole partner) conduct electricity, thereby lowering resistance.
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Switch SPST
Switch SPDT
Switch DPST
Switch DPDT
Switch Slide
Switch
Momentary
Switch
Rotary
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COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION
SPST, most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical
device with one set of electrical contacts. The contacts can be in one of two
states: either 'closed' and conducting or 'open', meaning the contacts are
separated and the switch is nonconducting. A simple on-off switch: The two
terminals are either connected together or disconnected from each other. Also
called two-way switch . Single Pole, Single Throw
A simple changeover switch: C (COM, Common) is connected to L1 or to L2.
This switch is used to select either A or B type connection path. Also called a
three-way switch. Single Pole, Double Throw
Equivalent to two SPST switches controlled by a single mechanism. The Throw
contacts are tied together so when the contacts are made, two simultaneous
circuits are conducting. Also called just a double pole switch. Double Pole,
Single Throw.
Equivalent to two SPDT switches controlled by a single mechanism: A is
connected to B and D to E, or A is connected to C and D to F. See SPDT in
section above. Double Pole, Double Throw
A Slide Switch is like a linear rotary in that there is a single throw with multiple
poles such that contacts are arrayed in a linear patterns and as the slide knob
or button is moved from left to right, contacts are made one at a time equal to
the number of poles in the array.
Momentary Switches are switches that make or open contacts as long as the
button is pressed mechanically or electrically. As soon as the button is
released, the switch will return to its Normally Opened (NO) or Normally
Closed (NC) state. Reset switches are often of this kind. It may only take an
instant of shunting the circuit to ground to reboot the system or clear the
memory.
The Rotary switch is used to select a number of circuits for routing signals or
connecting circuits selectively to usually a single source. When these switches
are ganged, then the number of variable connections increases exponentially.
The mechanical switch can also serve as a Hex encoder for program selection.
Switch
DIP
DIP switches are manual electric switches that are packaged in a group in a
standard dual in-line package (DIP). This type of switch is designed to be used
on a printed circuit board along with other electronic components and is
commonly used to customize the behavior of an electronic device for specific
situations.DIP switches are an alternative to jumper blocks. Their main
advantages are that they are quicker to change and there are no parts to lose.
Switch
Mercury
A mercury switch is a switch whose purpose is to allow or interrupt the flow of
electric current in an electrical circuit in a manner that is dependent on the
switch's physical position or alignment relative to the direction of the "pull" of
earth's gravity, or other inertia.Mercury switches consist of one or more sets
of electrical contacts in a sealed glass envelope which contains a bead of
mercury. The envelope may also contain air, an inert gas, or a vacuum.
Switch
Temperature
Actuated
Temperature-sensing mechanism is the "bimetallic strip:" a thin strip of two
metals, joined back-to-back, each metal having a different rate of thermal
expansion. When the strip heats or cools, differing rates of thermal expansion
between the two metals causes it to bend. The bending of the strip can then
be used to actuate a switch contact mechanism.
Circuit Breaker
A circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by overload or short circuit.
Its basic function is to detect a fault condition and, by interrupting continuity,
to immediately discontinue electrical flow. A circuit breaker can be reset unlike
a permanently blown fuse.
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Relays
A relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles
are also used. Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a
low-power signal (with complete electrical isolation between control and
controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal.
Thermistors
A thermistor is a type of resistor whose resistance varies significantly with
temperature, more so than in standard resistors. The word is a portmanteau of
thermal and resistor. Thermistors are widely used as inrush current limiters,
temperature sensors, self-resetting overcurrent protectors, and self-regulating
heating elements.
Polyswitch
A polymeric positive temperature coefficient device (PPTC, commonly known
as a resettable fuse) is a passive electronic component used to protect against
overcurrent faults in electronic circuits. They are actually non-linear
thermistors, however, and cycle back to a conductive state after the current is
removed, acting more like circuit breakers, allowing the circuit to function
again without opening the chassis or replacing anything.
SiBar TVS
SiBar thyristor surge protectors are designed to protect sensitive
telecommunications equipment from the hazards caused by lightning,
power contact, and power induction. These devices have high surge
capability to protect against transient faults and high off-state
impedance, making them transparent during normal operation.
Fuse
a fuse is a type of sacrificial overcurrent protection device. Its essential
component is a metal wire or strip that melts when too much current flows,
which interrupts the circuit in which it is connected. Short circuit, overload or
device failure is often the reason for excessive current.
Balun
Transformer
Balun is a type of electrical transformer that can convert electrical signals that
are balanced about ground (differential) to signals that are unbalanced (singleended), and the reverse. They are also often used to connect lines of differing
impedance. The origin of the word balun is bal(ance) + un(balance).
Baluns can take many forms and their presence is not always obvious. They
always use electromagnetic coupling for their operation.
Crystal
A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses the mechanical
resonance of a vibrating crystal of piezoelectric material to create an electrical
signal with a very precise frequency. This frequency is used to provide a stable
clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio
transmitters and receivers. The most common is the quartz crystal, so
oscillator circuits designed around them became known as "crystal oscillators."
Oscillator
Oscillators are used as frequency sources for all kinds of circuits and
applications. There are many types depending on the method use to set,
stabilize, or control the frequency. VCO, voltage controlled varies the
frequency with voltage, TCXO, Temperature Compensated, OCXO, Oven
stabilized, VCTCXO, Voltage Controlled and Temperature Compensated. In a
block diagram or a schematic the various oscillators may be labeled blocks.
Ceramic
Resonator
A ceramic resonator is an electronic component that when combined with
other appropriate components, can produce oscillations at a specific
frequency. It consists of a voltage-variable capacitor that acts in some ways
like a quartz crystal. Ceramic resonators are made of high-stability
piezoelectric ceramics, generally lead zirconium titanate.
Ferrite Bead
Ring
Transducer
A ferrite bead is a passive electric component used to suppress high frequency
noise in electronic circuits. It is a specific type of electronic choke. Ferrite
beads employ the mechanism of high dissipation of high frequency currents in
a ferrite to build high frequency noise suppression devices. Ferrite beads may
also be called ferrite blocks, ferrite cores, ferrite rings, ferrite EMI filters,
ferrite chokes or mistakenly as ferrous bead. Single SMT bead designation (FB)
A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another. The
conversion can be to/from electrical, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic,
photonic, photovoltaic, or any other form of energy. While the term
transducer commonly implies use as a sensor/detector, any device which
converts energy can be considered as a transducer.
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AC Source
DC Source
Ground
Equipment
Potential and
Chassis
Battery
Delay
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AC
DC
COMPONENT DEFINITION OR APPLICATION
A power source providing alternating current of any phase. An AC source can
be a wall plug, alternator, generator a bench power supply or an inverter. The
circuit need only specify the phase, current, and voltage when referring to the
AC Source.
The DC Source can be any equipment or component that provides a Direct
Current. It may be a solar cell system, a fuel cell, a AC to DC Converter, Battery
Pack, DC-DC converter, Switching or Linear regulator/power supply
combination.
In electrical engineering, ground or earth may be the reference point in an
electrical circuit from which other voltages are measured, or a common return
path for electric current, or a direct physical connection to the Earth.
Electrical circuits may be connected to ground (earth) for several reasons. In
mains powered equipment, exposed metal parts are connected to ground to
prevent contact with a dangerous voltage if electrical insulation fails.
A metal chassis is a huge antenna and you may pick up an
extra amount of electrical noise in your signal ground
if you tie them hard. The chassis only needs to be at a mansafe potential and the rest of it you'd rather not "see".
An electrical battery is one or more electrochemical cells that convert stored
chemical energy into electrical energy. There are two types of batteries:
primary batteries (disposable batteries), which are designed to be used once
and discarded, and secondary batteries (rechargeable batteries), which are
designed to be recharged and used multiple times.
Delay may refer to: Propagation delay, the length of time taken for something
to reach its destination. Analog delay line, used to delay a signal
Bi-directional delay line, Digital delay line, a sequential logic element
A loudspeaker (or "speaker") is an electroacoustic transducer that produces
sound in response to an electrical audio signal input. .
Speaker
Microphone
Antenna
A microphone is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensor that converts
sound into an electrical signal. Most microphones today use electromagnetic
induction (dynamic microphone), capacitance change (condenser
microphone), piezoelectric generation, or light modulation to produce an
electrical voltage signal from mechanical vibration.
known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic (e.g. TV or radio waves) Dipole antenna, a simple antenna
which can be constructed from one wire, fed by a source. Directional antenna,
or beam antenna, radiates greater power in one or more directions. Radio
telescope, a form of directional radio antenna used in radio astronomy and for
tracking and collecting data from satellites and space probes
Accumulator
An accumulator is an apparatus by means of which energy can be stored, such
as a rechargeable battery or a hydraulic accumulator. Such devices may be
electrical, fluidic or mechanical and are sometimes used to convert a small
continuous power source into a short surge of energy or vice versa. Other
examples of accumulators include capacitors.
Attenuator
Attenuator (electronics), an electronic device that reduces the amplitude of a
signal. Also referred to as a pad with linear or stepped degrees of attenuation
measured in dB. Every 3dB of attenuation equals ½ the original power level.
Optical attenuator, a device or instrument to reduce light power.
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