Lauryn Czyzewski
APUSH
4/20/14
Review Vocab
41. Social Justice: (Cross Reference: Human development, social classes, & Social
Gospel.)
- The ability that people have to realize their potential in the society in which
they live.
- Ensures that people fulfill their societal roles and received what society
owed them.
- Refers to a set of institutions that allow people to lead a good life and
become contributors to their community.
- Institutions include education, health care, social security, progressive
taxation, regulation of markets, etc.
- Ensures fair distribution of wealth and opportunity.
42. Social Gospel: (Cross Reference: Child labor, Tenements, Social Justice, & the
Progressive movement.)
- A Protestant Christian social justice movement.
- Prominent in the early 20th century in the U.S and Canada.
- Applied Christian ethics to social problems like issues of social justice such
as economic inequality, alcoholism, poverty, crime, slums, child labor, etc.
- Usually post-millennialist which meant that they believed the Second
Coming could not happen until the world rid itself of social evils with
human effort.
- Leaders were associated with the Progressive Movement.
43. Purity:
(Cross Reference: Moral Purity Campaign, Purity Crusaders,
Temperance, & Progressive Movement.)
- Purity movements arose in the late 19th century pushing for reform against
sin and immorality.
- Also against liquor and prostitution.
- Most reform attempts happened during the Progressive Movement.
- Against activities that decreased a person’s moral standing.
- With less sinful activities, comes a better community and human
population.
44. Prohibition:
(Cross Reference: Purity, Temperance Movement, AntiSaloon League, Prohibition Party, & the Women’s Temperance Union.)
- The legal act of prohibiting the storage, transportation, and manufacture of
alcohol.
- Exceptions were made for medical and religious uses.
- There was a Prohibition Party (organized in 1869.)
- The Women’s Temperance Union also played a large role in Prohibition.
- Became very unpopular during the Great Depression.
45. Honesty in Government:
(Cross Reference: William “Boss” Tweed,
Machine Politics, Corruption, Bribes, & Racketeering.)
-
Opposite of the wrongdoings of “Boss” Tweed in Machine Politics.
Meant to rid all government of bribery.
There would be no more of buying opinions and stuffing ballot boxes.
The idea was to purify everyone’s motives in favor of the universal good.
This was thought to aid the government in acting more consistently.
Allowed the government to provide and enforce fair and equitable laws.
Political Machine workers such as “Boss” Tweed focused on self-centered
solutions other than decisions that would benefit all people.
46. Scientific Government:
(Cross Reference: Robert LaFollette.)
- Adapted by Robert LaFollette who was both the governor and senator of
Wisconsin and presidential candidate.
- Believed that states were the laboratory of democracy.
- There were five steps within scientific government:
- Identify a problem statistically. (mathematically)
- Identify causes. (SPEC)
- Create a policy to address the problem.
- Periodic review of policy of effectiveness.
- Adjust if necessary.
- We still use this in our present government.
47. Conservation:
(Cross Reference: Theodore Roosevelt, John Muir,
Gifford Pinchot, & National Parks.)
- An ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection.
- Focused on maintaining the health of the natural world.
- Theodore Roosevelt enjoyed hunting and he believed that the environment
should be protected.
- John Muir was involved in and created National Parks such as the Sierra
Club.
- Gifford Pinchot helped in the need for national forresters, the ending of
clear cut replanting.
- Pinchot also pointed out that Redwood and Sequoias are non-renewable
resources because they take a few generations to grow to full height.
48. Women’s Suffrage :
(Cross Reference: Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B.
Anthony, Alice Paul, Carrie Chapman Cott, Silent Protestors, & the Grimke Sisters.)
- The right of women to vote and stand for electoral office.
- National and international organizations had formed to put together efforts
to gain voting rights and equal civil rights.
- Voting rights for women were first recognized in the mid-west.
- One popular organization would be the International Woman Suffrage
Alliance.
- Alice Paul was a “silent protestor” at the White House.
- Paul was a radical suffragist.
- Carrie Chapman Cott was a liberal suffragist.
49. Anti Child Labor:
(Cross Reference: Child Labor Movements,
Consumers’ Leagues, Working Women’s Societies, sweatshops, & National Child
Labor Committee.)
-
Child Labor declined as reform and labor movements grew.
Child Labor also declined as the standards of labor improved.
This increased the power of the working class when it came to politics.
This meant they could more easily demand regulating legislation for child
labor.
Most unions and organizations were led by middle class consumers and
working class women.
State consumers’ Leagues and Working Women’s Societies were formed
because of this.
These organizations eventually formed different unions that showed strong
opposition to child labor.
Also showed their dislike through other campaigns such as anti-sweatshop.
50. Settlement House: (Cross Reference: The “New” Immigrants, Ellis Island,
Jane Addams, Margaret Sanger, Urbanization, YMCA, & working-class.)
- Grew out of the social reform movements of the late-nineteenth century.
- The goal of the people who owned the homes and the people that worked
there was to help urban immigrants that were having trouble with various
difficulties.
- These difficulties included living conditions, disease, unemployment and
illiteracy.
- A neighborhood center.
- Also offered job training.
- The staff was also most likely neighborhood residents.
51. Planned Parenthood:
Suffrage.)
(Cross Reference: Margaret Sanger & Women’s
- A non-profit organization that provides reproductive health and maternal
and child health services.
- Margaret Sanger opened the country’s first birth-control clinic.
- In 1921, Sanger founded the American Birth Control League.
- Sanger was jailed along with her friend and sister after they opened the
clinic.
- This brought national attention and support to their cause.
- Led to major changes in the laws governing sex education and birth control
in the United States.
52. Professional: (Cross Reference: Education, Tuskegee Institute, AMA, ABA,
Graduate Movement, Medical Schools, & Law Schools.)
- A movement that included individuals seeking education to become better
educated in their field of work.
- Before this movement, many people simply said they were lawyers or
doctors and charged people for work that most likely wasn’t correctly done.
- Because individuals were becoming better educated with their work, they
could now be called professionals.
- Women discriminated against by AMA & ABA.
53. NAACP: (Cross Reference: Ida B. Wells, W. E. B. Du Bois, Segregation,
Discrimination, The Niagara Movement, & Civil Rights.)
- An African American civil rights organization that formed in 1909.
- Meant to ensure the educational, social, political, and economic equality of
rights of all persons.
- Also meant to get rid of racial discrimination.
- Founded by Mary White Ovington, William English Walling, W.E.B. Du Bois,
Ida B. Wells, Archibald Grimke, Henry Moskowitz, etc.
- Followed by The Niagara Movement.
54. Tuskegee Institute: (Cross Reference: Booker T. Washington, W. E. B. Du
Bois, NAACP, & Normal School.)
- Established by Booker T. Washington in 1881.
- Was founded as the Tuskegee Normal School for Colored Teachers.
- Part of the expansions of institutions of higher education available to blacks
in the South after the Civil War.
- Many of the campus buildings were built by students that were studying
that form of work.
- Washington planned to train students in religious life, morals, and skills.
55. Square Deal: (Cross Reference: Conservation, Theodore Roosevelt, Trustbusting, & Gifford Pinchot.)
- Theodore Roosevelt’s domestic program formed upon these three ideas:
- Conservation of natural resources, control of corporations, and consumer
protection.
- Meant to help middle class citizens.
- Attacked plutocracy and bad trusts.
- Protected business from the demands of organized labor.
- With the Elkins Act, the railroads could no longer able to give rebates.
- Meat had to be processed safely.
- Important areas of natural resources had to be protected. (Gifford Pinchot)
56. Trust-busting:
(Cross Reference: Theodore Roosevelt, Square Deal,
Paper Tiger, Sherman Anti-trust Act, J.P Morgan, & Monopolies.)
- Theodore Roosevelt did not appreciate how the rich and wealthy were
dining well while the masses were having a hard time making ends meet.
- T.R. used the Sherman Anti-trust Act.
- The act declared all combinations in restraint of trade illegal.
- T.R. left the “good” trusts alone. (Trusts that provided good service at good
rates.)
- T.R. attacked “bad” trusts that skyrocketed rates and exploited consumers.
57. Food and Drug Administration:
(Cross Reference: Muckrakers, Upton
Sinclair, Progressive Era, Theodore Roosevelt, & the Food and Drug Act.)
- Large part of the Progressive Era’s improvements.
- Responsible for protecting and promoting public health by supervising and
regulating food safety, prescription and over-the-counter drugs, tobacco
products, etc.
- The public became aware of the problems in the marketplace when
muckrakers such as Upton Sinclair shared accounts of the events.
- In 1906, T.R. signed the Food and Drug Act into law.
- The act prohibited the interstate transport of food that had been
“adulterated.”
58. Hepburn Act: (Cross Reference: Interstate Commerce Commission, Square
Deal, Elkins Act, & Theodore Roosevelt.)
- Gave the Interstate Commerce Commission the power to set maximum
railroad rates and extend its jurisdiction.
- The discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers was a result of this Act.
- This act extended the Interstate Commerce Commission’s authority to
cover bridges, terminals, oil pipelines, railroad sleeping cars, etc.
- Was a subset of Theodore Roosevelt’s goal of the Square Deal: railroad
regulation.
59. Progressive Income Tax:
(Cross Reference: Progressive Era, 16th
Amendment, Urbanization, Industrialization, & working class.)
- The goal of the Progressive Era was to learn how to live in an industrial,
urban world.
- Any tax that increases as the amount subject to taxation increases.
- Income inequality is reduced with progressive taxation.
- “Lowers the societal ills” associated with higher income inequality.
- Replaces government revenue lost when tariffs are lowered.
181. Stalingrad:
WWII.)
-
(Cross Reference: Adolf Hitler, German Occupation, &
A major battle in WWII. (1943)
Nazi Germany fought the Soviet Union for control of Stalingrad.
One of the bloodiest battles in all history.
A turning point in the European theatre of WWII.
The Germans attacked using Luftwaffe bombing that ripped the city to
shreds.
- The Stalingrad Axis forces surrendered because of exhausted ammunition
and food supplies.
- Lasted five months.
- General Winter.
182. Holocaust:
(Cross Reference: Adolf Hitler, German Occupation,
WWII, Concentration Camps, Stalingrad, genocide, Social Darwinism, & D Day.)
- The mass murder of approx. 6 million Jews during WWII.
- The murder was state sponsored by Nazi Germany.
- Led by Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party through the German-occupied
territories and the German Reich.
- 40,000 facilities, or concentration camps, in Germany and Germanoccupied territory were used to hold and kill Jews.
- Gas Chambers were used to kill many Jews while others starved to death or
acquired diseases.
- The people who were killed during the holocaust were not in Hitler’s mind
the “supreme race” or they were homosexuals.
- Poles, Russians, Jehovah Witnesses, Mentally & Physically impaired,
Members of the White Rose, & Free Masons were also victims.
183. D Day: (Cross Reference: Adolf Hitler, Holocaust, WWII, Allied Forces, &
German Occupation.)
-
Operation Overlord
Occurred on June 6th 1944.
Occurred after Adolf Hitler refused to surrender.
The Normandy Landings.
The landing operations of the Allied invasion of Normandy during WWII.
Occurred in two phases: airborne troops and then a landing of Allied
infantry and armoured divisions on the coast of France.
- Took the Germans by surprise because Adolf Hitler was under the
impression that the landings would occur to the north.
- Germany surrendered on May 2nd, 1945.
184. Battle of the Bulge:
(Cross Reference: Adolf Hitler, German
Occupation, Allied Forces, & Holocaust.)
- Allied units vs. German Army
- A major German counter-offensive. (last of the war)
- Occurred through the Ardennes region of Wallonia in Belgium, France and
Luxembourg on the Western Front in Europe during WWII.
- It was a surprised attack that caught the Allied forces off guard.
- U.S forces bore the worst of the attack.
- Depleted Germany’s war-making resources.
- Germany took no prisoners.
185. 1937- Japan Attacks China:
against Japan, & Pearl Harbor.)
(Cross Reference: WWII, US Trade Embargo
-
Began in 1931 when the Kwantung Army of Japan invaded Manchuria.
Japan established a “puppet” state called Manchukuo.
The occupation lasted until the end of WWII.
Bombing civilians and firing upon shocked survivors was reported in
western media reports. (The Rape of Nanking.)
- Japan withdrew from the League of Nations during this time. (1931)
- Had a negative impact on the moral strength and influence of the League of
Nations.
- Beginning of WWII in Asia.
186. US Trade Embargo against Japan:
Japan Attacks China.)
(Cross Reference: Pearl Harbor &
- The U.S enacted the embargo because the Japanese were being hostile in
the South-Eastern Seas. (1940)
- Japan also invaded Manchuria and began to take over China. (1937)
- Western powers began to fear the Japanese intentions.
- The U.S stopped all oil exports to Japan. (1940)
- Japan responded by attacking the United States fleet at Pearl Harbor in
Hawaii. (Dec. 7th, 1941)
187. Pearl Harbor: (Cross Reference: US Trade Embargo against Japan & Japan
Attacks China.)
- A lagoon harbor located on the island of Oahu, Hawaii. Home of Pacific
Fleet since 1939.
- Location of a surprise military strike by the Japanese Navy against the U.S
Naval base on December 7th, 1941.
- Led to the U.S entering WWII.
- Meant to keep the U.S Pacific Fleet from getting in the way of military
actions being planned by Japan against overseas territories.
- Japan attacked the United States because of the Trade Embargo they had
placed against them for protective purposes.
- Occurred while Japan was still using diplomacy.
188. Bataan Death March:
(Cross Reference: WWII, Japan attacks China, US
Trade Embargo against Japan, Prisoners of War, & Pearl Harbor.)
- The forcible transfer by the Imperial Japanese Army of American and
Filipino prisoners of war. (80 mile march)
- Began on April 9th, 1942.
- Occurred after the Battle of Bataan during WWII.
- Transferred to Camp O’Donnell.
- Many prisoners of war died before they reached their destination.
- The prisoners also faced physical abuse and murder during the march.
- Judged as a Japanese war crime.
189. Midway:
(Cross Reference: WWII, Pearl Harbor, Japan attacks China, &
US Trade Embargo against Japan.)
-
A battle that occurred in the Pacific Theater of Operations.
Turning point of WWII in Pacific theatre.
Occurred 6 months after the attack on Pearl Harbor. (June 7th 1942)
The U.S. defeated an attack by the Japanese Navy by crucially damaging the
Japanese fleet.
The goal of the Japanese was to eliminate the threat of United States in the
Pacific.
American codebreakers had determined the location and date of the attack
that allowed the U.S. Navy to set up its own ambush.
Japan shipbuilding and pilot training programs could not keep up pace
while trying to replace so many losses.
Japan on defensive for the remainder of the war.
190. Battle of Coral Sea: (Cross Reference: WWII, Pearl Harbor, Japan Attacks
China, Midway, & US Trade Embargo against Japan.)
- A major naval battle of WWII that occurred in the Pacific Theatre. (1942)
- Between the Japanese Navy, naval, and air forces and the United States and
Australia.
- The first battle where the aircraft carries engaged one another.
- The Japanese planned to strengthen their defensive positioning in the
South Pacific.
- The United States learned about Japan’s plan through intelligence and
signals.
- This gave the United States the opportunity to send two United States Navy
carrier forces along with an Australian-American cruiser force to face the
Japanese forces.
191. “Island Hopping”:
U.S. war strategies.)
(Cross Reference: WWII, Hawaii, Pacific Theatre, &
- The crossing of the pacific using islands as stepping stones across the sea.
- Series of shorter journeys vs. one single journey straight from the starting
point to the end point.
- Strategy used by the U.S. in WWII.
- Meant to make the War in the Pacific Ocean end sooner.
192. Okinawa:
(Cross Reference: Island hopping, WWII, Pacific Theatre, Japan
attacks China, US Trade Embargo against Japan, Pearl Harbor, Midway, & Battle of
Coral Sea.)
-
Site of the largest amphibious assault in the Pacific theatre of WWII.
Lasted 82 days. (1945)
Battle between the U.S. and Japan.
The allies used island hopping to approach Japan.
The allies planned to use Okinawa as an air operations base.
Last battle before invasion of Japanese mainland.
Naval, tactical air and amphibious forces supported the attack.
193. Kamikaze Pilots:
(Cross Reference: Pearl Harbor & WWII.)
- Suicidal Japanese pilots during WWII. (1945)
- Made suicide attacks by military aviators from Japan against allied naval
vessels in the Pacific Theatre. (Ino Jima & Okinawa)
- Meant to destroy warships more effectively.
- During WWII, 3,860 Kamikaze pilots were killed.
- To the Japanese, destroying a mass of Allied ships was a just reason to
sacrifice both aircrafts and pilots.
- Caused many more critical military defeats because of the loss of pilots and
equipment.
194. The Manhattan Project: (Cross Reference: WWII, Hiroshima & Nagasaki,
Unconditional Surrender of Japan, & various battles against Japan.
- A research and development project during WWII that produced atomic
bombs for the first time.
- Led by the United States but was supported by Canada and the United
Kingdom.
- Began in 1939 when Albert Einstein wrote FDR.
- Research occurred in the U.S., the UK, and Canada. Production occurred
only in the U.S.
- Two types of atomic bombs.
- Little Boy (uranium) and Fat Man (plutonium).
- Robert J Oppenheimer was director.
- 2 stages: University of Chicago and Los Alamos, NM.
195. Hiroshima & Nagasaki: (Cross Reference: The Manhattan Project, WWII,
Pearl Harbor, & other various battles against Japan.)
- The site of atomic bomb explosions conducted by the United States during
WWII against the Japanese.
- Kokura and Kyoto were alternate targets.
- The first and only time a nuclear weapon was used during wartime against
humans.
- Following the bombings, the Allies prepared for an invasion of Japan.
- The Europe war had ended but the Pacific war still waged on.
- The U.S. promised “prompt and utter destruction” unless the Japanese
unconditionally surrendered.
- The United Kingdom and China were also working with the U.S.
- A uranium atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima (August 6th, 1945) and
an plutonium bomb was dropped on Nagasaki (August 9th, 1945).
- If the Japanese civilians didn’t die the moment the bomb was dropped,
they died during the months after from radiation, various burns, and other
injuries.
- Ended WWII.
- Extremely controversial.
196. Unconditional Surrender of Japan:
bombings of Hiroshima & Nagasaki.)
(Cross Reference: WWII, & the atomic
- Ended WWII.
- The Japanese were not able to conduct operations and they saw that an
Allied invasion of Japan would come.
- Surrendered after the U.S. dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima and
Nagasaki.
- The Soviet Union also invaded Manchukuo.
- These events caused the Emperor (Hirohito) to order the Supreme Council
for the Direction of War to accept the terms stated in the Potsdam
Declaration by the Allies.
- The surrender of Japan allowed the Supreme Commander for the Allied
Powers to start the occupation of Japan. (Gen. Douglas MacArthur)
197. Gold Stars: (Cross Reference: WWII, 17 Million GI’s, Blue Stars, Prisoners
of War, & WWII Home front.)
- A gold star was given to a family if one of their relatives had been killed in
the war.
- The family then showcased the star in the window to show their support
for those still fighting the war and also in remembrance of their lost loved
one.
198. Blue Stars: (Cross Reference: WWII, 17 Million GI’s, Gold Stars, Prisoners
of War, & WWII Home Front.)
- A blue star was given to a family if they had a loved one fighting in the war.
- There were 17 million people fighting in the war.
- 17 million windows had a blue star hanging in it (unless they had unwillingly
traded it for a gold star.)
199. 17 Million GI’s:
drafts.)
(Cross Reference: WAC’s, WWII, Gold Stars, Blue Stars, &
- There were 17 million men and women fighting or working in the war
cause.
- 416,800 of these soldiers died in the war.
- Many of the GI’s families had gold or silver stars shown in their windows.
- Some became prisoners of war.
- Many bodies were never returned home.
200. WAC’s: (Cross Reference: WWII, & Women’s suffrage.)
-
Women’s Army Corps.
Directed by Oveta Culp Hobby.
Created as an auxiliary unit.
The women’s branch of the U.S. Army.
Women were trained at Fort Des Moines Provisional Army Officer Training
School in Iowa.
- It was important to be physically fit in order to be a part of the unit.
- Most men disagreed with women being in the Army Corps.
- Allowed women to be enlisted in the army, but only could be appointed to
noncombat roles such as air controllers.
317. Emergency War Powers Act:
Harbor.)
(Cross Reference: WWII, FDR, & Pearl
- An emergency law that increased Federal Power in American during WWII.
- Signed and put into law by Franklin D. Roosevelt on December 18, 1941.
- Signed and put into law less than two weeks after the attack on Pearl
Harbor conducted by Japan.
- Increased the powers of the president’s United States Executive Branch.
- Gave the President absolute authority to efficiently execute WWII.
- Gave the President power to reorganize various parts of government for
the war cause.
- The Emergency War Power Act of 1973 checked the war time power that
the president held to commit the U.S. into battle.
318. Hippies:
(Cross Reference: Woodstock, cyberspace, Anti-war
Movement, Free Love, psychedelics, & cultural diversity.)
- A subculture that was a youth movement during 1968-1973 in the United
States.
- Eventually spread to other countries as well.
- Came from “hipster” which was first used to describe beatniks who moved
into NYC’s Greenwich Village and San Fran’s Haight-Ashbury district.
- Early hippies conformed to the language and countercultural values of the
Beat Generation.
- Welcomed the sexual revolution.
- Many created their own communities.
- Enjoyed listening to psychedelic music.
- Many used illegal drugs to “explore contorted states of consciousness.”
319. Anti-War Movement:
(Cross Reference: Hippies, Vietnam War, & Neil
Young’s “Four Dead in Ohio”.)
- A social movement in opposition to a nation’s decision to partake in the
Vietnam War.
- Anti-war activists protest in order to pressure a government to end a war.
- The Anti-War movement was popular with the Vietnam War.
- Hippies played a big part in the anti-war movement as shown in the wellknown movie Forest Gump.
- Anti-War Protestors rarely used violence.
- In some cases, protestors were physically assaulted by police officers.
- Kent State Massacre.
320. Chicago Democratic Convention, 1968:
(Cross Reference: Riots, civil
unrest, Anti-war Movement, & Martin Luther King Jr.)
- Held from August 26th to August 29th, 1968.
- The convention was held because President Johnson announced that he
would not run for reelection.
- The convention had to select a new presidential nominee to run as a
candidate from the Democratic Party for the office.
- Chicago Police had to use force on groups of demonstrators.
- Riots took place between the police and demonstrators.
- Upset about the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.
- These riots also caused aggression inside the Democratic Convention.
- Graham Wash’s “Chicago.”
321. Free Love:
(Cross Reference: Hippies & Birth Control Pills.)
- A social movement that rejects marriage.
- Hippies were most likely advocates for Free Love.
- The goal of the movement was to separate the state from common things
such as marriage, adultery, and birth control.
- Marriage was seen as a form of bondage both financial and social.
- The issues weren’t anyone’s business other than the people directly
involved.
- Free love advocates believe that personal relations should be separate from
regulations of state and church interference.
322. Psychedelics: (Cross Reference: Hippies, Anti-war Movement, & Free Love.)
-
Psychoactive drugs that alter perception and cognition.
Illegal worldwide unless used for medical purposes.
Hippies used these frequently.
Included in the class titled hallucinogens.
Induces familiar states of consciousness.
LSD, Mesculine, & Peote.
323. Free Speech Movement:
(Cross Reference: Hippies, protests, Maria
Fabio, Abbie Hoffman, SDS, Weathermen, & SLATE.)
- A student protest that occurred on the University of California, Berkeley
campus during the 1964-1965 school year.
- The student protestors fought for their right of free speech and also
academic freedom.
- The students also wanted the ban of on-campus political activities be lifted
by administration.
- The protest was organized by a political party titled SLATE. (Stands for the
slate of candidates that ran on a common platform.)
- University of Michigan. (SDS, Weathermen, & Abbie Hoffman.)
324. The Generation Gap:
Speech Movement.)
(Cross Reference: Baby Boom, Hippies, & Free
- A Western term used in the 1960s to describe the difference between
children and their elders. (Depression kids & Baby boomers.)
- The Generation Gap can be accounted for increased cultural change.
- Because of the increased size of the younger generation, changes were
made quickly as they stopped following the norms of the older generation.
- Institutionally-based age segregation can also be blamed for the difference
in generation beliefs and actions.
325. Betty Freidan-The Feminine Mystique, 1962: (Cross Reference: Free Speech
Movement, Women’s Liberation Movement, Equal Rights Amendment, NOW, &
Feminism.)
- Written by Betty Freidan, an American activist and feminist.
- A book that is credited with promoting feminism for the second time in the
United States. (First was 1920’s.)
- Freidan had conducted a survey of her former college classmates.
- She found that most of them were unhappy with their lives as housewives.
- This encouraged her to hold interviews and conduct research on the topic.
- She published the story as a book because not one magazine would publish
her feminist article.
326. NOW, 1965:
Phyllis Schlafly.)
(Cross Reference: Feminism, Betty Freidan, ERA, NEA, &
- Stands for National Organization for Women.
- A feminist organization that was founded in 1966.
- Meant to confront the conditions that women faced that had stopped them
from enjoying equal opportunity and freedom of choice.
- Betty Friedan was one of the founders.
- Advocated the Equal Rights Amendment.
- Phyllis Schlafly opposed NOW.
- Schlafly led the STOP-ERA campaign.
327. ERA, 1972: (Cross Reference: Alice Paul, feminism, Phyllis Schlafly, &
Women’s Suffrage.)
-
Stands for Equal Rights Amendment.
An amendment whose purpose was to guarantee equal rights for women.
Proposed to the United States Constitution.
Written by Alice Paul.
Introduced to Congress in 1923.
It finally passed both houses of Congress and then continued to the
ratification stage by state legislatures.
- Received 35/38 necessary ratifications from the states.
- Women continued to work towards the ratification of the amendment.
328. Phyllis Schlafly:
-
(Cross Reference: Feminism, ERA, & Women’s Suffrage.)
An American conservative activist, author, and constitutional lawyer.
Well known for her opposition to modern feminism.
She was against the Equal Rights Amendment. (ERA)
Founded the Eagle Forum in the 70s.
The Eagle Forum focused on social issues.
A pro-family organization.
Also a socially conservative organization.
She is loyal to her opinion concerning social and political conservatism.
329. Title IX:
(Cross Reference: Education Amendments of 1972.)
-
Written by Senator Birch Bayh.
A portion of the Education Amendments of 1972.
Renamed the Patsy Mink Equal Opportunity in Education Act. (2002)
Made it illegal for any one person to be excluded from participating in
education because of discrimination.
- Included any discrimination in receiving finance assistance from the Federal
Government.
330. Roe v. Wade (Cross Reference: Women’s Suffrage, Planned Parenthood,
Margaret Sanger, & the 14th Amendment.)
- A decision made by the U.S. Supreme Court.
- Decision made on the issue of abortion.
- The Court decided that the 4th Amendment gave women the right to
privacy when making a decision to have an abortion.
- Only condition was that the right had to be balanced with the state’s two
legitimate interests in the regulation of abortion. (14th Amendment)
- Interests: protecting prenatal life and women’s health.
- Jane Roe v. Henry Wade.
- It was decided that abortion was okay as long as it occurred before the
viability stage.
331. Cesar Chavez:
(Cross Reference: Delores Huerta, Women’s suffrage,
United Farm Workers, & American labor movement.)
- An American civil rights activist that was also a labor leader and a worker
on American farms.
- Co-founded the National Farm Workers Association (along with Delores
Huerta.)
- Later titled United Farm Workers Association.
- A Latino American civil rights activist.
- Had aggressive but nonviolent tactics.
- Led the farm workers’ struggle in a moralistic way.
- Gained National support.
332. United Farm Workers:
(Cross Reference: Cesar Chavez, Delores Huerta,
Grape Boycott, Women’s suffrage, American labor movement, & labor unions.)
- A labor union that was created when the Agricultural Workers Organizing
Committee and the National Farm Association merged.
- Merged after realizing they had the same goals during a strike in support of
Filipino farm workers.
- A workers’ rights organization.
- Aimed to help farms receive unemployment insurance.
- Eventually became a group or union of farm workers.
333. California Grape Boycott: (Cross Reference: Cesar Chavez, United Farm
Workers, Collective Bargaining, & Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee.)
-
Also known as the Delano Grape Strike.
Led by the United Farm Workers.
Against table grape producers in California.
Began on September 8th, 1965 and continued for 5 years.
Victory for the United Farm Workers.
Began when workers from the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee
walked out of the farm because they didn’t receive minimum wage.
- The United Farm Workers union was formed as a result of the boycott.
- The group succeeded in reaching an agreement of collective bargaining.
334. “La Raza”: (Cross Reference: Cesar Chavez, California Grape Boycott, &
United Farm Workers.)
-
Means “The Race.”
Used to show pride in race or ethnicity.
Is described as the product of slow racial mixing.
Also a popular song in Mexico.
In Latin America it represents Spanish and European heritage or Latino
identity.
- Gang affiliation in PSW, Colorado.