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Operating an Efficient District Cooling Plant
in Water-Stressed Regions
Part 1: The Energy-Water Nexus
WILL START ON THE HOUR
5:00 pm GST
8:00 am EST
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Johnson Controls, Inc. —
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2
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Operating an Efficient District Cooling Plant
in Water-Stressed Regions
Part 1: The Energy-Water Nexus
International District Energy Association
November 19, 2014
Roy Hubbard
Johnson Controls, Inc.
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Agenda
 Why do we need air conditioning?
 How does air conditioning work?
 How does water play a role in air conditioning?
 What roles do weather and climate play in air conditioning?
 How can saving energy save water?
 What can we do to save energy?
 What are the two main choices in air conditioning heat rejection systems?
4
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Definition: Energy Balance
Thermodynamics Law #1
The flow of heat is a form
of energy transfer
Energy Out
Energy In
5
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Definition: Sources of Energy in a Building
PEOPLE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
EQUIPMENT /
PLUG LOAD
VENTILATION
HVAC EQUIPMENT
Thermal
Loss
Thermal
Gain
BUILDING ENVELOPE
6
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
INFILTRATION /
EXFILTRATION
LIGHTING
Definition: Sources of Energy in a Building
PEOPLE
SOLAR HEAT GAIN
VENTILATION
Air conditioning
allows buildings
to be habitable
EQUIPMENT /
PLUG LOAD
HVAC EQUIPMENT
Thermal
Loss
Thermal
Gain
BUILDING ENVELOPE
7
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
INFILTRATION /
EXFILTRATION
LIGHTING
KEY CONCEPT
The purpose of Air Conditioning
is to move unwanted heat from
one area (building) to a location
less objectionable (outside)
AIR-COOLED
How Air Conditioning Systems Move Energy / Heat
Building
Energy
Air Handler Air Handler
Fan
Coil
Air-Cooled
Chiller
Atmosphere
= air transfer
= water transfer
WATER-COOLED
= refrigerant
transfer
9
Building
Energy
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Air Handler Air Handler
Fan
Coil
Water-Cooled Cooling Atmosphere
Chiller
Tower
Definition: Dry Bulb and Wet Bulb
46°C
DRY BULB (DB)
Air-Cooled System
 Temperature of air
measured by a
thermometer
 Exposed to the air but
shielded from radiation and
moisture
24°C
WET BULB (WB)
 Minimum temperature
achieved by evaporative
cooling
 Largely determined by the
DRY BULB temperature
and HUMIDITY (moisture)
10
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Water-Cooled System
Definition: Air-Cooled Heat Rejection
Air-Cooled System
Air-Cooled Radiator
WARM
AIR OUT
LIQUID
IN
LIQUID
OUT
AIR IN
11
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Definition: Evaporative Cooling
Heat Energy
+
Water Vapor Molecules
When EVAPORATION
occurs, heat is removed
from an object that is being
cooled.
12
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Definition: Water-Cooled Heat Rejection
Body Evaporation
Heat energy
+
water vapor molecules
13
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Evaporative Cooling Tower
Definition: Psychrometric Chart
35
35
WE
T
BU
LB
TE
MP
E
RA
TU
RE
-
30
°C
30
25
25
Weather Data Location:
RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
90
%
15
10
10
5
20
%
80
%
70
%
6105
%
50
40%
30%
5
20%
IDITY
TIVE HUM
10% RELA
0
5
10
15
20
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
14
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
25
Dry Bulb
Weather Hours
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
20
%
25
15%
IVE
ELAT
R
%
8
6%
4%
2%
30
35
40
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
45
IDITY
HUM
50
55
60
Psychrometric Chart for Air-Cooled Systems
Air-Cooled System
WARM
AIR OUT
57°C
35
35
WE
T
BU
LB
TE
MP
E
RA
TU
RE
-
30
°C
30
25
25
Weather Data Location:
RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
20
90
%
Weather Hours
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
%
80
%
70
%
6105
%
50
15
10
10
5
5
46°C
20%
5
10
15
20
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
15
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
57°C
15%
40%
30%
E HUMIDI
TIV
10% RELA
0
%
25
20
25
TY
ELAT
8% R
6%
4%
2%
30
35
40
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
ITY
UMID
IVE H
45
50
55
60
LIQUID
OUT
54°C
AIR IN
46°C
LIQUID
IN
60°C
Psychrometric Chart for Water-Cooled Systems
Water-Cooled System
35
35
WE
T
33°C dB
33°C wB
BU
LB
TE
MP
E
RA
TU
RE
-
30
°C
30
25
25
Weather Data Location:
RIYADH, ALL REGIONS, SAUDI_ARABIA
20
90
%
Weather Hours
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
0 to 1
%
80
%
70
%
6105
%
50
15
10
10
5
5
15%
40%
30%
20%
5
10
15
20
Chart by: HANDS DOWN SOFTWARE, www.handsdownsoftware.com
16
%
25
20
E HUMIDI
TIV
10% RELA
0
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
37°C dB
24°C wB
25
TY
ELAT
8% R
6%
4%
2%
30
35
40
DRY BULB TEMPERATURE - °C
ITY
UMID
IVE H
45
50
55
60
Air-Cooled vs. Water-Cooled Heat Rejection
Air-Cooled System
 Design day is based on
DRY BULB temperature
 Consumes no water
(no evaporative cooling)
 Large footprint
Water-Cooled System
 Design day is based on
WET BULB temperature
 Consumes water (evaporative
cooling process uses water)
 80% LESS AIR FLOW
17
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
KEY CONCEPT
Evaporative cooling
enables water-cooled
systems to use less energy
at the cost of water
consumption.
(weight of the rock)
19
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
(height of the mountain)
Load
Lift
Definition: Energy Use and System Lift
Definition: Energy Use and System Lift
E
N
E
R
G
Y
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Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Lift
Load
Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
Per AHRI:
Design Day
conditions occur
only 1% of the year
21
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
100%
E
N
E
R
G
Y
Design Lift
Design
Load
Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
Air-Cooled System
Water-Cooled System
22
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Energy Use and System Lift - DESIGN DAY
Air-Cooled System
46°C
23
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
24°C
DESIGN LIFT
DESIGN LIFT
Water-Cooled System
KEY CONCEPT
There are multiple ways to save
energy in a chiller plant that are
weather related:
1. Reduce the
2. Reduce the
size of the load
system lift
(weight of the rock)
(height of the mountain)
Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA
RIYADH, KSA
25
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA
50
43
TEMPERATURE (°C)
45
35
35
31
45
43
39
Average Dry Bulb = 26.2 C
33
28
28
25
20
15
17
10
5
0
26
46
40
40
30
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Johnson Controls, Inc. —
18
19
23
21 20
21 21 20 22
Average Wet Bulb = 12.6 C
Dry
(C)
Dry Bulb
Bulb (°C)
Wet Bulb
Bulb (°C)
Wet
(C)
19
18
Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Dry Bulb Variation by Hour
27
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Wet Bulb Variation by Hour
28
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Weather Data - Riyadh, KSA - Annual Load Profile
29
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
KEY CONCEPTS
- Air Conditioning moves
Energy / Heat.
- Air Conditioning rejects heat
through air-cooled or watercooled systems.
- Weather and seasons impact
energy use in these systems.
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS
SAVING ENERGY
REDUCES
WATER CONSUMPTION
Definition: THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS
ENERGY FOR WATER
Water processing,
production, distribution,
and end use requires
energy
Energy and Water
are Linked
WATER FOR ENERGY
Energy and power
production requires
water.
Water-cooled district
cooling plants also
require water
32
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Water Cost
COMPONENTS OF WATER COST
Pre-Treat
33
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Transport
PostTreat
Acquire
Dispose
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Water Cost
WATER COST IS INCREASING
• Population Growth
• Rising Standards of living – more
water intensive
• Environmental pressures
• Infrastructure Costs
• Climate Change
34
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Ways to Save Energy
SAVING ENERGY = SAVING WATER = SAVING MONEY
Avoidance
Conserve
Design
Optimize
Maintain
• Insulation
• Low-E Glass
• Lighting
• Night
setback
• Isolate leaks
• Lighting
• CHW Reset
• District Energy
• Highly Efficient
and variable
speed
components,
products and
systems
• Central Plant
and System
Optimization
• Scheduled
Service
• Measurement
and
Verification
plan
35
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
THE ENERGY WATER NEXUS – Ways to Save Water
SAVING ENERGY = SAVING WATER = SAVING MONEY
SAVE WATER : Reduce blow-down in the cooling tower
Use well water, river water, sea water, effluent water
SAVE WATER : Use “waste heat” in a heat pump application
SAVE WATER : Collect and re-use cooling coil condensate
SAVE WATER : Use non-evaporative air-cooled heat
rejection systems
36
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Riyadh, KSA
RIYADH, KSA
37
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Air-Cooled System vs Water-Cooled System - Riyadh, KSA
1.60
3.20
1.40
2.80
1.20
2.40
1.00
2.00
0.80
1.60
0.60
1.20
0.40
0.80
0.20
0.40
0.00
0.00
Air Cooled
Water Cooled
Heat Rejection System Type
Annual Average kW/Ton
Assumptions
- Energy Evaluated at SAR 0.26/kWh
- Water Evaluated at SAR 4.00/m3
38
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Annual Peak kW/Ton
Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr
Gal/Ton-Hr
System Water Use Gal/Ton-Hr
Chiller Plant System Energy kW/Ton
& Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr
Annual Peak and Average Energy Use, Operating Costs, and
Annual Average Water Use For Various System Types
Riyadh, KSA
Air-Cooled & Water-Cooled System Advantages
A-C RADIATOR SYSTEMS
WATER-COOLED SYSTEMS
• No water consumption/
reduced chemical
consumption
• Lowest kW/ton
• Simplistic closed loop design
• More supplier options
• Lowest maintenance
• Lower first cost
• Often Standard tubes and
tube sheets
39
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
• Smaller footprint
Summary
 Why do we need air conditioning?
Allows building to be habitable.
 How does air conditioning work?
Move unwanted heat from one area (building) to a location less
objectionable.
 How does water play a role in air conditioning?
Evaporation of water allows for energy and cost efficient heat
rejection to the atmosphere.
 What roles do weather and climate play in air conditioning?
Weather impacts both load and lift and thus energy consumption.
40
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Summary Continued
 How can saving energy save water?
Less energy equals less heat of rejection to the cooling tower.
 What can we do to save energy?
Avoidance > Conserve > Design > Optimize > Maintain
 What are the two main choices in air conditioning heat rejection
systems?
Air-cooled systems and water-cooled systems
 What is the Energy-Water Nexus?
Energy Saves Water and Water saves energy! They are intrinsically
linked…
41
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Air-Cooled System vs Water-Cooled System - Riyadh, KSA
1.60
3.20
1.40
2.80
1.20
1.00
0.80
0.60
Not
enough
energy
0.40
0.20
What other
opportunities
exist between
these two
solutions?
2.40
2.00
Not
enough
water
1.60
1.20
0.80
0.40
0.00
0.00
Air Cooled
Water Cooled
Heat Rejection System Type
Annual Average kW/Ton
Assumptions
- Energy Evaluated at SAR 0.26/kWh
- Water Evaluated at SAR 4.00/m3
42
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Annual Peak kW/Ton
Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr
Gal/Ton-Hr
System Water Use Gal/Ton-Hr
Chiller Plant System Energy kW/Ton
& Operating Cost SAR/Ton-Hr
Annual Peak and Average Energy Use, Operating Costs, and
Annual Average Water Use For Various System Types
Riyadh, KSA
Next Session....Wednesday December 3, 2014
43
Johnson Controls, Inc. —
Questions and Answers
- Please type in Q&A box lower right hand corner.
- Moderator will handle questions to presenter.
- Please complete the survey following the webinar
- Webinar will be recorded and available via download or streaming. Presentation
slides will be available in pdf format at www.districtenergy.org
- If you are listening to the webinar recording and have questions, send them to
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- Register for the second webinar, held at the same time, Wednesday,
December 3, 2014.
44
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Continue the Discussion
45
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