BIOL 2401, Anatomy & Physiology, Part 1
Laboratory Schedule
Lab Section:
___________
Lab Instructor: ___________
Week
Lab Notes
Chapter
1
1, 2, 3
Lab Day & Time: ____________
Office & Phone: _____________
Subject
EXAM
DATES
Introduction, Organs, Microscopes,
Cell Anatomy
2
4, 5, 6
7
Cell Transport Mechanisms,
Mitosis, Tissues
Integumentary system
4
1-7
EXAM 1
5
8
Skeletal system
6
8
Skeletal system
7
8
EXAM 2
8
9
Muscular system
9
9
Muscular system
10
9
EXAM 3
11
10
Nervous system
12
10
Nervous system
13
10
EXAM 4
14
11, 12
15
11 & 12
16
1 - 12
Special senses, Endocrine system
EXAM 5
Make-Up Exam (scheduled with your
instructor only if you missed an exam)
Schedule subject to change.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 1
CLASS PROCEDURES: BIOL 2401 LAB
1. ATTENDANCE:
a. Regular and punctual attendance is required at St. Philip=s College. Students
who have accumulated two weeks of absences may be dropped from the course. Your lab
instructor will inform your lecture instructor when you are absent from lab.
b. You are expected to arrive on time for class. The first three times you arrive
within 15 minutes of class start time you will be counted as tardy. The fourth tardy and any
subsequent tardies will count as absences.
c. Lab meets only once each week, so please do not schedule appointments during
this time. Let your instructor know if you must leave lab for an emergency.
2. LECTURE: This course requires that lecture and laboratory be taken in the same
semester.
3. SCHOOL POLICY: No food or drink allowed in classes.
4. EXAMS: There will be 5 lab exams. The exams will be practical exams and will be
contain 50 - 75 questions. You will rotate through the exam stations in order to attempt all
the questions on the exam. Rotations will be timed to insure all students have equal access
to each exam station.
5. LABORATORY NOTES: The laboratory notes are included with the lecture notes and
are available for purchase in the St. Philip=s College bookstore.
6. MAKE-UP EXAMS:
a. If you miss a lab exam, contact your lab instructor immediately. If you have a
valid, verifiable excuse for missing the lab exam, you may be scheduled to take the exam
later in the same week. If your instructor approves, he or she will schedule you to take the
exam with another instructor. If you are unable to contact your lab instructor, contact the
Anatomy Lab Coordinator in SCI 216. You may only re-schedule a lab exam once during
the entire semester, and only for valid and verifiable reasons.
b. If you are unable to take an exam during the normally scheduled exam week,
contact the Lab Coordinator in SCI 216 and provide the appropriate documentation for
missing the class. The Lab Coordinator may arrange for you to take a computerized version
of the exam. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for normal exams
and will consist of graphics from textbooks.
c. During Summer sessions, the Biology Tutors will conduct the Make-up exams
during normal tutoring hours. The computerized exam do NOT use models that are used for
normal exams and will consist of graphics from textbooks. Exams must be made-up
BEFORE the next exam in the lab.
d. Exams must be made-up BEFORE the next lab exam.
e. You may take an exam during a different class OR take a computerized make-up
exam ONCE during the semester. Additional missed exams will be counted as a ‘0’.
7. VISITORS: Visitors are NOT allowed in laboratory.
8. BEEPERS & PHONES: Set your beepers, phones and other electronic devices to a
silent mode (or >OFF=) during laboratory.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 2
9. GRADE DETERMINATION: Your laboratory average will be given to your BIOL 2401
lecture instructor at the end of the semester. This lab average is 30% of your overall BIOL
2401 grade. Natural Sciences Department policy does not allow >Extra Credit= for laboratory
classes.
10. STUDY HINTS: Listed below is advice given by former students who were successful in
this class:
1) Helpful Biology Links are on the Natural Sciences Website.
2) Bring your textbook to lab so you can make notes by the illustrations
3) Use the tutors. Hours will be posted early in the semester
4) Form a study group, starting with the group at your lab table.
5) Use a coloring book and/or flash cards
6) Study one section of the notes at a time
7) Use the CD ROMs that came with the textbook
8) Visit the textbook=s website and course compass site
9) Use the additional software available in the computer lab in SCI 212.
10) Buy (and use) the video tape or DVD. These study aides are available in SCI
216 for $15 for the video tape or for the DVD.
One of the computer software programs available for your use in SCI 212 is Virtual
Human Dissector (VH Dissector).
Lessons have been prepared to correspond to the BIOL 2401 and BIOL 2402
(Anatomy & Physiology) lab notes. Use one of the five computers that have the VH
Dissector loaded on it. These computers are clearly marked, if you cannot find one, ask
one of the lab workers.
From the Start Menu, choose >ALL PROGRAMS, then click on TOLTECH, then select
VH DISSECTOR. The VH DISSECTOR program will open with several windows. If you
choose you can close the cross section window. To do this you choose the >VIEW= tab and
then select >HIDE CROSS SECTION=. To access the lessons you must first click on the
>LESSONS= tab. A screen will appear with several items listed. Next, from the >FILE= tab,
choose >OPEN LESSON=. The lessons are located in the =My Documents= folder, in the >VH
Dissector Lessons= folder. The following file names are assigned to the various chapters:
BIOL 2401
Chapter
Introduction
Skeletal system
Muscular system
Nervous system
Special Senses
Endocrine System
File Name
Introhumanbody.html
Skeletal.html
Muscleheadthorax.html
Muscleupperextremity.html
Musclelowerextremity.html
Nervous.html
Specialsenses.html
Endocrine.html
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 3
Chapter 1, Organization of the Human Body
I.
II.
Definitions:
Text page: _________
A.
Anatomy: the study of ______________
B.
Physiology: the study of _____________
Levels of Organization:
A.
B.
C.
D.
Chemical or Molecular Level:
1.
Atoms: basic unit of matter
2.
Molecules
Cellular Level:
1.
Organelles: functional units within cells
2.
Cell: the basic unit of life
Tissue Level
1.
Tissue: groups of cells performing a specific function
2.
Four basic tissue types
a.
Epithelial
b.
Connective
c.
Muscular
d.
Nervous
Organ Level
1.
Organ: combinations of tissues working together to form a readily
identifiable structure that has a specific set of functions
2.
E.
Examples: stomach, heart, skin, etc
Organ System Level
Text page:
_________
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 4
F.
III.
IV.
1.
Integumentary System
2.
Skeletal System
3.
Muscular System
4.
Nervous System
5.
Endocrine System
6.
Circulatory System
7.
Lymphatic & Immune Systems
8.
Respiratory System
9.
Digestive System
10.
Urinary System
11.
Reproductive System
Organism Level
Anatomical Position:
A.
Defines a reference posture for the standardized study of human anatomy
B.
Standing erect, feet flat on floor
C.
Arms down by the sides, open palms facing forward
Directional Terms: usually occur in pairs of opposites
A.
Anterior (Ventral)
B.
Inferior
vs.
vs.
Posterior (Dorsal)
Superior
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 5
V.
C.
Lateral
vs.
Medial
D.
Deep
vs.
Superficial
E.
Additional directional terms are listed in the lecture section of your notes.
Major Body Cavities: Overview
A.
B.
VI.
Anterior (Ventral) Body Cavity
1.
Thoracic Cavity
2.
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Dorsal Body Cavity
1.
Cranial Cavity
2.
Spinal Cavity
Structures within the Major Body Cavities
Text
page: _________
A.
Thoracic Cavity
1.
Right pleural cavity contains the Right Lung
2.
Left pleural cavity contains the Left Lung
3.
Mediastinum: region between the pleural cavities
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 6
a.
Pericardial cavity contains the Heart
b.
Aortic arch (Arch of the aorta)
c.
Thoracic aorta
d.
Superior vena cava
e.
Trachea
f.
4.
(1)
Right primary bronchus
(2)
Left primary bronchus
Esophagus
Diaphragm: the major muscle of respiration that separates the thoracic
cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
B.
Abdominopelvic cavity
1.
Abdominal cavity is above the pelvic brim and the Pelvic cavity is
below the pelvic brim.
2.
Structures:
a.
Stomach
b.
Spleen
c.
Liver
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 7
d.
Gallbladder
e.
Pancreas
f.
Right kidney
g.
Left kidney
h.
Right ureter
i.
Left ureter
j.
Right adrenal gland
k.
Left adrenal gland
l.
Abdominal aorta
m.
Inferior vena cava
n.
Small intestines
o.
(1)
duodenum
(2)
jejunum
(3)
ileum
Large intestines (colon)
(1)
cecum
(2)
ascending colon
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 8
(3)
vermiform appendix
(4)
transverse colon
(5)
descending colon
(6)
sigmoid colon
p.
Urinary bladder
q.
Reproductive structures (to be identified in BIOL 2402)
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 9
Chapter 2, Light Microscope
VII.
Parts of the Light Microscope:
A.
Base
B.
Arm
C.
Stage
D.
Coarse adjustment knob
E.
Fine adjustment knob
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 10
VIII.
F.
Condenser
G.
Iris diaphragm
H.
Nosepiece
I.
Objectives
1.
Scanning objective: 4X
2.
Low power objective: 10X
3.
High Power objective: 40X or 43X
4.
Oil Immersion objective: 100X
J.
Stage control knobs
K.
Ocular (eyepiece): 10X
Total Magnification
A.
To calculate the Total Magnification, multiply the power of the ocular (10X)
times the power of the objective being used (4X, 10X, 40X (or 43X) or 100X)
B.
IX.
Example: the total magnification using the Scanning objective is 40 (10X x 4)
Focusing:
A.
Center the slide on the stage so that the specimen is directly over the light
coming through the hole in the stage.
B.
Rotate the nosepiece so that the 4X objective is over the specimen.
C.
Look through the ocular, adjust the light using the iris diaphragm.
D.
Focus using the coarse adjustment knob, then the fine adjustment knob.
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 11
E.
To increase magnification, center the part of the specimen you want to enlarge
in the center of the field. Rotate the nosepiece to the next power objective.
Focus using only the fine adjustment knob. Adjust the light as needed.
F.
DO NOT USE THE COARSE ADJUSTMENT KNOB WITH THE HIGH
POWER OBJECTIVE! These objectives are long enough to crack the slide on
the stage or crack the objective lens.
G.
Do not use the oil immersion lens. The specimens used in BIOL 2401 do not
require this high total magnification.
X.
Safe transport of the light microscope will be demonstrated by your instructor.
A.
Carry the microscope with 2 hands, one supporting the base and one hand
grasping the arm.
B.
Before returning the microscope to the cabinet:
1.
Move the stage to its lowest position
2.
Move the shortest objective (scanning objective) over the hole in the
stage.
Chapter 3, Cell Anatomy
I.
Generic Animal Cell:
Text
Page:_______
A.
Nucleus
1.
Nuclear membrane
2.
Nucleolus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 12
3.
B.
Cytoplasm
1.
2.
C.
Chromatin
Organelles
a.
Mitochondrion
b.
Golgi body (Golgi Apparatus)
c.
Golgi Vesicles
d.
Lysosome
e.
Fat Vacuole
f.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
g.
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
h.
Ribosomes
i.
Centrioles
Cytosol
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Chapter 4, Mitosis
I.
Mitosis Terminology:
Text Page:________
A.
Mitosis: division of the nucleus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 13
B.
Cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm
II.
Cell Cycle:
III.
Interphase:
IV.
Phases of Mitosis: (Draw the phases in the space provided)
A.
Prophase
B.
Metaphase
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 14
V.
C.
Anaphase
D.
Telophase
Web sites useful for this chapter:
A.
http://www.biology.arizona.edu/cell_bio/tutorials/cell_cycle/main.html
B.
http://www.cellsalive.com/cell_cycle.htm
C.
http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/BioBookmito.html
D.
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/micro/gallery/mitosis/mitosis.html
E.
http://www.worc.ac.uk/departs/envman/courses/bio/l2/bio212/mitosis.html
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 15
Chapter 5, Tissues
I.
Categories of Tissues:
Text
page:_________
A.
Epithelial Tissue
1.
Names are based on the number of layers of cells attached to a
basement membrane
2.
3.
a.
Simple epithelium: one layer of cells
b.
Stratified Epithelium: more than one layer of cells
Names are also based on the shape of the cells at the apical surface:
a.
Squamous
b.
Cuboidal
c.
Columnar
d.
Transitional
Identify the following epithelial tissues in the microscope or in
photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)
a.
Simple squamous epithelium
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 16
b.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
c.
Simple columnar epithelium
d.
Stratified squamous epithelium
e.
Transitional epithelium
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 17
f.
B.
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Connective Tissue: Identify the following connective tissues in the
microscope or in photomicrographs: (Draw the tissues in the space provided.)
1.
Adipose connective tissue
2.
Areolar connective tissue
3.
Bone
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 18
C.
4.
Blood
5.
Hyaline cartilage
6.
Elastic cartilage
Muscle Tissues: will be identified during the muscular system lab
1.
Skeletal muscle tissue
2.
Smooth muscle tissue
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 19
3.
D.
II.
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nervous Tissue: will be identified during the nervous system lab
Web sites useful for this chapter:
A.
http://lima.osu.edu/biology/connective_tissue.htm
B.
http://www.kumc.edu/instruction/medicine/anatomy/histoweb/index.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 20
Chapter 6, Cell Transport Mechanisms
I.
Passive Transport Mechanisms:
Text
page:_________
A.
Diffusion:
1.
Definition: the random movement of particles from regions of higher
concentrations to regions of lesser concentration. Eventually the
particles will be distributed evenly.
2.
B.
Examples:
a.
Air Freshener sprayed into the air
b.
Potassium permanganate crystals in water
Osmosis:
1.
Definition: movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane
from an area of higher concentration to areas of lesser concentration
2.
3.
Examples:
a.
Dried raisins in water
b.
Dried beans in water
Types of solutions: (Draw each type of solutions indicating the direction
the water will flow)
a.
Hypotonic solution
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 21
C.
b.
Hypertonic solution
c.
Isotonic solution
Filtration:
1.
Definition: Movement of particles across a semipermeable membrane
from an area of high pressure
2.
II.
Draw the filtration apparatus you saw demonstrated in lab
Web site useful for this chapter:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 22
A.
http://www.niles-hs.k12.il.us/philac/biology/biolweb/Tonicity/plaNT.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 23
Chapter 7, Integumentary System
I.
Epidermis: composed of 5 strata (sublayers)
Text
page:_________
II.
A.
Stratum corneum
B.
Stratum lucidum
C.
Stratum granulosum
D.
Stratum spinosum
E.
Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
Dermis:
A.
B.
Papillary dermis
1.
Dermal papillae
2.
Meissner=s corpuscles
Reticular dermis
1.
a.
Hair shaft
b.
Hair root
c.
Hair bulb
d.
Hair follicle
2.
Arrector pili muscle
3.
Sebaceous glands (oil glands)
4.
Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
5.
C.
Hair Structures
a.
Eccrine sweat gland
b.
Apocrine sweat gland
Pacinian corpuscle
Subcutaneous Layer
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 24
Chapter 8, Skeletal System
I.
Microscopic Structure Of Bone:
Text
page:_________
A.
Periosteum
B.
Sharpey=s Fibers
C.
Compact Bone
1.
D.
II.
Haversian System (osteon)
a.
Lamella
b.
Lacuna
c.
Osteoblasts
d.
Osteocytes
2.
Haversian Canal
3.
Volkmann=s Canal
4.
Endosteum
Spongy Bone
Bone Markings and features:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 25
III.
A.
Process
B.
Condyle
C.
Fossa
D.
Foramen
E.
Canal
F.
Meatus
G.
Fissure
H.
Sulcus
Axial Skeleton:
A.
Skull
Text
page:_________
1.
Cranial Bones
a.
Frontal bone
b.
Temporal bone
(1)
external auditory meatus
(2)
styloid process
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 26
(3)
zygomatic process
(4)
mastoid process
(5)
mandibular fossa
(6)
jugular foramen
(7)
carotid canal
(8)
internal acoustic meatus
c.
Parietal bone
d.
Occipital bone
e.
(1)
foramen magnum
(2)
occipital condyles
Sphenoid bone
(1)
sella turcica
(2)
greater wings
(3)
lesser wing
(4)
superior orbital fissure
(5)
foramen ovale
(6)
optic foramen
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 27
f.
2.
Ethmoid bone
(1)
crista galli
(2)
cribriform plate
(3)
perpendicular plate
(4)
middle conchae
Sutures
Text
Page:_________
a.
Coronal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bones
b.
Sagittal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
c.
Lambdoidal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
d.
Squamosal suture: between the _____________ bone and the
______________ bone
3.
Facial Bones:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 28
Text
Pages:________
4.
a.
Nasal bone
b.
Lacrimal bone
c.
Maxilla
(1)
infraorbital foramen
(2)
palatine process
d.
Palatine bone
e.
Vomer
f.
Inferior conchae
g.
Zygomatic bone
h.
Mandible
(1)
mandibular condyle
(2)
mandibular ramus
(3)
coronoid process
(4)
mental foramen
Hyoid bone
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 29
5.
Vertebral column
Text
Page:_________
a.
Cervical vertebrae (7)
(1)
atlas
(2)
axis
(a)
6.
dens (odontoid process)
b.
Thoracic vertebrae (12)
c.
Lumbar vertebrae (5)
d.
Sacrum (1, fused from 5 vertebrae)
e.
Coccyx (1, fused from 4 vertebrae)
f.
Intervertebral disc
Vertebral Structure
Text
Page:_________
a.
Centrum (body)
b.
Spinous process
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 30
7.
c.
Vertebral foramen
d.
Transverse process
e.
Transverse foramen (only in the cervical vertebra)
Thorax
Text
Page:_________
a.
True Ribs (7 pairs)
b.
False ribs (5 pair)
(1)
IV.
Floating ribs (last 2 pair of false ribs)
c.
Costal cartilage
d.
Sternum
(1)
manubrium
(2)
body
(3)
xiphoid process
Appendicular Skeleton
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 31
Page:_________
A.
Pectoral Girdle
1.
Scapula (RIGHT or LEFT)
a.
coracoid process
b.
glenoid fossa
c.
spine
d.
acromion process
e.
scapular notch
f.
axillary border (lateral border)
g.
vertebral border (medial border)
2.
Clavicle
3.
Humerus (RIGHT or LEFT)
a.
head
b.
capitulum
c.
trochlea
d.
olecranon fossa
e.
coronoid fossa
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 32
4.
5.
Radius
a.
head
b.
radial tuberosity
c.
styloid process
Ulna
a.
olecranon process
b.
trochlear notch (semilunar notch)
c.
coronoid process
d.
styloid process
6.
carpals
7.
metacarpals (5 per hand)
a.
8.
How are they numbered?
phalanges
a.
proximal phalanx
b.
middle phalanx
c.
distal phalanx
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 33
B.
Pelvic Girdle
Text
Page:_________
1.
Os coxa (RIGHT or LEFT)
a.
b.
2.
Ilium
(1)
iliac crest
(2)
greater sciatic notch
Ischium
(1)
ischial tuberosity
(2)
ischial spine
c.
Pubis
d.
acetabulum
e.
obturator foramen
Femur (RIGHT or LEFT)
a.
head
b.
neck
c.
greater trochanter
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 34
d.
lesser trochanter
e.
medial condyle
f.
lateral condyle
g.
intercondylar fossa
3.
Patella
4.
Tibia (RIGHT or LEFT)
5.
a.
anterior crest
b.
medial malleolus
Fibula
a.
6.
7.
Tarsals (7 per foot)
a.
Calcaneous
b.
Talus
Metatarsals (5 per foot)
a.
8.
lateral malleolus
How are they numbered?
Phalanges (14 per foot)
a.
proximal phalanx
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 35
b.
c.
V.
distal phalanx
Articulations: Will be discussed in lecture
A.
Classifications
1.
2.
B.
VI.
middle phalanx
Structural Classification
a.
Synovial joints
b.
Fibrous joints
c.
Cartilaginous joints
Functional Classification
a.
Diarthrosis
b.
Amphiarthrosis
c.
Synarthrosis
Types of Synovial Joints
1.
Ball-and-socket
2.
Hinge
3.
Saddle
4.
Pivot
5.
Gliding (plane)
6.
Condyloid (ellipsoid)
Useful web sites for the skeletal system:
A.
http://www.bio.psu.edu/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/skeletal.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 36
Chapter 9, Muscular System
I.
II.
Neuromuscular Junction (Myoneural Junction):
A.
Motor Neuron
B.
Nucleus
C.
Myofibrils
D.
Sacromere
E.
Endomysium
F.
Sarcolemma
G.
Sarcoplasm
Muscles of facial expression:
A.
Occipitalis
B.
Frontalis
C.
Orbicularis oculi
D.
Orbicularis oris
E.
Levator labii superioris
F.
Zygomaticus
G.
Risorius
H.
Depressor anguli oris
Text page:_________
Text page:_________
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 37
III.
I.
Depressor labii inferioris
J.
Mentalis
K.
Buccinator
Muscles of chewing:
Text
page:_________
IV.
V.
A.
Masseter
B.
Temporalis
Other muscles of the head:
A.
Auricularis anterior
B.
Auricularis superior
C.
Auricularis posterior
Muscles of the neck:
Text
page:_________
A.
Sternocleidomastoid
B.
Sternohyoid
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 38
VI.
C.
Omohyoid
D.
Splenius capitis
Muscles of Respiration:
Text
page:_________
VII.
A.
Diaphragm
B.
External intercostals
C.
Internal intercostals
D.
Transversus thoracis
Muscles of the abdomen:
Text
page:_________
VIII.
A.
Rectus abdominis
B.
External oblique
C.
Internal oblique
D.
Transversus abdominis
Muscles of the back:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 39
Text
page:_________
A.
Erector spinae group
1.
IX.
Longissimus thoracis
B.
Serratus posterior (inferior)
C.
Quadratus lumborum
Muscles acting on the shoulder and upper arm:
Text
page:_________
A.
Pectoralis major
B.
Pectoralis minor
C.
Serratus anterior
D.
Trapezius
E.
Levator scapulae
F.
Rhomboideus major
G.
Rhomboideus minor
H.
Latissimus dorsi
I.
Deltoid
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 40
X.
J.
Teres major
K.
Coracobrachialis
L.
Rotator Cuff Muscles:
1.
Infraspinatus
2.
Supraspinatus
3.
Subscapularis
4.
Teres minor
Muscles acting on the forearm:
Text
page:________
A.
Biceps brachii
B.
Brachialis
C.
Triceps brachii
D.
Brachioradialis
E.
Anconeus
F.
Pronator teres
G.
Supinator
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 41
XI.
Muscles acting on the wrist and hand:
Text
page:________
A.
Flexor carpi radialis
B.
Flexor carpi ulnaris
C.
Flexor digitorum superficialis
D.
Palmaris longus
E.
Extensor carpi radialis longus
F.
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
G.
Extensor carpi ulnaris
H.
Extensor digitorum (communis)
I.
Extensor digiti minimi
J.
Abductor pollicis longus
K.
Extensor pollicis brevis
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 42
XII.
Muscles acting on the hip and femur:
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 43
Text
page:________
XIII.
A.
Iliacus
B.
Psoas major
C.
Iliopsoas
D.
Tensor fasciae latae
E.
Gluteus maximus
F.
Gluteus medius
G.
Adductor longus
H.
Adductor magnus
I.
Gracilis
Muscles acting on the knee:
Text
page:_________
A.
Quadriceps femoris Group
1.
Rectus femoris
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 44
Vastus lateralis
3.
Vastus medialis
4.
Vastus intermedius
B.
Sartorius
C.
Hamstring Group
D.
XIV.
2.
1.
Biceps femoris
2.
Semimembranosus
3.
Semitendinosus
Popliteus
Muscles acting on the foot:
Text
page:________
A.
Extensor digitorum longus
B.
Tibialis anterior
C.
Gastrocnemius
D.
Soleus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 45
E.
Flexor hallucis longus
F.
Tibialis posterior
G.
Peroneus brevis or Fibularis brevis
H.
Peroneus longus or Fibularis longus
I.
Flexor digitorum longus
J.
Abductor digiti minimi
K.
Flexor digitorum brevis
L.
Abductor hallucis
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 46
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 47
Chapter 10, Nervous System
I.
Divisions of the Nervous System:
A.
B.
II.
Text page:_________
Central Nervous System
1.
Brain
2.
Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System
1.
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs)
2.
Spinal Nerves (31 pairs)
Anatomy of the Nervous System:
A.
Neuron (nerve cell)
1.
Text page:_________
Cell body
a.
Nucleus
(1)
Nucleolus
b.
Nissl bodies
c.
Neurofibrils
2.
Dendrites
3.
Axon
a.
Axon hillock
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 48
4.
5.
B.
b.
Axon core
c.
Axon terminal
d.
Axonal end bulb
Schwann cell
a.
Myelin sheath
b.
Schwann cell nucleus
c.
Neurilemma
d.
Node of Ranvier
Endoneurium
Brain:
1.
Cerebrum
Text
page:_________
a.
Hemispheres (Right and Left)
b.
Frontal lobe
c.
Parietal lobe
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 49
2.
d.
Occipital lobe
e.
Temporal lobe
Grooves in the brain
Text
page:_________
3.
a.
Fissure: deeper groove
b.
Sulcus: shallower groove, plural is sulci
c.
Gyrus: plural is gyri
d.
Central sulcus
e.
Longitudinal fissure
f.
Lateral fissure
g.
Parieto-occipital sulcus
h.
Transverse fissure
Hindbrain & Midbrain
Text
page:_________
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 50
a.
Medulla oblongata
b.
Pons
c.
Midbrain
d.
Corpora quadrigemina
e.
Cerebellum
(1)
4.
Arbor vitae
Diencephalon
Text
page:_________
a.
Thalamus
b.
Hypothalamus
c.
5.
(1)
Mammillary bodies
(2)
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Connectors of the brain
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 51
page:_________
6.
7.
a.
Corpus callosum
b.
Septum pellucidum
c.
Fornix
d.
Anterior commissure
e.
Posterior commissure
f.
Massa intermedia (Intermediate mass)
Ventricles & cerebral spinal fluid passages
Text page:_________
a.
Lateral ventricles (right & left)
b.
Third ventricle
c.
Fourth ventricle
d.
Interventricular foramen (Foramen of Monroe)
e.
Cerebral Aqueduct (Mesencephalic aqueduct)
f.
Median aperture (Foramen of Magendie)
g.
Choroid plexus
Cranial Nerves (12 pairs):
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 52
Text
page:_________
Cranial Nerve
Type
I. Olfactory
Sensory
II. Optic
Sensroy
III. Oculomotor
Motor
IV. Trochlear
Motor
V. Trigeminal
Mixed
VI. Abducens
Motor
VII. Facial
Mixed
VIII. Vestibulocochlear
Sensory
IX. Glossopharyngeal
Mixed
X. Vagus
Mixed
XI. Accessory (Spinal Accessory)
XII Hypoglossal
C.
Motor
Motor
Meninges:
Text
page:_________
1.
Dura mater
a.
Epidural space
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 53
b.
2.
Arachnoid
a.
3.
D.
Subdural space
Subarachnoid space
Pia mater
Spinal cord:
Text
page:_________
1.
2.
White matter
a.
Dorsal columns
b.
Lateral columns
c.
Ventral columns
d.
Anterior median fissure
e.
Posterior median sulcus
Gray matter
a.
Dorsal horn
b.
Lateral Horn
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 54
3.
c.
Ventral horn
d.
Gray commissure
e.
Central canal
Spinal nerve
a.
Dorsal spinal root (composed of sensory neurons)
(1)
b.
E.
Dorsal root ganglion
Ventral spinal root (composed of motor neurons)
4.
Sensory neuron
5.
Interneuron
6.
Motor neuron
7.
Synapse
Spinal Nerves:
Text
page:_________
1.
Cervical plexus
a.
Phrenic nerve
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 55
2.
3.
4.
III.
Brachial plexus
a.
Radial nerve
b.
Ulnar nerve
c.
Median nerve
Lumbar plexus
a.
Femoral nerve
b.
Saphenous nerve
Sacral plexus
a.
Sciatic nerve
b.
Tibial nerve
c.
Common peroneal nerve (fibular nerve)
Useful web sites for the nervous system:
A.
http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/nervsys.htm
B.
http://www.ifisiol.unam.mx/Brain/segunda.htm
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 56
Chapter 11, Special Senses
I.
Vision:
A.
Text page:_________
Accessory Structures
1.
2.
3.
Lacrimal apparatus
a.
Lacrimal gland
b.
Lacrimal sac
Extrinsic eye muscles & associated cranial nerve
Muscle
Cranial Nerve
a.
Superior rectus
III. Oculomotor
b.
Inferior rectus
III. Oculomotor
c.
Medial rectus
d.
Lateral rectus
VI. Abducens
e.
Superior oblique
IV. Trochlear
f.
Inferior oblique
III. Oculomotor
III. Oculomotor
Muscle that elevates the upper eyelid
a.
Levator palpebrae superioris
III. Oculomotor
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 57
B.
Anatomy of the eye
Text
page:_________
1.
Tunics
a.
b.
c.
Fibrous tunic (tunica fibrosa)
(1)
sclera
(2)
cornea
Vascular tunic (tunica vasculosa)
(1)
choroid
(2)
ciliary body
(a)
ciliary muscle
(b)
ciliary process
(3)
iris
(4)
pupil
Retina (tunica interna)
(1)
optic disc
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 58
(a)
2.
(2)
macula lutea
(3)
fovea centralis
(4)
rods
(5)
cones
Optical Apparatus
a.
Lens
(1)
b.
c.
suspensory ligaments
Anterior Cavity
(1)
Aqueous humor
(2)
anterior chamber
(3)
posterior chamber
Posterior Cavity
(1)
II.
optic nerve
Vitreous humor/body
Hearing and Equilibrium:
Text
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 59
page:_________
A.
Anatomy of the Ear
1.
Outer ear (external ear)
a.
2.
auricle (pinna)
(1)
helix
(2)
antihelix
(3)
tragus (not on the model)
(4)
antitragus
(5)
lobe
b.
external auditory meatus (auditory canal)
c.
tympanic membrane
Middle ear (tympanic cavity)
a.
Eustacian tube (auditory tube)
b.
Ossicles
(1)
malleus
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 60
3.
(2)
incus
(3)
stapes
c.
Stapedius
d.
Tensor tympani
Inner ear
a.
b.
Bony Labyrinth
(1)
perilymph
(2)
Semicircular canals
(a)
Anterior semicircular canal
(b)
Posterior semicircular canal
(c)
Lateral semicircular canal
(3)
Ampulla
(4)
Oval window
(5)
Round window
Membranous labyrinth
(1)
Endolymph
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 61
(2)
Utricle
(3)
Saccule
(4)
Semicircular ducts
Anterior semicircular duct
Posterior semicircular duct
Lateral semicircular duct
(1)
Ampulla
c.
Vestibule
d.
Cochlea
e.
Vestibulocochlear nerve
(1)
Vestibular branch
(2)
Cochlear branch
Internal Anatomy of the Cochlea
Text
page:_________
Scala vestibuli
Cochlear duct (Scala media)
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 62
Scala tympani
Vestibular membrane
Tectorial membrane
Basilar membrane
Organ of Corti
I.
Taste (Gustation):
Text
page:_________
A.
Lingual papillae
1.
Filiform papillae
2.
Fungiform papillae
3.
Vallate papillae (circumvallate papillae)
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 63
Chapter 12, Endocrine System
Endocrine glands:
Text
page:_________
A.
Pituitary gland
B.
Thyroid gland
C.
Parathyroid gland
D.
Adrenal gland
E.
Pancreas
F.
Gonads
Testes
Ovaries
Thymus
Pineal body
BIOL 2401 Lab, Page 64