Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs): Estimated Average Requirements
Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academies
Life Stage
Group
Calcium
(mg/d)
Infants
0 to 6 mo
6 to 12 mo
Children
1–3 y 500
4–8 y 800
Males
9–13 y 1,100
14–18 y 1,100
19–30 y 800
31–50 y 800
51–70 y 800
> 70 y 1,000
Females
9–13 y 1,100
14–18 y 1,100
19–30 y 800
31–50 y 800
51–70 y 1,000
> 70 y 1,000
Pregnancy
14–18 y 1,000
19–30 y 800
31–50 y 800
Lactation
14–18 y 1,000
19–30 y 800
31–50 y 800
CHO
(g/d)
Protein
(g/kg/d)
1.0
100 0.87
100 0.76
100 0.76
100 0.73
100 0.66
100 0.66
100 0.66
100 0.66
100 0.76
100 0.71
100 0.66
100 0.66
100 0.66
100 0.66
135 0.88
135 0.88
135 0.88
160 1.05
160 1.05
160 1.05
530
550
550
885
900
900
420
485
500
500
500
500
210
275
445
630
625
625
625
625
Vit A
(
µ g/d) a
Vit C
(mg/d)
Vit D
(
µ g/d)
63
75
75
75
75
13
22
39
39
56
60
60
60
60
66
70
70
96
100 10
100 10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
12
12
12
12
12
5
6
9
12
12
12
16
16
16
9
12
12
12
12
12
Vit E
(mg/d) b
Thiamin
(mg/d)
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.3
1.3
0.8
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.2
0.7
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.4
0.5
0.7
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
1.0
Riboflavin
(mg/d)
Niacin
(mg/d) c
Vit B
6
(mg/d)
Folate
(
µ g/d) d
1.6
1.6
1.6
1.7
1.7
1.7
0.8
1.0
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.3
0.4
0.5
0.8
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.4
1.4
14
14
14
13
13
13
9
11
11
11
11
11
9
12
12
12
12
12
5
6
520
520
520
450
450
450
250
330
320
320
320
320
120
160
250
330
320
320
320
320
2.2
2.2
2.2
2.4
2.4
2.4
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
0.7
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
Vit
B
12
(
µ g/d)
Copper
(
µ g/d)
Iodine
(
µ g/d)
Iron
(mg/d)
Magnesium
(mg/d)
160
160
160
209
209
209
73
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
95
65
65
73
785
800
800
985
1,000
1,000
540
685
700
700
700
700
260
340
540
685
700
700
700
700
23
22
22
7
6.5
6.5
5.7
7.9
8.1
8.1
5
5
6
6
6
6.9
3.0
4.1
5.9
7.7
6
335
290
300
300
255
265
200
300
255
265
265
265
65
110
200
340
330
350
350
350
40
40
40
35
36
36
26
33
34
34
34
34
26
33
34
13
17
34
34
34
Molybdenum
(
µ g/d)
Phosphorus
(mg/d)
Selenium
(
µ g/d)
Zinc
(mg/d)
380 17
405 23
1,055 35
1,055 45
580 45
580 45
580 45
580 45
1,055 35
1,055 45
580 45
580 45
580 45
580 45
1,055 49
580 49
580 49
1,055 59
580 59
580 59
10.5
9.5
9.5
10.9
10.4
10.4
7.0
7.3
6.8
6.8
6.8
6.8
2.5
2.5
4.0
7.0
8.5
9.4
9.4
9.4
9.4
NOTE : An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily nutrient intake level estimated to meet the requirements of half of the healthy individuals in a group. EARs have not been established for vitamin K, pantothenic acid, biotin, choline, chromium, fluoride, manganese, or other nutrients not yet evaluated via the DRI process. a
As retinol activity equivalents (RAEs). 1 RAE = 1
µ g retinol, 12
µ g
β
-carotene, 24
µ g
α
-carotene, or 24
µ g
β
-cryptoxanthin. The RAE for dietary provitamin A carotenoids is two-fold greater than retinol equivalents
(RE), whereas the RAE for preformed vitamin A is the same as RE. b
As
α
-tocopherol.
α
-Tocopherol includes RRR-
α
tocopherol, the only form of
α
-tocopherol that occurs naturally in foods, and the 2R -stereoisomeric forms of
α
-tocopherol ( RRR -, RSR -, RRS -, and RSS -
α
-tocopherol) that occur in fortified foods and supplements. It does not include the 2S -stereoisomeric forms of
α
-tocopherol ( SRR -, SSR -, SRS -, and SSS -
α
-tocopherol), also found in fortified foods and supplements.
c d
As niacin equivalents (NE). 1 mg of niacin = 60 mg of tryptophan.
As dietary folate equivalents (DFE). 1 DFE = 1 µg food folate = 0.6 µg of folic acid from fortified food or as a supplement consumed with food = 0.5 µg of a supplement taken on an empty stomach.
SOURCES : Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride (1997); Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin B
6
, Folate, Vitamin B
12
, Pantothenic Acid,
Biotin, and Choline (1998); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000); Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron,
Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001); Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (2002/2005); and Dietary Reference
Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu.