Index
Ableman, Stephen V. R., 637
Ableman v. Booth, 633, 636 – 45
“Abolition Insolence” (Leggett), 598 –99
abolitionism: arguments, 597–98, 684; in Britain, 685 – 86; in
Europe, 445; growth of, 445; Leggett’s editorials, 595 –99;
Lincoln on, 520 –21; moral and religious arguments, 680 –
81; in Northern states, 604 – 6, 615, 627–28; opposition to
immediate, 595 –96; petitions to Congress, 605; Stowe’s
essays on, 690 –701. See also slavery; slave trade
abolitionists: aid to fugitive slaves, 633; Garrison, 595 –96;
“misrepresentations” about slavery, 673 –74, 675, 678, 680 –
81; societies, 605, 627–28, 632
“Abolitionists— Consistency of Their Labors, The” (Sawyer),
680 – 89
“Account of the Late Revolution in New England, An”
(Blyfield), 101–2
Act Repealing the Stamp Act, The, 135, 185
Adam, 169
Adams, John: “Braintree Instructions,” 115 –16; Leggett on, 530;
as president, 366, 396; proposals for state government, 197–
98; “Thoughts on Government,” 196 –99, 310. See also Alien
and Sedition Acts
“Address of the Minority of the Pennsylvania Convention,”
268 – 80
“Address to the Wisconsin State Agricultural Society,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin” (Lincoln), 518, 522 –27
“Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois”
(Lincoln), 518 –22
“administration of the colonies” pamphlet, 123, 125, 126, 127,
150
admiralty courts. See courts of admiralty
Africa, slavery in, 666, 667
African Americans. See blacks; free blacks; slaves
agrarianism, 595
agricultural fairs, Lincoln’s speech at Wisconsin, 522 –27
agriculture: exports, 573, 603; imports, 508 –9; improvements,
523 –25; laborers, 525 –27, 687; Lincoln on, 523 –25;
machinery, 524 –25; relationship to militia, 592 –93; in
South, 491, 508, 573; steam power, 524 –25; toast to, 592;
yields, 523
“Agriculture and the Militia” (Taylor), 592 –93
Alabama: admission to union, 514, 619; free blacks not allowed
in, 588; patrols, 584 – 86
Alabama Slave Code, 584 – 88
Alamo, Battle of, 536
Albany Plan of Union, 229 –30
Alexander, King of Scots, 96
Alien and Sedition Acts, 381; constitutionality, 359; opposition
to, 561; seen as unconstitutional, 359, 396, 398 –99, 413 –
29; Story on, 358 –59; text, 396 –98. See also Kentucky
Resolutions; Virginia Resolutions
aliens. See foreigners; immigrants
alliances: states forbidden to enter, 201; Washington’s warning
against, 77–78. See also foreign relations; treaties
amendments, constitutional. See Bill of Rights; constitutional
amendments
American Revolution. See Revolutionary War
Anabaptists, 79
ancient world. See Greece, ancient; Romans; Sparta
Anglican Church. See Church of England
animals: injuries to, 692; rights of, 21; treatment of old, 676.
See also livestock
Anne, Queen of England, 119
Anti-Federalists, 299, 349; “Brutus,” “Essay I,” 314 –19;
“Brutus,” “Essay V,” 382 – 85; “Centinel,” “Letter I,” 309 –
13; objections to Constitution, xviii–xix, 241, 299, 309 –26
apprentices, runaway, 582 – 83
Aristotle, 168, 687
Arkansas, admission to union, 514, 603, 619
armies. See quartering troops; standing armies
arms, right to bear: in Britain, 360; proposed constitutional
amendments, 271. See also Second Amendment
Articles of Confederation: application in Northwest Territory,
227, 661; Committee of the States, 203; common treasury,
201–2; conflicts among states, 503; congressional powers,
202 –3, 268, 362, 514; definition of citizenship, 654; drafting
of, 196; expenses of government, 304; lack of reference to
common law, 420; problems with, 200, 268, 289, 304, 362,
503; state sovereignty under, 200, 274; taxes, 201–2, 268,
289; text, 200 –204
assembly, right of: in colonies, 155; First Amendment, 349,
359
Athenians, 391
Bacon, Sir Francis, 43
bail: in Britain, 106, 107, 361; excessive, 106, 107, 157, 271,
339, 361; in Pennsylvania, 28; right to, 227. See also Eighth
Amendment
725
bakers and cooks, 9
Ballou, Adam, 684
Baltimore, Barron v. the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore,
375 –77
Bank of the United States: capital, 497; constitutionality, 495 –
99; directors, 494; Hamilton’s opinion for, 474, 477–90;
Jackson’s veto of charter, 491–500, 533, 720; Jefferson’s
opinion against, 474 –77; opponents, 474; second, 491–
500; stockholders, 491–92, 493 –94, 496 –97; supporters,
474; use of revenues for internal improvements, 501, 551
bankruptcy laws: state, 481; uniform, 325, 481, 506
Baptists: Danbury Baptist Association, Jefferson’s letter to, 88;
split in, 606; United Baptist Churches in Virginia,
Washington’s letter to, 70
Barron, John, 375
Barron v. the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 375 –77
Bentham, Jeremy, 532
Benton, Thomas Hart, 538, 549
Bible: on authority of government, 37; passages on liberty, 161–
62; Revelation, 433 –34
“Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom, A” ( Jefferson), 330 –
31
Bill of Rights: Second Amendment, 338, 349, 359 – 60;
Third Amendment, 338, 349, 360; Fourth Amendment,
339, 349, 360 – 61; Fifth Amendment, 338, 349, 375 –77,
401; Sixth Amendment, 339, 349; Seventh Amendment,
350; Eighth Amendment, 339, 350, 361; Ninth Amendment,
350, 361; application to territories, 663; debate on timing
of adoption, 343 – 48; introduction in House, 332 – 48;
Madison’s responses to opposition, 340 – 42; need for, 341;
opposition to, 300 –302, 343 – 44, 349; sources, 15, 327; state
violations of, 375 –77; Story’s commentary on, 351– 62;
supporters, 275; Supreme Court cases, 375 –77; text, 349 –
50. See also First Amendment; Tenth Amendment
Bill of Rights, English, 91, 106 –9, 339, 360, 361
Bill of Rights, Virginia, 157–58
bills of attainder, 236, 342, 463, 465 – 66
bills of credit, 236 –37, 464 – 65
bills of rights, in state constitutions, 342; Massachusetts, 205,
209, 212, 217
blacks: citizenship denied to, 646 –58, 664, 665, 707; excluded
from Declaration of Independence, 649 –50, 668 – 69, 705 –
6, 707, 709, 716, 718; Lincoln on equality of, 705 – 6, 710;
lynchings of, 519; prohibition of intermarriage with whites,
649, 651, 652; seen as inferior, 648, 653, 677, 679, 718. See
also free blacks; slaves
Blackstone, William, 276 –77, 301, 353 –54, 356, 358, 361, 370,
389, 390, 391
Blackwell, George, 44
726
index
blasphemy: laws against, 4 –5, 21; punishment by civil
authorities, 63, 65
“Bloody Tenent, of Persecution, for Cause of Conscience, The”
(Williams), 42 – 47
Blyfield, Nathanael, “An Account of the Late Revolution in
New England,” 101–2
Booth, Sherman M., 633, 636
Boston: battles in, 184; revolt (1689), 101–2; Tea Party, 154
“Boston Declaration of Grievances,” 101, 102 –5
Boucher, Jonathan, 159; “On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience,
and Non-resistance,” 159 –78; A View of the Causes and
Consequences of the American Revolution, 159
boycotts, 135, 145, 156
“Braintree Instructions” (Adams), 115 –16
Brenigar, Jacob, 682
bribery: in elections, 214, 217; by French, 396; laws against, 29;
preventing, 214
Britain: abolitionism in, 685 – 86; army, 104, 106, 107, 318;
citizenship denied to blacks, 665; Civil War in, 3, 41; claim
to sovereignty as mother country, 143, 182 – 83; common law,
363; English Bill of Rights, 91, 106 –9, 339, 340, 360, 361;
Glorious Revolution, 101, 106; Illuminati, 437; laborers and
peasants, 685 – 87, 688; landowners, 686 – 87, 688; legal
system, 93, 94, 99, 106, 151–52, 312; limits on royal power,
106, 107, 152, 180 – 81; manufacturing, 118, 129, 131, 142, 147;
martial law, 98, 99; navy, 686; oaths to monarchs, 32, 44;
petitions to king, 117, 118, 155, 359; poverty, 687– 89; power
of written documents in, 3; press freedom in, 355 –56, 424 –
25; property as source of power, 293; qualifications of
officials, 94; as republic, 249; rights in, 92; Roman Catholics
in, 44, 46, 104; royal sovereignty in, 389, 390, 391; slavery
abolished by, 621–22; slavery in, 686 – 89; slave trade, 648,
666, 667, 668; Star Chamber, 355; tensions with American
colonists, 91, 101–2, 153 –54; trade embargo against, 447,
451–52; treaties with, 74, 461, 619. See also constitution,
British; Ireland; Magna Charta; Parliament, British; War of
1812
British laws: Act Repealing the Stamp Act, 135, 185; Coercive
Acts, 154; Declaratory Act, 135 –36; post-office act, 135, 142;
Townshend Acts, 139; violations of colonists’ rights, 155 –56.
See also Stamp Act
“Brutus”: “Essay I,” 314 –19; “Essay V,” 382 – 85
Bryan, George, 309
Bryan, Samuel, 309
Calhoun, John C.: death, 600; defense of slavery, 597, 598, 604;
“Fort Hill Address,” 565 –78; on Northwest Ordinance, 618;
opposition to Compromise of 1850, 600; political career,
565; as secretary of state, 619 –20, 621, 622; “South Carolina
Exposition and Protest,” 565; “Speech on the Slavery
Question,” 600 – 613
California: admission to union, 600, 609 –10, 612, 614;
constitution, 609, 611, 614, 711; as free state, 614, 624 –25,
711; Gold Rush, 613 –14; as territory, 613 –14
Calvert, Lord, 64
Calvin, John, 207
Calvinists, 67
Canada, 156, 203, 451
canals. See internal improvements
capital punishment: disposition of estates of offenders, 29; in
Massachusetts, 18, 21; for slaves, 696 –97; in Virginia, 4, 5, 8
Carteret, Lord, 132
Catholics. See Roman Catholics
census, 601–2
“Centinel,” “Letter I,” 309 –13
Channing, W. E., 631–32
Charles I, King of England, 131; beheading of, 3, 101; Church
of England and, 41; conflict with Parliament, 98; foreign
wars, 98; land grants, 104; Long Parliament, 214, 355; oaths
required by, 32; response to Petition of Right, 100
Charles II, King of England: colonial charters, 83, 84;
Pennsylvania grant, 24 –25; proclamation on lands in
America, 104; restoration to throne, 101
Charter of Liberties and Frame of Government of the Province
of Pennsylvania in America, 23 –30
charters, colonial, 3, 12, 83, 84, 91; critics of, 120; revocation of,
101, 102, 190; rights granted in, 117, 189; state constitutions
based on, 195
Chatham, Lord, 211
Chesterfield, Lord, 213 –14
“Chief Justice Marshall” (Leggett), 529 –30
children: slaves, 676, 695; training in trade or skill, 29
children’s rights: inheritances, 20; in Massachusetts, 16, 18, 20;
of orphans, 20; to property, 16
Chisholm, Alexander, 386
Chisholm v. Georgia, 386 –95
cholera epidemic, 677
Christianity: in common law, 363 – 65; early, 162; enemies of,
435 –36, 440 – 42; Jewish converts, 162, 445; obedience, 162 –
63, 174 –75, 680; observation of Sabbath, 5, 27, 30, 65, 439 –
40; persecution of dissent, 45; in Roman empire, 79, 83.
See also Protestants; Puritans; religion; Roman Catholics
church, rights under Magna Charta, 92, 97
churches: number of members, 49 –50; rights of, 21–22
Church of England: dissenters, 36, 41, 79, 353 –54;
establishment of, 79; Oath of Supremacy, 32
church-state separation: Cotton on, 36, 37; Jefferson on, 88;
Leland’s advocacy of, 79, 81– 82, 84; Madison on, 327–30;
in Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 19; Providence
Agreement, 64; rendering unto Caesar, 171, 172. See also
religion, relationship to civil government; religious liberty
citizenship: under Articles of Confederation, 654; denied to
blacks, 646 –58, 664, 665, 707; distinction between federal
and state, 647; of Indians, 647; of Jews, 445; of states, 647,
648, 656
Civil War, English, 3, 41
Clarke, Judge, 694 –95
class distinctions: Jackson on, 499 –500. See also laborers
Clay, Henry, 600, 705, 708, 711, 716
Clement VIII, Pope, 44
clergy: crimes of, 684; cruel treatment of families, 682;
financial support of, 68, 79, 84 – 85, 86; free blacks, 588;
laws regulating conduct of, 5; Puritan, 52; rights under
Magna Charta, 93; slave preachers, 587, 674. See also
sermons
Clinton, George, 241, 314
Coercive Acts, 154
Coffin, Peter, 205, 224
coining money: congressional power, 236, 506 –7; mints,
497; powers under Articles of Confederation, 202; states
prohibited from, 236 –37, 464
Coke, Sir Edward, 98, 130, 390
colonial laws: on interracial marriage, 649; Maryland Act
for Church Liberties, 64; Maryland Act for Swearing
Allegiance, 32 –33; Pennsylvania Act for Freedom of
Conscience, 64 – 65; Pennsylvania Charter of Liberties
and Frame of Government, 23 –30; on runaway servants
and slaves, 582 – 84; Virginia Articles, Laws, and Orders,
4 –10
colonial legislatures: Connecticut General Courts, 13, 14;
dissolution of, 154; functions, 150 –51; input from citizens,
115; Parliament’s authority over, 125, 126 –27, 135 –36, 144,
149 –50, 153 –54; Pennsylvania General Assembly, 25, 26, 27,
28; power of, 3, 135, 141, 142. See also Virginia House of
Burgesses
colonies: contribution to British economy, 147– 48; selfgovernment, 11, 19, 91, 115; without established churches,
81. See also charters, colonial; rights, of colonists; and
individual colonies
Colonization Society, 716
Columbus, Christopher, 389
Columbus, Diego, 389 –90
Commentaries on the Constitution of the United States (Story),
351– 62, 458 – 61, 503 –17
commerce, regulation of: under Articles of Confederation,
268; congressional power, 236, 503 – 6, 513 –14; drafting of
constitutional provision, 513 –14; execution of treaties,
index
727
commerce, regulation of (continued )
460 – 61; foreign, 504, 505; with Indians, 504, 505 – 6, 514;
Madison on, 501; meaning of, 504; need for, 503 – 4; not
applicable to internal improvements, 501; in Pennsylvania,
26; proposed constitutional amendments, 454 –55, 457;
protection of manufactures as purpose, 505, 507–10; scope
of power, 505 – 6; Story’s commentaries on, 503 –14; taxation
power and, 508, 510. See also trade
Committee of the States, 203
common law: adoption by states, 363; application in colonies,
153, 155, 419; in Britain, 363; Christianity part of, 363 – 65; as
justification for Sedition Act, 419 –23; rights of colonists,
120, 130; writs of habeas corpus, 463
Common Sense (Paine), 179 – 88
Compromise of 1850, 600; abolition of slave trade in District of
Columbia, 600, 711; admission of New Mexico and Utah,
600, 614, 711, 712; Calhoun’s speech on, 600 – 613; debate in
Senate, 600 – 632; Douglas’s support of, 702 –3; Lincoln on,
711–12; Webster’s speech on, 613 –32. See also Fugitive Slave
Law of 1850
confederations: compared to national government, 250, 381,
382; distinction from consolidation, 245; distinction from
federal form, 250 –52; republics, 244 – 45. See also Articles of
Confederation
Congregational Church, in New England, 79
Congress, U.S.: compensation, 342; division into two houses,
281– 84, 287, 288; increased number of members, 601–2;
interests represented, 286; judicial powers of, 274 –75, 277;
representation of new states, 228; resolutions sent by state
legislatures, 627; structure of, 231–33, 234 –35, 275 –76, 281–
84. See also House of Representatives; Senate
congressional elections: constitutional provisions, 235; criticism
of constitutional provisions, 271, 274, 294, 312, 321; LincolnDouglas Debate, 702 –21; regulation by Congress, 235, 287,
312, 321; by state legislatures, 218 –19
congressional powers: under Articles of Confederation, 268;
coining money, 236, 506 –7; comparison to other countries,
284 – 85, 286; concurrent with states, 504; constitutional
provisions, 236, 256, 287, 462 – 64; declaration of war, 236;
exclusive, 504 –5; government of territories, 514 –15, 609,
610, 659 – 63; implied, 462; limits on, 462 – 64; objections to,
273 –75, 311, 315 –16; over militias, 236, 279 – 80, 290, 316,
324, 448 –50; over standing armies, 236, 316, 324 –25; Story’s
commentaries on, 461– 62, 503 –16; taxation, 236, 273, 278,
288 –90, 311, 315 –16, 383, 384 – 85, 504. See also commerce,
regulation of; Necessary and Proper Clause
Connecticut: abolition of slavery, 651–52; certificate law, 84, 86;
charter, 83, 84; colonial government structure, 12 –14; debt,
294; elected judges, 128; fugitive slave law, 583; Fundamental
728
index
Orders of, 12 –14; religion in, 83 – 84; religious dissenters,
84, 85; Resolution responding to Virginia Resolutions,
406 –7; state constitution, 12 –14; state government, 198;
state legislature, 283, 447; western land claims, 542. See also
Hartford Convention
Connecticut Law Regarding Escape of Negroes and Servants,
583
conscience, freedom of: in Europe, 44 – 45; exemption from
military service, 279; Locke on, 353; in Massachusetts, 219;
in Pennsylvania, 65, 279; relationship to free press, 430 –31;
as unalienable right, 80; violated by Sedition Act, 399. See
also religious liberty
conscription, 449 –50
consolidation: distinction from confederation, 245; framers’
view of, 543; of government, 244, 553 –54; loss of state
sovereignty, 412 –13, 604; national government seen as, 250,
275, 315; opposition to, 273, 275, 315, 412 –13, 543; of union,
553 –54; Washington on, 543, 553
Constantine, Emperor, 79, 83
constitution, British, 133, 567; civil rights, 122, 141– 42;
English Bill of Rights, 91, 106 –9, 339, 360; independence
of government branches, 155, 253; Montesquieu’s view of,
253; Paine on, 180 – 81; republican government, 197; rights,
122, 141– 42, 340. See also Magna Charta
Constitution, U.S., 234 – 40; blacks excluded from, 658;
Commerce Clause, 236, 503 – 6, 507–10; as compact
between sovereigns, 554 –56, 565, 570; compromise on
structure of Congress, 231–33; executive powers, 237–38;
judiciary branch, 238, 263 – 67; limits on state powers, 236 –
37, 342, 376, 382 – 85, 464 – 69, 504 –5, 640 – 41; provisions
related to slavery, 234, 236, 239, 291, 516 –17, 581, 617–18,
626 –27, 650, 714 –15; ratification by states, 239, 241, 250 –51,
268, 346, 347; Supreme Court interpretation of, 366 –74,
561, 562, 642; Washington’s support of, 70, 75; Webster’s
“Examination,” 281–95. See also congressional powers;
Necessary and Proper Clause; Supremacy Clause
Constitution, U.S., objections to: of Anti-Federalists, xviii–
xix, 241, 299, 309 –26; congressional power over militia,
279 – 80, 290, 316; congressional powers, 273 –75, 311, 315 –
16; congressional structure, 275 –76, 313, 320 –21; executive
powers, 278, 312 –13, 322; fear of despotism, 275 – 80;
Hamilton’s responses to, 241– 42, 300 –308; increased
expense, 280, 303 – 4; judiciary branch issues, 276 –77,
311–12, 313, 316, 322, 325 –26; lack of bill of rights, 275,
300 –302, 313, 338; Necessary and Proper Clause, 315, 316;
of Pennsylvania minority, 268 – 80; power of national
government, 278, 302 –3; powers taken from states, 278,
299, 314 –17, 320, 323 –26, 384; proposed amendments, 268,
271–72, 299, 306 – 8; responses in Webster’s “Examination,”
288 –91; separation of powers, 310 –11; to Supremacy Clause,
273 –74, 312, 315; taxation power of Congress, 273, 278, 288 –
90, 384 – 85
constitutional amendments: Anti-Federalist proposals, 299,
306 – 8; Eleventh, 386, 395, 421; Hartford Convention
proposals, 454 –57; Madison’s proposals, 338 –39, 342 – 43;
opposition to early, 333 –34, 343 – 48; process, 239; proposals
of Pennsylvania minority, 268, 271–72; proposed by state
ratification conventions, 342, 345, 348; Washington’s warning
against hasty, 75. See also Bill of Rights
Constitutional Convention: calling of, 200, 268 – 69; debate
on slavery, 617; delegates, 241; New Jersey Plan, 231, 232 –33;
Pennsylvania delegation, 269; secrecy of deliberations, 269;
Virginia Plan, 231–32
“Constitution and the Union, The” (Webster), 613 –32
constitutions: Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 12 –14;
objectives, 566. See also state constitutions
Continental Congress: under Articles of Confederation, 200 –
201, 202 –3, 268, 362, 514; authority of, 199; First, 154 –56;
members, 201; powers, 202 –3, 268, 362, 514; single house,
283. See also Declaration of Independence
contracts: constitutional provisions, 237, 466 – 68; definition
of, 466; express, 466; implied, 466
“Copy of a Letter from Mr. Cotton to Lord Say and Seal,” 36 –
38
copyrights, constitutional provision, 236, 496
corruption: of customs officers, 131, 143; in elections, 214, 217.
See also bribery
Cotton, John: “Copy of a Letter from Mr. Cotton to Lord Say
and Seal,” 36 –38; letter from Roger Williams, 42, 43 – 46;
“A Platform of Church Discipline,” 48 – 63
cotton plantations, 618 –19
Counter-resolutions of other states, 403 –7, 565
courts: British, 93; Judiciary Act of 1789, 366, 371, 643; in
Northwest Territory, 225 –26; provincial, 128; relationship
of state and federal, 312; state, 290, 637– 41, 643 – 44. See also
judges; judiciary branch; jury trials; legal systems; Supreme
Court
courts of admiralty: extension of jurisdiction, 113, 115 –16, 118,
154, 155; lack of juries, 115, 130
Craig & Barron, 375
Crandall, Prudence, 652
Crandall v. The State, 652
credit. See debts
crimes: extradition of fugitives, 516; smuggling, 110, 119, 131,
139. See also corruption; murders; punishments
criminal justice system. See courts; legal systems
Crockett, Davy: life of, 536; “Speech on Electioneering,” 536 –
37
Cromwell, Oliver, 3
Crusades, 95 –96
Cushing, Caleb, 655
Cushing, William, 393 –95
customs officers: corrupt, 131, 143; search powers, 152
Dale, Thomas, 4
Danbury Baptist Association, Jefferson’s letter to, 88
Dane, Nathan, 514, 545
death penalty. See capital punishment
deaths: inheritances of widows, 20; investigations of, 18 –19;
treatment of intestate deaths, 6, 20, 93, 225. See also murders
Debate over First Amendment Language, 348 – 49
debts: under Articles of Confederation, 203 – 4; bills of
credit, 464 – 65; congressional powers, 503; constitutional
provisions, 236 –37, 239, 464 – 65, 503; interest rates, 16 –17,
532; reducing, 543 – 44, 573; usury laws, 532; Washington on,
77
Declaration and Resolves of the First Continental Congress,
154 –56
Declaration of Independence: Dickinson’s refusal to sign, 146;
drafting of, 196, 668 – 69; grievances against king, 189 –90,
668; slaves excluded from language of, 649 –50, 668 – 69,
705 – 6, 707, 709, 716, 718; text, 189 –91
Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress, 117–18
Declaratory Act, The, 135 –36
deism, 81, 84, 85, 86
Delaware: constitution, 255; ratification of U.S. Constitution,
347; Resolution responding to Virginia Resolutions, 403
democracy: distinction from republic, 248; God’s view of, 37;
Madison on, 247– 48; majority rule, 531; minority rights in,
531; Montesquieu on, 274; potential for tyranny, 256; pure,
80, 247– 48, 317; representative, 80, 180, 197, 317; support
for, 530 –31; town meetings, 18, 31
Democratic-Republican Party: admission of Texas and, 621;
divisions over slavery, 595 –96, 712 –13; Douglas on, 705;
in Illinois, 709; Jackson and, 528, 536; Jefferson and, 366,
396; loco-focos, 595; in South, 601
Demosthenes, 391
despotism: arguments supporting, 700; concentration of power
and, 76; definitions of, 291; in Europe, 700, 701; fear of,
275 – 80; of majority, 531; meaning of, 530; Paine on, 180;
potential for, 256, 312; slavery as, 698 –701; sovereignty in,
317; standing armies and, 318
“Despotism of the Majority, The” (Leggett), 530 –32
De Tocqueville, Alexis. See Tocqueville, Alexis de
Dickinson, John, 146; “Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,”
Letters V and IX, 146 –53
“Direct Taxation” (Leggett), 528 –29
index
729
direct taxes, 278, 528 –29
“Discourse at the Dedication of the Tree of Liberty, A” (“A Son
of Liberty” [Silas Downer]), 140 – 45
District of Columbia: ban on slave trade in, 600, 711; city
charter, 655; justices of the peace, 366; petitions to abolish
slave trade in, 605; slavery in, 699 –700
Dorchester Agreement, 31
Douglas, Stephen A.: Fifth Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 702 –21;
support of Compromise of 1850, 600, 702 –3
Downer, Silas, “A Discourse at the Dedication of the Tree of
Liberty,” 140 – 45
draft, military, 449 –50
Dred Scott case. See Scott v. Sandford
Duché, Reverend, 159
duties. See tariffs
“Duty of Americans, at the Present Crisis, The” (Dwight),
433 – 46
Dwight, Timothy, 433, 447; “The Duty of Americans, at the
Present Crisis,” 433 – 46
Dymond, Jonathan, 597
education: Adams’s support of, 199; benefits of, 527; blacks
barred from, 652; importance in guarding freedom, 294; of
laborers, 526; in Northwest Territory, 227; Pennsylvania
public schools, 26; in Prussia, 700; Puritan schools, 52;
Washington on importance of, 76 –77
Edwards, Jonathan, 666
Eighth Amendment: introduction in House, 339; Story’s
commentary on, 361; text, 350
elections: in Britain, 107; campaigns, 534, 536 –37; of
Connecticut colonial governments, 12 –14; corrupt, 214,
217; free, 157, 214; of governors, 217, 221–22; local, 198; of
Massachusetts colonial governments, 19; of Massachusetts
state legislature, 213, 219 –20, 221; in Northwest Territory,
226; of Pennsylvania colonial governments, 25, 26, 27, 28;
popular, 294; presidential, 237, 702; of Puritan church
officers, 53; “Speech on Electioneering” (Crockett), 536 –
37; state, 198, 217, 221–22, 536 –37. See also congressional
elections
Eleventh Amendment, 386, 395, 421
Elizabeth, Queen of England, 666
embargoes, 447, 451–52, 454 –55, 457
Emerson, John, 646, 659
England. See Britain
English bill (on Kansas), 703, 704
English Bill of Rights, 91, 106 –9, 339, 360, 361
English Civil War, 3, 41
Episcopal Church: national organization, 606; in Virginia, 79,
327
730
index
equality: belief in, 164 – 65, 208; Declaration of Independence
on, 189; Lincoln on, 705 – 6, 710; protection of law, 499 –500
“Essay I” (“Brutus”), 314 –19
“Essay V” (“Brutus”), 382 – 85
Essex Result, The, 205 –24
Europe: abolitionism in, 445; despotism in, 700, 701; enemies
of United States, 444; flights from persecution in, 183, 540;
freedom of conscience in, 44 – 45; Protestants in, 79, 352;
religious tolerance in, 44; Roman Catholics in, 352; slavery
in, 667; trade with colonies, 147. See also individual countries
Eve, 169 –70
“Examination of the Leading Principles of the Federal
Constitution, An” (Webster), 281–95
executive power: comparison to other countries, 284;
constitutional provisions, 237–38; criticism of, 278,
322; law enforcement role, 215; pardons, 278, 313, 319;
of Senate, 313, 322; in state governments, 198, 211, 215, 218,
221–23; veto, 235, 287, 491. See also governors; presidents
Executive Proviso, 608 –9
exports: agricultural, 573, 603; cotton, 618 –19. See also trade
ex post facto laws, 236, 301, 342, 463, 465 – 66
extradition, 516
extremism, 535, 628
factions: controlling through union, 243 – 49; definition of,
246; disappearance, 75; Hamilton on, 243 – 45; Madison
on, 245 – 49; removing causes of, 246 – 47; Washington on
danger of, 75 –76. See also parties
Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States, A
(Story), 458, 461– 69
families: cruelty in, 681– 83; of slaves, 675, 676, 695 –96. See also
children; marriage
Fanny v. Bryant, 696
“Farewell Address” (Washington), 72 –78
farming. See agriculture
“Federal Farmer, The,” “Letter III,” 320 –26
federal government: distinction from consolidated national
government, 250; immunity from lawsuits, 386; patronage,
453; powers, 251–52, 478; powers divided with states, 287–
88, 469, 567; seen as national government, 382 – 83. See
also Congress, U.S.; Constitution, U.S.; judiciary branch;
presidents
Federalist, The: No. 1, 241– 43; No. 9, 243 – 45; No. 10, 245 – 49;
No. 38, 661; No. 39, 249 –52; No. 47, 252 –55; No. 48, 255 –
58; No. 49, 258 – 60; No. 50, 260 – 61; No. 51, 261– 63, 560;
No. 78, 263 – 67; No. 84, 300 –304; No. 85, 305 – 8
Federalists: opposition to Bill of Rights, 300 –302, 349;
opposition to embargo of British shipping, 447; Webster’s
“Examination,” 281–95. See also Alien and Sedition Acts
federal-state relations. See nullification doctrine; states’ rights;
Supremacy Clause
Ferdinand, King of Spain, 390
fiefs, 389
Fifth Amendment: introduction in House, 338; state violations
of, 375 –77; text, 349; violated by Alien Act, 401
Fifth Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 702 –21
First Amendment: debate in House, 348 – 49, 426; freedom of
speech, 404 –5; introduction in House, 338, 426 –27;
Jefferson on, 88; objective, 426; religious establishment
prohibited, 86; religious freedom, 327, 351–54; rights of
assembly and petition, 359; Story’s commentary on, 351–59;
text, 349; violated by Sedition Act, 399, 400, 424 –27, 429,
430 –31. See also press freedom
First Continental Congress: calling of, 154; Declaration and
Resolves, 154 –56. See also Continental Congress
First Fugitive Slave Law, 583 – 84, 633
fishing: congressional power to regulate, 505; effects of War of
1812, 452; laws regulating, 10; rights, 16, 271
flag, American, 598
Florida: admission to union, 602, 603; purchase of, 514, 541,
619
foreigners: stockholders of Bank of the United States, 491–92,
496 –97. See also Alien and Sedition Acts; immigrants
foreign relations: alliances, 77–78, 201; under Articles of
Confederation, 201, 202, 203; Washington on, 74, 77–78.
See also treaties
“Fort Hill Address” (Calhoun), 565 –78
Fourth Amendment: introduction in House, 339; Story’s
commentary on, 360 – 61; text, 349
Fox, John, 687
France: army, 450; assistance in American Revolution, 71,
189; Catholicism, 71; citizenship denied to blacks, 665;
conquests, 444; Illuminati, 437; monarchy, 391; negotiations
with United States, 396, 433; philosophists, 435 –36, 441,
444; Revolution, 179, 435, 441– 42
Franklin, Benjamin: Albany Plan of Union, 229 –30;
dictionary, 281
fraud, laws on, 9, 29
Frederick II, King of Prussia, 390, 435
free blacks: behavior of, 677–78; detention in southern ports,
629; effects of presence on slaves, 589 –90; former slaves, 596,
650; preachers, 588; proposal to move from slaveholding
areas, 589 –90; regulations in Alabama Slave Code, 588;
relations with whites, 677–78; restrictions on movement
of, 652; schools, 652; support for emigration of, 631, 716;
treatment of, 650. See also blacks
freedom. See liberties
freedom of religion. See religious liberty
freedom of the press. See press freedom
Free Soil party, 622
French and Indian War, 131
French Revolution, 179, 435, 441– 42
Fugitive Slave Law of 1793, 583 – 84, 633
Fugitive Slave Law of 1850: constitutionality, 638, 644 – 45; as
part of Compromise of 1850, 600, 711; Stowe’s response to,
690; text, 633 –36; violations of, 636 –39
fugitive slave laws: Alabama Slave Code, 584 – 86, 587– 88;
colonial, 582, 583; constitutional provision, 239, 516 –17, 581,
617, 626 –27, 650; enforcement in territories, 612; first
federal, 583 – 84, 633; lack of trials, 517; Northwest
Ordinance, 228; resistance to, 605, 626, 633; second federal,
600, 633 –36, 638, 644 – 45, 690, 711
Fundamental Orders of Connecticut, 12 –14
Galesburg, Illinois, Fifth Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 702 –21
gamblers, hangings of, 519
Garrison, William Lloyd, 595 –96
Gates, Thomas, 4
George III, King of England, 189 –90
Georgia: Chisholm v. Georgia, 386 –95; constitution, 255; slave
code, 690; slavery in, 667– 68; territory ceded by, 541, 619
Gerard de Atheyes, 95
Germany: Anabaptists in, 79; Illuminati, 436 –37, 439, 444;
religious differences, 66 – 67. See also Prussia
Glorious Revolution, 101, 106
golden rule, 681
Gold Rush, 613 –14
government: as necessary evil, 179; origins of, 164 – 68, 179 – 80;
purposes, 179, 180, 196; sources of power, 291–92. See also
federal government; religion, relationship to civil
government; republican government
“Governor McDuffie’s Message” (Leggett), 595 –96
governors: command of militias, 198, 215, 222; Connecticut,
12, 13, 14; elections, 217, 221–22; Massachusetts, 205, 211,
218, 221–23; Massachusetts Bay colony, 34, 104; Northwest
Territory, 225, 226; pardons, 198, 206, 223; Pennsylvania, 25 –
26, 27; Rhode Island, 217; South Carolina, 595 –96. See also
executive power
grants, colonial, 3, 104
Granville, Earl of, 132
Great Britain. See Britain
Greece, ancient: Athenians, 391; deities, 172; goddess of liberty,
163; legal system, 389; republic, 317; slavery, 591, 614, 667
habeas corpus, writs of: Ableman v. Booth case, 637, 638,
643 – 44; in Britain, 99, 293, 301; in common law, 463;
constitutional provision, 236, 463; in Northwest Territory,
index
731
habeas corpus, writs of (c0ntinued )
227; protests against lack of, 103; right to, 275, 293; state
laws, 640; suspension by president, 414
Hamilton, Alexander: Federalist No. 1, 241– 43; Federalist
No. 9, 243 – 45; Federalist No. 78, 263 – 67; Federalist No. 84,
300 –304; Federalist No. 85, 305 – 8; Federalist papers, 241;
Leggett on, 530; “Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the
Bank of the United States,” 474, 477–90; on press freedom,
302; on slavery, 669; as treasury secretary, 474
Harris, Thomas L., 713, 714, 718, 719
Hartford Convention, 433, 550; constitutional amendments
proposed by, 454 –57; grievances, 448 –52, 453 –54; Report of,
447–57; resolutions, 456 –57
Haskell, Thomas, 684
Hayne, Robert Y., “Speech before the U.S. Senate,” 538, 548 – 64
Hebrew Congregation in Newport, Washington’s letter to, 71
Henry II, King of England, 95
Henry VIII, King of England, Oath of Supremacy and, 32
Henry, Patrick, 241
Holland. See Netherlands
Homer, 391
homosexuality, laws on, 21
Hope Dale, Milford, Massachusetts, 683
House of Commons, 118, 180 – 81, 213 –14. See also Parliament,
British
House of Lords, 284, 286. See also Parliament, British
House of Representatives, U.S.: apportionment of
representatives, 234, 286, 342, 454, 457; constitutional
provisions, 234; debate over First Amendment language,
348 – 49, 426; debates on western expansion, 547– 48;
number of members, 275, 276, 313, 320 –21, 324, 601–2;
role in execution of treaties, 460 – 61; “Speech Introducing
Proposed Constitutional Amendments” (Madison), 332 – 48;
terms of members, 287. See also Congress
Houston, Sam, 609
Hume, David, 439
hunting rights, 16, 271
Hutchinson, Anne, 34
Illinois: admission to union, 514; agriculture, 523; Douglas
as senator, 702; Fifth Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 702 –
21; Lincoln’s “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of
Springfield, Illinois,” 518 –22; Republican Party in, 707,
709, 710 –11, 718, 719; slavery banned in, 707
Illinois State Register, 713, 714
Illinois Supreme Court, 715
Illuminati, 436 –37, 439, 444
immigrants: Alien Act, 396 –97; deportation of, 414 –15, 416 –
17; eligibility for government office, 453, 455, 457; flights
732 index
from persecution in Europe, 183, 540; increase in, 473;
naturalization of, 506, 647, 653 –55; to northern states, 603;
rights of, 21; state jurisdiction over, 400
import duties. See tariffs
imports: agricultural, 508 –9; manufacturing, to colonies, 118,
129, 131, 142, 147. See also trade
imprisonment: arbitrary, 16, 98 –99, 101, 301; compensation for
wrongful, 29; for debt, 17; Pennsylvania prisons, 28, 29. See
also habeas corpus, writs of
indentured servants. See servants
independence: opponents of, 146, 159, 182 – 83; Paine’s
arguments for, 183 – 87, 188. See also Declaration of
Independence
Indiana, admission to union, 514
Indians: atrocities committed during Revolution, 655;
citizenship rights, 647; conflicts with settlers, 104, 130 –
31, 229, 540; governments, 646; land obtained from, 540;
laws regulating conduct with, 8; in Northwest Territory, 227;
prohibition of intermarriage with whites, 651, 652; rights of,
646 – 47; seen as savages, 655; trade with, 6, 144, 202, 504,
505 – 6, 514; treaties with, 646; wars with, 201
internal improvements: construction of, 473; federal powers,
491, 501, 581; funding, 501, 551; Jackson’s policies, 536;
Southern opposition to, 552, 581; Southern support for,
551; supporters, 491, 518
international trade. See trade
Iowa, admission to union, 602
Ireland: British rule of, 124 –26, 129, 132, 687– 88; nationalists,
596; poverty, 687– 88, 689
Islam: conversions, 84; establishment of, 79; seen in decline,
445
Jackson, Andrew: opponents, 536; as president, 491; supporters,
528; “Veto Message,” 491–500; veto of Bank of United States
charter, 491–500, 533, 720
James I, King of England: colonial charters, 117; conflict with
Parliament, 3; oaths to, 32, 44; speech to Parliament, 44
James II, King of England: abdication, 106, 107, 108; actions
leading to Glorious Revolution, 101, 106
Jay, John, Federalist papers, 241
Jefferson, Thomas: “A Bill for Establishing Religious
Freedom,” 330 –31; on church-state separation, 88; on
courts, 715; Declaration of Independence, 189, 668 – 69;
Democratic-Republican Party and, 366, 396; draft of
Virginia constitution, 258; eccentricities, 668 – 69; on
federal and state powers, 559, 566, 570 –71; Kentucky
Resolutions, 396, 399 – 402, 561; “Letter to the Danbury
Baptist Association,” 88; Louisiana Purchase, 473, 503;
“Notes on the State of Virginia,” 257, 258, 590 –91;
“Opinion against the Constitutionality of a National Bank,”
474 –77; as president, 88, 366; as slave owner, 707, 709;
on slavery, 590 –91, 709; Virginia Resolutions, 396, 398 –
99
Jennings v. Fundeberg, 693 –94
Jesuits, 435
Jews: ceremonial laws, 161, 162; citizenship rights, 445;
Connecticut certificate law and, 84; converts to
Christianity, 162, 445; genealogies, 171; Hebrew
Congregation in Newport, Washington’s letter to,
71; in Roman empire, 47, 171, 172; slavery among,
614, 679
John, King of England, 92
Johnson, Joseph, 682
John the Cicero, 83
Judaism. See Jews
judges: appointment of colonial, 27, 128, 152; appointment of
federal, 264, 266 – 67; appointment of state, 198, 216, 223; in
Britain, 151–52; censure of, 16; elected, 128; impeachment of,
199; independence of, 151–52, 215 –16; removal of, 199, 216;
tenure of, 264, 266 – 67
Judiciary Act of 1789, 366, 371, 643
judiciary branch: authority to declare laws unconstitutional,
265, 461; constitutional provisions, 238, 263 – 67; federal
jurisdiction, 272, 290, 393 –94; independence, 198 –99,
264 – 66, 316; powers, 325, 569, 642; proposed constitutional
amendments, 272. See also courts; judges; legal systems; state
courts; Supreme Court
jury trials: in Britain, 107, 152; challenges to jurors, 17, 28;
constitutional provision, 238, 276, 277, 290, 313, 326;
in criminal cases, 276, 277; length of jury service, 18;
in Massachusetts, 17, 20; in Northwest Territory, 227;
packed juries, 103, 152; in Pennsylvania, 28; proposed
constitutional amendments, 271; right to, 94, 116, 118,
155, 156, 157, 158, 190, 216, 227, 340
justice system. See legal systems
Juvenal, 681
Kansas: admission to union, 702; Lecompton Constitution,
703 –5, 712; slavery issue, 703 –5
Kansas-Nebraska Act: Douglas’s support of, 702 –3; opposition
to, 713; states’ rights in, 708; text, 702
Kendall, Amos, 491
Kent, James: Commentaries on American Law, 358, 652 –53; The
People v. Ruggles, 363 – 65
Kentucky: admission to union, 514; as territory, 546
Kentucky Resolutions, 396, 561, 565; opposition to, 406, 407;
text, 399 – 402
King, Rufus, 596, 617, 631
laborers: agricultural, 525 –27, 687; in Britain, 685 – 87, 688;
mud-sill theory, 525, 526, 665; relations with capital, 525 –26;
slaves compared to, 628 –29, 665, 672 –73, 677, 685
land, public. See public lands
Lanphier, Charles H., 713, 714, 718, 719
launderers and laundresses, 7, 9
laws: Caligula’s, 83; Kansas-Nebraska Act, 702 –3, 708, 713;
Northwest Ordinance, 225 –28, 514 –15; reverence for, 520,
522; Supreme Court power to declare unconstitutional,
366 –74, 561, 562, 642. See also British laws; colonial laws;
common law; fugitive slave laws; nullification doctrine; slave
codes
Lecompton Constitution, 703 –5, 712
Lee, Richard Henry, 196, 320
legal systems: British, 93, 94, 99, 106, 151–52, 312; cruel and
unusual punishment, 18, 107, 227; double jeopardy, 18;
due process in, 99; extradition, 516; in Massachusetts,
18; in Pennsylvania, 28; presumption of innocence, 211;
punishments, 18; rights in, 18; rights of accused, 157, 271;
transportation of accused to Britain, 154. See also capital
punishment; common law; courts; judiciary branch; jury
trials; laws
Leggett, William, 528; “Abolition Insolence,” 598 –99; “Chief
Justice Marshall,” 529 –30; “The Despotism of the Majority,”
530 –32; “Direct Taxation,” 528 –29; “Governor McDuffie’s
Message,” 595 –96; “Morals of Legislation,” 532 –33; “The
Morals of Politics,” 533 –35; newspaper editorials, 528 –35,
595 –99; opposition to slavery, 595; “The Question of
Slavery, Narrowed to a Point,” 596 –98
Legislative Council, Northwest Territory, 226 –27
legislative powers, 237
legislatures. See colonial legislatures; Congress, U.S.;
Continental Congress; Parliament, British; state legislatures
Legrand v. Darnall, 656 –58
Leland, John, “The Rights of Conscience Inalienable,” 79 – 87
“Letter I” (“Centinel”), 309 –13
“Letter III” (“The Federal Farmer”), 320 –26
“Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania,” Letters V and IX
(Dickinson), 146 –53
“Letter to the Danbury Baptist Association” ( Jefferson), 88
“Letter to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport”
(Washington), 71
“Letter to the Roman Catholics in the United States of
America” (Washington), 70 –71
“Letter to the United Baptist Churches in Virginia”
(Washington), 70
libel. See slander
liberties: Biblical references to, 161– 62; individual, 15 –16;
Locke on, 163; political, 208; relationship to authority, 35;
index
733
liberties (continued )
spiritual, 162. See also press freedom; religious liberty;
rights
Lincoln, Abraham: “Address to the Wisconsin State
Agricultural Society, Milwaukee, Wisconsin,” 518, 522 –
27; “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield,
Illinois,” 518 –22; on Dred Scott case, 714 –15; election as
president, 702; on equality of blacks and whites, 705 – 6, 710;
Fifth Lincoln-Douglas Debate, 702 –21; political career, 518;
on slavery, 708, 709 –10, 712, 714 –15
Lincoln-Douglas Debate, Fifth, 702 –21
“Little Speech on Liberty” (Winthrop), 34 –35
livestock: laws regulating treatment of, 7, 21; rights of owners,
93 –94; use in agriculture, 524. See also animals
loans. See debts
local governments: Dorchester Agreement, 31; elections, 198; in
Massachusetts, 19, 20; town meetings, 18, 31
Locke, John: defense of resistance, 175; on liberty, 163; on
liberty of conscience, 353; on social compact, 165 – 66
loco-focos, 595
London, 93
Louisiana: admission to union, 514, 603, 619; cholera epidemic,
677; free blacks in, 677–78; slave code, 690, 693
Louisiana Purchase, 541, 662; debt incurred, 503; effects of, 473;
states formed from, 514, 594, 602, 603, 619. See also Missouri
Compromise
Louis XIV, King of France, 391
Luther, Martin, 46
lynchings, 518
Madison, James: Federalist No. 10, 245 – 49; Federalist No. 38,
661; Federalist No. 39, 249 –52; Federalist No. 47, 252 –
55; Federalist No. 48, 255 –58; Federalist No. 49, 258 – 60;
Federalist No. 50, 260 – 61; Federalist No. 51, 261– 63;
Federalist papers, 241; Kentucky Resolutions, 396, 399 –
402; Leland as ally, 79; Marbury v. Madison, 366 –
74; “Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious
Assessments,” 327–30; as president, 351, 491, 501–2, 551;
Report of Virginia House of Delegates, 396, 408 –32, 560 –
61, 562, 565, 570; as secretary of state, 366; on slavery,
617; “Speech Introducing Proposed Constitutional
Amendments,” 332 – 48; “Veto Message,” 501–2, 551;
view of slavery, 669; Virginia Plan, 231–32
Magna Charta, 125, 131; application to English colonists, 91,
103, 119, 132, 141; rights excluded from, 339 – 40; rights
granted, 91, 293; text, 92 –97
Mahomet, 84, 196
Maine: admission to union, 514, 594; rights of blacks, 653
mandamus, writs of, 366 –74
734 index
manufacturing: British exports to colonies, 118, 129, 131, 142,
147; effects of War of 1812, 452; importance, 578; in Northern
states, 74, 491, 508, 538; protection of, 505, 507–10, 511, 538,
572, 603; restrictions on colonial, 110, 143 – 44; ship building,
511
Marbury, William, 366
Marbury v. Madison (Marshall), 366 –74
Marksbury, Samuel, 695 –96
marriage: analogy to authority of government, 35; cruelty in,
681– 83; interracial, 649, 651, 652; rights of women in, 20;
of slaves, 674, 675, 676; women’s refusal of non– church
members, 37
Marshall, John, 366; Barron v. the Mayor and City Council of
Baltimore, 375 –77; criticism of, 530; Marbury v. Madison,
366 –74; tributes after death of, 529 –30
martial law: in Britain, 98, 99; in Virginia, 4
Mary II, Queen of England, 101, 106, 107–9, 119
Maryland: ban on interracial marriage, 649; Barron v. the
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 375 –77; constitution,
255; religious toleration, 64; Roman Catholics in, 32, 64;
state legislature, 283
Maryland Act for Church Liberties, 64
Maryland Act for Swearing Allegiance, 32 –33
Maryland Law Deeming Runaway Apprentices to be Felons,
582 – 83
Maryland Resolutions Protesting against Pennsylvanians, 584
Masonic societies, 436
Massachusetts (state): ban on interracial marriage, 651;
constitution, 196; Essex Result, 205 –24; governors, 205,
211, 218, 221–23; legislature, 66, 205, 210 –11, 213 –14, 216 –18,
219 –21, 223, 447, 627; property taxes, 220 –21; Resolution
responding to Virginia Resolutions, 403 – 6, 565; slavery
in, 669; status of Congregational Church, 79; western
land claims, 542; women of Hope Dale, 683. See also
Massachusetts state constitution
Massachusetts Bay colony: banishment of Hutchinson, 34;
banishment of Williams, 42; ban on interracial marriage,
649; “Boston Declaration of Grievances,” 101, 102 –5;
charter, 102; debt, 126; elections, 19; General Courts, 19 –
20, 48; governors, 34, 104; grievances against government of,
102 –5; Law on Capture and Protection of Servants, 582; legal
system, 16 –18; legislature, 19; magistrates, 16 –18, 34 –35, 62 –
63; Mayflower Compact, 11; opposition to Stamp Act, 115 –
16, 117–18; “A Platform of Church Discipline,” 48 – 63;
Puritan settlement, 11; rights in, 15 –22; self-government, 11,
19; slave trade, 667; town governments, 19, 20
Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 15 –22
Massachusetts state constitution: bill of rights, 205, 209, 212,
217; election of congressional representatives, 218 –19; Essex
Result on, 205 –24; executive power, 215, 218, 221–23;
judiciary branch, 215 –16, 223; legislature, 213 –14, 216 –
18, 219 –21, 223; press freedom, 357; proposals, 219 –24;
religious freedom, 206; separation of powers, 205 – 6,
254
Massachusetts superior court, writs of assistance, 119
Mather, Cotton, 666
Mather, Richard, “A Platform of Church Discipline,” 48 – 63
Mayflower Compact, 11
McDuffie, George, 547– 48, 550, 595 –96
“Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments”
(Madison), 327–30
merchants: regulation of, 129; rights of, 94, 130. See also trade
Methodist Episcopal Church, 606, 615, 673
Mexican War, 622; opposition to, 621; territory annexed
following, 602, 603, 608 –9, 613, 614, 621, 717
Michigan, admission to union, 514, 610
military: British, 104, 106, 107, 318; draft, 449 –50; exemptions
from service, 279; French, 450; limits on state powers, 468;
president as commander in chief, 238, 449; as source of
government power, 292; subordination to civil government,
158, 271; Washington on, 74. See also quartering troops;
standing armies
militias: under Articles of Confederation, 201, 203; command
by governors, 198, 215, 222; congressional power over, 236,
279 – 80, 290, 316, 324, 448 –50; defense of states, 451, 452;
laws on, 199; membership restricted to white males, 652, 655;
of Northwest Territory, 226; officers, 222, 324, 536; president
as commander in chief, 238; provincial, 131; relationship to
agriculture, 591–92; state control, 271–72, 324, 325, 447, 449,
456; toast to, 592; use out of home state, 222; Virginia Bill of
Rights statement on, 158
Milton, John, 199, 535, 596, 598
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, Lincoln’s “Address to the Wisconsin
State Agricultural Society,” 518, 522 –27
ministers. See clergy
Minnesota, admission to union, 602
minority rights: in democracies, 531; Madison on, 263;
protection of, 558 –59
Mississippi: admission to union, 514, 619; mob violence, 519;
slave code, 694 –95
Mississippi v. Jones, 694 –95
Missouri: admission to union, 514, 594, 603, 619; lynchings in,
519. See also Scott v. Sandford
Missouri Compromise, 596; admission of Texas and, 620;
Calhoun on, 602; declared unconstitutional, 646, 659 – 64;
effects of Kansas-Nebraska Act, 702; text, 594; Webster on,
624
mob violence, Lincoln’s address on, 518 –22
monarchies: authority, 170, 174; Paine on, 180 – 81; potential for
tyranny, 256; standing armies, 318; tyrannies, 180, 391. See
also Britain
money: paper, 465. See also coining money
monopolies: bank, 532; Bank of the United States as, 491–92;
criticism of, 533; patents and copyrights, 236, 496
Montesquieu: on democracy, 274; on relationship between
religion and state, 68, 352; on religious liberty, 66; on
republics, 244 – 45, 317; on separation of powers, 252 –53,
277–78; Spirit of Laws, 274, 293, 317, 352; on taxation power,
311
“Morals of Legislation” (Leggett), 532 –33
“Morals of Politics, The” (Leggett), 533 –35
mud-sill theory, 525, 526, 665
Muhammad, 84, 96
mulattoes, prohibition of intermarriage with whites, 649, 651,
652
murders: of family members, 682; punishment for, 5, 21; of
slaves, 693 –95
national bank. See Bank of the United States
naturalization laws, 506, 647, 653 –55
navigation, regulation of, 505, 511
navy: American, 451; British, 686
Nebraska, admission to union, 702. See also Kansas-Nebraska
Act
Necessary and Proper Clause, 236, 609, 643; application to
Bank of United States issue, 474, 475 –76, 478 – 80; concerns
about states’ rights and, 382 – 85; debates on interpretation
of, 474, 478 – 80; Hamilton on, 478 – 80; Jackson on, 495 –
97; Jefferson on, 475; as justification for Sedition Act, 423 –
24; limits on, 401; objections to, 315, 316; potential abuse of,
341; Story’s commentary on, 461– 62; Supreme Court
rulings, 495
negroes. See blacks; free blacks; slaves
Netherlands: colonies, 122; exports, 131; legislative assembly,
197, 212, 214; republican government, 249; taxes, 323
New England: defense of, 451; opposition to War of 1812, 447;
revolt (1689), 101–2; town meetings, 18, 31. See also Northern
states; and individual states
New Hampshire: constitution, 254; militia law, 652; Resolution
responding to Virginia Resolutions, 407
New Haven colony, 12, 83
New Jersey: absence of established church, 81; constitution,
254; state legislature, 541
New Jersey Plan, 231, 232 –33
New Mexico: admission to union, 600, 614, 711, 712; as free
state, 614, 624 –25
New-Orleans True American, 597
index
735
Newport, Rhode Island: Hebrew Congregation in,
Washington’s letter to, 71; slave trade, 667
newspaper editorials, of Leggett, 528 –35, 595 –99
New York (state): absence of established church, 81;
constitution, 254, 300; criticism of legislature, 532 –33;
Resolution responding to Virginia Resolutions, 406
New York Supreme Court, 363
New York Tribune, 685
Nicholas I, Czar of Russia, 701
Ninth Amendment: Story’s commentary on, 361; text, 350
nobility, titles forbidden in United States, 201, 236, 301, 464,
468
nobles, English: Magna Charta and, 92 –97; Puritans, 36
non-conformists. See Protestants, dissenters
North Carolina: constitution, 255; fugitive slave law, 583;
patrols, 692; slave code, 692 –93, 697
North Carolina Law against Entertaining Runaways, 583
North Carolina Supreme Court, 690 –91, 692 –93
Northern states: abolitionism, 604 – 6, 615, 627–28; efforts to
limit western expansion, 538, 546, 547; emigration, 603;
laborers, 628 –29, 665, 672 –73, 677, 685; manufacturing
interests, 74, 452, 491, 508, 509, 538; populations, 601–2,
603, 619; poverty, 685; Republican Party in, 705; slavery in,
581, 651, 666, 670; slave trade, 651, 667; support for tariffs,
572; Webster’s defense of, 544 – 47, 548; working conditions,
665. See also New England; regional differences; and
individual states
Northwest Ordinance: Southern support, 618; Story’s
commentary on, 514 –15; text, 225 –28; Webster on,
545 – 46
Northwest Territory: cession by Virginia, 541, 617, 631, 661;
education in, 227; elections, 226; government of, 225 –27;
Indians in, 227; Legislative Council, 226 –27; rights in, 227,
515; slavery banned in, 546, 602, 617–18; states formed from,
228, 514, 610
“Notes on the State of Virginia” ( Jefferson), 257, 258, 590 –91
nullification doctrine: Calhoun on, 565 –71; Hayne on, 559 – 63;
Kentucky Resolutions, 396, 399 – 402, 565; opposition to,
396, 554, 566; Southern support for, 565 –71; Virginia
Resolutions, 396, 398 –99, 565. See also states’ rights;
Virginia Resolutions
oaths: in England, 32, 108; importance of, 67; Maryland
Act for Swearing Allegiance, 32 –33; Oath of Supremacy,
32; Plymouth Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity, 32, 33;
presidential, 237; uses, 32; of witnesses, 29
obedience: active, 173; to authority, 160, 162 – 63, 168 –73, 175 –
78; Christian, 162 – 63, 174 –75, 680; to God, 171–72; passive,
173 –74, 177–78
O’Connell, Daniel, 596
736
index
Ohio: admission to union, 514; settlement of, 540
“On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience, and Non-resistance”
(Boucher), 159 –78
O’Neill, Judge, 692
“Opinion against the Constitutionality of a National Bank”
( Jefferson), 474 –77
“Opinion as to the Constitutionality of the Bank of the United
States” (Hamilton), 474, 477–90
Oregon: admission to union, 602, 611; territorial government,
625
Otis, James, 119; “The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted
and Proved,” 119 –34
Ottoman Empire, 79, 687
Paine, Thomas, 179; “Age of Reason,” 363; arguments for
independence, 183 – 87, 188; Common Sense, 179 – 88;
proposals for new government, 187– 88
pardons: by governors, 198, 206, 223; power of, 223, 254, 255; by
president, 278, 313, 319
Parliament, British: authority over colonies, 120, 125, 126 –27,
132, 135 –36, 149 –50, 153 –54, 155; colonists’ grievances
against, 154 –56; conflict with James I, 3; elections, 107;
English Bill of Rights, 91, 106 –9, 339, 360, 361; frequency
of sessions, 107; House of Commons, 118, 180 – 81, 213 –14;
House of Lords, 284, 286; jurisdiction, 419 –20, 424; lack
of colonial representation in, 115, 118, 121, 122, 123 –24, 132,
141– 42, 155; legislative role, 106, 135 –36; letter from Roger
Williams, 42 – 43; Long Parliament, 214, 355; Petition of
Right, 98 –100, 360; petitions to, 359; promotion of slave
trade, 667; sovereignty of, 391. See also British laws
Parsons, Theophilus, 205
parties: influence of, 531; national, 607, 705; Washington on
dangers of, 75 –76. See also Democratic-Republican Party;
factions; Republican Party; Whig Party
Partridge, Ralph, “A Platform of Church Discipline,” 48 – 63
pastors. See clergy
patents, constitutional provision, 236, 496
Paterson, William, New Jersey Plan, 231, 232 –33
patrols: in Alabama, 584 – 86; in North Carolina, 692
peasants, British, 685 – 87, 688
Peel, Sir Robert, 530, 531
Penn, William: Charter of Liberties and Frame of Government
of the Province of Pennsylvania in America, 23 –30;
Pennsylvania Act for Freedom of Conscience, 64 – 65
Pennsylvania: Charter of Liberties and Frame of Government,
23 –30; colonial General Assembly, 25, 26, 27, 28; colonial
government structure, 25 –28; constitution, 254, 257–
58, 260 – 61, 279, 309, 311; convention to ratify U.S.
Constitution, 268 – 80; council of censors, 257–58, 260 –
61; executive department, 257–58; fugitive slaves in, 584;
prisons, 28, 29; Provincial Council, 25 –26, 28, 30; public
schools, 26; religious liberty, 23, 30, 64 – 65, 81; state
legislature, 257–58, 283, 311
Pennsylvania Act for Freedom of Conscience, 64 – 65
People v. Ruggles, The (Kent), 363 – 65
Persia, Islam in, 445
petition, right of: in Britain, 117, 118, 359; in colonies, 155; First
Amendment, 359. See also First Amendment
Petition of Right, 98 –100, 360
Philadelphia Freeman’s Journal, 309
Philadelphia Independent Gazetteer, 309
philosophists, French, 435 –36, 441, 444
“Platform of Church Discipline, A” (Cotton, Mather, and
Partridge), 48 – 63
Plato, 167
Plymouth Oath of Allegiance and Fidelity, 32, 33
Poland: government of, 249; religious tolerance in, 44
politicians: as demagogues, 534; goals of, 533 –34; “Speech on
Electioneering” (Crockett), 536 –37. See also elections
Polk, James, 614, 625
Pope, Alexander, 196
population growth: between 1790 and 1840, 601–2; censuses,
601–2; effects of, 473, 619; effects on balance of power in
Congress, 601–2, 603
post offices: under Articles of Confederation, 202 –3; in Britain,
135, 142; constitutional provision, 236, 323, 462
poverty: in Britain, 687– 89; in Ireland, 687– 88, 689; in
Northern states, 685
preachers. See clergy
Presbyterian Church, 606
presidents: elections, 237, 702; oath of office, 237; proposed
term limit, 455 –56, 457; qualifications, 237; role as
commander in chief, 238, 449; succeeding president
from same state, 456, 457. See also executive power
press freedom: in Britain, 355 –56, 424 –25; freedom from
previous restraint, 356, 357, 424, 425; Hamilton on, 302;
limits on, 354 –55; meaning of, 405; proposed constitutional
amendments, 271, 313; protected by state laws, 288;
relationship to freedom of conscience, 430 –31; in state
constitutions, 357, 358; Story’s commentary on, 354 –59;
violated by Sedition Act, 399, 400, 424 –27, 429, 430 –31;
Virginia Bill of Rights statement on, 158. See also First
Amendment
priests. See clergy
prisons, in Pennsylvania, 28, 29. See also imprisonment
promised land, America as, 140 – 41
property: slaves as, 650, 663 – 64, 681, 691–94, 698, 707, 708,
714 –15; as source of government power, 292 –94
property rights: compensation for property taken by
government, 227; under Magna Charta, 93 –94;
Massachusetts Body of Liberties, 16; of slaves, 587,
670 –71
Protestants: Anabaptists, 79; Calvinists, 67; conflicts among,
67; differences over slavery, 606, 615 –16; dissenters, 32,
36, 41, 66, 79, 84, 85; in Europe, 79, 352; national
denominations, 606; privileged status of churches, 79,
327; Reformation, 434; splits in denominations, 606,
615. See also Baptists; Christianity; Church of England;
Puritans
Providence, Rhode Island, founding of colony, 64
Providence Agreement, 64
Prussia: education in, 700; legal system, 390
public lands: former crown lands, 199, 541; sales of, 538, 539,
541, 542, 543, 545; sources of, 541– 42. See also territories
punishments: for blasphemy, 4 –5, 21, 63, 65; censure of
Puritans, 59; for murder, 5, 21; of Romans, 361; of slaves, 671,
696 –97. See also capital punishment
Puritans: admission of members, 56 –57; censure of members,
58 – 60; church government, 48 – 49, 54 –55; church
membership required for political participation, 36,
48; church officers, 51–54, 55 –56; citizenship of, 36; as
“City upon a Hill,” 34; communion of churches, 60 – 61;
congregations, 49 –50, 51; deacons, 52 –53, 56; departure of
members, 57–58; elders, 51, 52, 54, 55; in England, 3, 36;
excommunication, 59; leaders, 34, 42; Mayflower Compact,
11; new congregations, 61; ordinations, 53 –54; pastors, 52;
“A Platform of Church Discipline,” 48 – 63; Plymouth Oath
of Allegiance and Fidelity, 32, 33; synods, 61– 62; teachers,
52; transfers of members, 58, 61. See also Cotton, John;
Williams, Roger
Quakers, 291
quartering troops: in Britain, 98, 99, 106, 360; in colonies, 144,
156, 190, 290; Third Amendment, 338, 349, 360
Quebec, Roman Catholicism in, 156
“Question of Slavery, Narrowed to a Point, The” (Leggett),
596 –98
race. See blacks
Randolph, Edmund, 231, 474
Randolph, Jefferson, 627, 628
Ransom, James, 684 – 85
regional differences: balance of power, 453, 454, 601–2, 603;
issues, 581, 595, 626 –29; in Jackson’s era, 491; on slavery, 581,
601, 615 –16; social structures, 321; on tariffs, 565, 572 –73,
581; on western expansion, 538. See also Northern states;
Southern states; states’ rights
Reid, Dr., 387
“Relative Position and Treatment of the Negroes, The”
(Sawyer), 665 – 80
index
737
religion: in colonial charters, 12, 23; in common law, 363 – 65;
duties, 5; Islam, 79, 84, 445; in Massachusetts laws, 21–22;
in Pennsylvania laws, 30, 64 – 65; public service and, 72;
relationship to politics, 41, 48; rights of churches, 21–22;
schisms, 63, 606, 615; in Virginia laws, 4 –5, 9, 327; wars
defending, 439 – 40. See also Bible; Christianity; Jews;
Protestants; Roman Catholics
religion, relationship to civil government: in Britain, 41; church
membership required for political participation, 30, 36,
48, 64, 65, 79; clerical influence, 83; compatibility, 38, 62,
352; Cotton on, 36 –37, 38; duty to support government,
442 – 45; established churches, 79, 80 – 81, 82 – 83, 86, 327;
foundations of government, 23, 164 – 68; in Massachusetts
Bay colony, 48, 62 – 63; Montesquieu on, 68, 352; obedience
to civil authority, 162 – 63, 168 –73; preferences for one
denomination, 67– 68; Protestantism, 352; punishment of
blasphemy, 4 –5, 21, 63, 65; support of religion, 352 –53; taxes
supporting churches, 86, 327–30; Washington on, 70. See
also church-state separation
religious liberty: arguments supporting, 66; Jefferson on, 330 –
31; Leland on, 86 – 87; Madison on, 327–30; in Maryland,
64; in Massachusetts, 21–22, 206, 217; “Memorial and
Remonstrance against Religious Assessments” (Madison),
327–30; for minority religions, 41, 84; for non-Christians,
64, 65; in Pennsylvania, 23, 30, 64 – 65; People v. Ruggles,
363 – 65; in Poland, 44; proposed constitutional
amendments, 271; in Rhode Island, 42, 64, 348; Story’s
commentary on, 351–54; in United States, 70 –71; Virginia
Bill of Rights statement on, 158; Washington on, 70 –71;
Williams’s arguments for, 45; Worcestriensis, 66 – 68. See also
First Amendment
Report of the Hartford Convention, 447–57
Report of Virginia House of Delegates, 396, 408 –32, 560 – 61,
562, 565, 570
republican government: Adams on, 196 –99; arguments
supporting, 196 –99; consistency of Constitution with
principles, 249 –52; controlling factions with, 243 – 49;
definitions of, 197, 249 –50; distinction from pure
democracy, 248; geographical limits on, 244, 272 –73,
312, 317–19; history of, 243, 317; Madison on, 248 – 49;
minority rights, 263; Montesquieu on, 244 – 45; principles,
208 –16, 243 – 44
Republican Party: Douglas on, 705, 721; in Illinois, 707, 709,
710 –11, 718, 719; position on slavery, 712 –13, 719 –20
Resolutions of the Virginia House of Burgesses, 117
Responses to the Virginia Resolutions, 396, 403 –7, 565
Revolutionary War: battles in Boston, 184; crown lands
obtained in, 199, 541; debts, 503; French assistance,
71, 189; Indian atrocities, 655; popular participation,
738 index
521–22; start of, 182. See also Declaration of
Independence
revolutions: distinction from rebellions, 175. See also French
Revolution
Rhode Island: absence of established church, 81; ban on
interracial marriage, 652; elected judges, 128; founding
of colony, 42, 64; governors, 217; Hebrew Congregation
in Newport, Washington’s letter to, 71; laws, 84 – 85, 86;
religious freedom, 42, 64, 348; Resolution responding to
Virginia Resolutions, 403; senate, 282; state legislature,
447
Richard I, King of England, 95
Richardson v. Dukes, 694
rights: of accused, 157, 271; alienable, 208, 209; of animals, 21;
of assembly and petition, 359; of children, 16, 18, 20; of
churches, 21–22; civil, 35; free speech, 107, 271, 354; of
immigrants, 21; of Indians, 646 – 47; inherent, 157, 208; to
jury trial, 94, 116, 118, 155, 156, 157, 158, 190, 216, 227, 340;
of merchants, 94, 130; minority, 263, 531, 558 –59; natural, 35,
141; in Northwest Territory, 225, 227, 515; of servants, 20 –21;
of slaves, 695; trees as symbol of, 140; unalienable, 80, 189,
208, 209, 669; voting, 157, 213, 491, 656; of women, 16,
20. See also Bill of Rights; Magna Charta; press freedom;
religious liberty; states’ rights
rights, of colonists: in colonial charters, 117, 189; Declaration
and Resolves of the First Continental Congress, 154 –56;
Declarations of the Stamp Act Congress, 117–18; derived
from Magna Charta, 91, 103, 119, 132, 141; “A Discourse at
the Dedication of the Tree of Liberty” (Downer), 140 – 45;
as Englishmen, 91, 117, 118, 140; Massachusetts Body of
Liberties, 15 –22; “The Rights of the British Colonies
Asserted and Proved” (Otis), 119 –34; Virginia Bill of
Rights, 157–58
“Rights of Conscience Inalienable, The” (Leland), 79 – 87
“Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved, The”
(Otis), 119 –34
Riley, Bennett, 610, 614
Rives, William C., 596 –97, 598
roads. See internal improvements
Robison, Professor, 444
Roman Catholics: in Britain, 32, 44, 46, 92, 106, 108, 109; in
British Army, 104; Connecticut certificate law and, 84; in
Europe, 352; in France, 71; history of church, 85 – 86; Jesuits,
435; in Maryland, 32, 64; popes, 44, 79, 435; in Quebec, 156;
suppressed orders, 435; Washington’s letter to, 70 –71. See also
Christianity
Romans: Christianity, 79, 83; deities, 171; executive power, 284;
goddess of liberty, 163; laws, 694; marriages, 681; property as
source of power, 292 –93; punishments, 361; republic, 317,
567; rule of Israel, 47, 171, 172; senate, 284, 286, 291–92;
slavery, 591, 615, 667, 671; standing army, 128
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 207, 682
Ruffin, Judge, 690 –91, 697–98
Ruggles, The People v. (Kent), 363 – 65
runaways: apprentices, 582 – 83; servants, 20, 582 – 83. See also
fugitive slave laws
Russia, despotism in, 701
Sabbath, observation of: as duty, 439 – 40; laws on, 5, 30; in
Pennsylvania, 27, 65
sailors: abuse of, 684 – 85; congressional power to regulate, 505;
distinction between citizens and blacks, 655; impressment,
686; restrictions on trade with, 6 –7, 9; taxes on, 133
Sanford, F. A., 646, 659. See also Scott v. Sandford
Sawyer, George S., 665; “The Abolitionists— Consistency of
Their Labors,” 680 – 89; “The Relative Position and
Treatment of the Negroes,” 665 – 80
schools. See education
Scott, Dred, 646 – 64
Scott v. Sandford, 646 – 64, 708, 714 –15, 720
searches: by customs officers, 152; for runaway slaves, 693,
694
search warrants: general, 360 – 61; proposed constitutional
amendments, 271; Virginia Bill of Rights statement on,
157–58. See also Fourth Amendment
secession: considered by Southern states, 601, 606 –7; Webster’s
opposition to, 629 –30
Second Amendment: introduction in House, 338; Story’s
commentary on, 359 – 60; text, 349
Second Continental Congress. See Continental Congress
Second Fugitive Slave Law. See Fugitive Slave Law of 1850
Sedition Act. See Alien and Sedition Acts
Senate, U.S.: Compromise of 1850 debate, 600 – 632;
constitutional provisions, 234 –35; equal representation
of states, 285, 286, 313, 321–22; executive powers, 313, 322;
impeachments, 322 –23; judicial powers of, 277; number
of members, 275; powers of, 284 – 86; qualifications of
members, 234 –35, 282; role in treaties, 238; terms of
members, 286; Webster-Calhoun debate, 600 – 632;
Webster-Hayne debate, 538 – 64. See also Congress
separation of powers: Adams’s arguments for, 197, 198 –99, 310;
arguments supporting, 211–12; in British constitution, 155,
253; discussion in The Federalist, 252 – 63, 560; Jefferson
on, 257; Madison on, 252 – 63; maintaining, 255 – 63; in
Massachusetts state constitution, 205 – 6, 254; Montesquieu
on, 252 –53, 277–78; proposed constitutional amendments,
272; in state governments, 211–12, 222 –23, 253 –55; Virginia
Bill of Rights statement on, 157; Washington on, 76
sermons: “The Duty of Americans, at the Present Crisis”
(Dwight), 433 – 46; “On Civil Liberty, Passive Obedience,
and Non-resistance” (Boucher), 159 –78; on political topics,
140, 159 – 60; “Rights of Conscience Inalienable, The”
(Leland), 79 – 87
servants: beating, 20; compared to slaves, 675; indentured,
20 –21, 581, 582; registers, 29; rights of, 20 –21; runaway, 20,
582 – 83; treatment of, 20, 29
Seventh Amendment, 350
ship building, 511
shipwrecks, 21, 505
Sixth Amendment: introduction in House, 339; text, 349
slander: of government officials, 5 – 6; laws against, 29 –30; in
press, 354 –55
slave codes, 690 –98; Alabama, 584 – 88; Georgia, 690;
Louisiana, 690, 693; Mississippi, 694 –95; North Carolina,
692 –93, 697; South Carolina, 690, 692
slavery: in Britain, 686 – 89; compared to British living
conditions, 686 – 89; compared to parent-child relationship,
691; Compromise of 1850, 600 – 632, 702 –3, 711–12;
constitutional provisions, 234, 236, 239, 291, 581, 617–18,
650, 714 –15; defenses of, 291, 589 –92, 597, 598, 604, 618 –19,
665 – 80, 699, 700; definition of, 686; as despotism, 698 –
701; as evil, 597–98, 616 –17, 623, 679 – 80; Fifth LincolnDouglas Debate, 702 –21; history of, 591, 614 –15, 665 –70,
679; as institution, 618 –19, 628; Jefferson on, 590 –91;
Lincoln on, 708, 709 –10, 712, 714 –15; Massachusetts laws
on, 21; in new states, 594, 600, 602 –3, 614, 624 –25, 702 –5,
711; in North, 581, 651, 666, 670; opponents of, 213, 595;
prohibited in Northwest Territory, 228; regional differences,
581, 601, 615 –16; Republican Party position, 712 –13, 719 –20;
right of states to decide on, 702 –3, 707–9; Scott v. Sandford,
646 – 64, 708, 714 –15, 720; seen as beneficial to slaves, 667,
672 –73, 677, 678, 681; as sin, 679; in South, 581, 589 –92;
Stowe’s essays on, 690 –701; in Texas, 619 –24; views at time
of adoption of Constitution, 616 –18, 669 –70; white, 685;
Wilmot Proviso, 608 –9, 621, 622, 623 –24, 625. See also
abolitionism; fugitive slave laws; Missouri Compromise
“Slavery” (Taylor), 589 –92
“Slavery Is Despotism” (Stowe), 698 –701
slaves: arrests of fugitives, 228, 516 –17, 581; benevolence of
masters, 676; children, 676, 695; citizenship denied to,
646 –58, 664; clothing, 673; compared to animals, 676,
692; compared to hired servants, 675; compared to northern
laborers, 628 –29, 665, 672 –73, 677, 685; cruelty to, 681,
692; definitions of, 670, 690; effects of presence of free
blacks, 589 –90; emotions, 675; families, 675, 676, 695 –
96; food, 673, 679; freed, 596, 650; holidays, 673; house
servants, 671, 673; housing, 672, 675 –76; intellectual and
index
739
slaves (continued )
moral characters, 674, 677; lack of voting rights, 213;
marriages, 674, 675, 676; murders of, 693 –95; music of,
679; in old age, 676; overseers, 671; plantation hands, 671,
672; preachers, 587, 674; as property, 650, 663 – 64, 681,
691–94, 698, 707, 708, 714 –15; property ownership, 587,
670 –71; prosecution of assaults on, 691–94; punishments,
671, 696 –97; relationships with masters, 674 –75, 678, 680,
691, 699 –700; religious practices and privileges, 673 –74,
680 – 81, 699, 701; restrictions on movement of, 586 – 87,
588; rights of, 695; searches for runaways, 693, 694; threefifths representation in Congress, 233, 234, 598, 601;
treatment compared to other types of cruelty, 681– 85;
treatment of, 670 – 80, 681, 691–95; women, 672, 674;
work of, 672, 673
slave trade: abolition in District of Columbia, 600, 605,
711; abolition of, 462 – 63; British, 648, 666, 667, 668; in
colonies, 667– 68; constitutional time limit on, 236, 462 –
63, 617–18, 650, 668; history of, 666, 667–70; northern
participation in, 651
Smith, A. D., 637
Smith, Melancton, 320
Smith, Richard Penn, 536
smuggling, 110, 119, 131, 139
social compact, 165 – 66
Socrates, 681
South Carolina: constitution, 255; governors, 595 –96; slave
code, 690, 692; slave trade, 667. See also Calhoun, John C.;
Hayne, Robert Y.
“South Carolina Exposition and Protest” (Calhoun), 565
Southern states: agricultural interests, 74, 491, 508, 573; causes
of discontent, 601– 6, 607, 626 –28; changing views of
slavery, 618, 627–28; exports, 573, 603, 618 –19; opposition
to tariffs, 565, 572, 581; populations, 601–2; religion in, 86;
secession, 601, 606 –7; slaveholding interests, 517, 598, 604,
615, 618 –19; slave trade, 462 – 63; support of states’ rights,
538, 565, 581, 597; tax burden on, 602. See also regional
differences; and individual states
sovereignty: meaning of, 388 – 89; in monarchies, 390 –91; of
people, 157; popular, 391–92. See also states’ rights
Spain: cortes, 154; fugitive slaves in territories of, 669; royal
power, 154; suit against monarchy, 389 –90; treaties with, 74
Sparta, 214, 390, 567, 624
speech, freedom of, 354; in Britain, 107; proposed
constitutional amendments, 271. See also First Amendment
“Speech before the U.S. Senate” (Hayne), 538, 548 – 64
“Speech before the U.S. Senate” (Webster), 538 – 48
“Speech Introducing Proposed Constitutional Amendments”
(Madison), 332 – 48
740
index
“Speech on Electioneering” (Crockett), 536 –37
“Speech on the Slavery Question” (Calhoun), 600 – 613
Springfield, Illinois: anti–Nebraska State Convention, 713;
Lincoln’s “Address to the Young Men’s Lyceum,” 518 –22;
Republican Party convention, 707, 710 –11, 719
Stamp Act: colonists’ opposition to, 115 –34, 135, 146 – 47;
effects on trade, 135; justification of, 110; repeal of, 135, 185;
text, 110 –14
Stamp Act Congress, 117, 119; Declarations, 117–18; members,
146
standing armies, 278; under Articles of Confederation, 201,
203; in Britain, 106, 107, 318; in colonies, 124, 130, 144, 154,
155, 156, 190; congressional power over, 236, 316, 324 –25;
danger of, 128, 152, 215, 279, 318; draft, 449 –50; lack of
constitutional prohibition against, 290; in monarchies, 318;
Virginia Bill of Rights statement on, 158. See also military;
quartering troops
Star Chamber, 355
state constitutions: adoption of, 195; bills of rights,
342; California, 609, 611, 614, 711; common law,
363; Connecticut, 12 –14; Delaware, 255; Georgia, 255;
Lecompton Constitution (Kansas), 703 –5, 712; Maryland,
255; Massachusetts, 196, 205 –24, 254, 357; New Hampshire,
254; New Jersey, 254; New York, 254, 300; North Carolina,
255; Pennsylvania, 254, 257–58, 260 – 61, 279, 309, 311; press
freedom, 357; ratification processes, 205; rights granted,
341; separation of powers, 211–12, 222 –23, 253 –55; South
Carolina, 255; supremacy of U.S. Constitution, 460;
Virginia, 255, 257, 258
state courts: judges, 198, 216, 223; jurisdiction, 290; powers of,
211, 215 –16, 637– 41, 643 – 44; relationship to federal, 312
state legislatures: Alien and Sedition Acts seen as
unconstitutional, 359, 396, 398 –99, 413 –29; under Articles
of Confederation, 304; Connecticut, 283, 447; division into
two houses, 283; election campaigns, 536 –37; Maryland,
283; Massachusetts, 66, 205, 210 –11, 213 –14, 216 –18, 219 –
21, 223; New Jersey, 541; New York, 532 –33; Pennsylvania,
257–58, 283, 311; power of, 210 –11; resolutions presented to
Congress, 627; Rhode Island, 282, 447; single houses, 311;
yeomanry represented in, 325. See also Virginia House of
Delegates
State of Mississippi v. Jones, 694 –95
states: bankruptcy laws, 481; citizenship of, 647, 648,
656; common law, 363; disputes between, 393, 641– 42;
ratification of U.S. Constitution, 239, 241, 250 –51, 268, 346,
347; resistance to unconstitutional laws, 359, 396, 398 –99,
413 –29, 450 –51, 554, 560 – 61, 563; restrictions in Articles
of Confederation, 201–2; restrictions on powers in U.S.
Constitution, 236 –37, 342, 376, 382 – 85, 464 – 69, 504 –5,
640 – 41; sovereignty under Articles of Confederation, 200,
274; violations of Bill of Rights, 375 –77. See also taxes, state;
Tenth Amendment
states, admission to union: change in balance of power, 453,
454, 601–2; Compromise of 1850, 600, 614, 711, 712;
constitutional provisions, 239, 514 –15, 610 –12, 661; division
of existing states, 624; procedure in Northwest Ordinance,
228, 610; proposed constitutional amendment, 454, 457;
slavery issue, 594, 600, 602 –3, 614, 624 –25, 702 –5, 711;
Wilmot Proviso, 608 –9, 621, 622, 623 –24, 625. See also
Missouri Compromise; territories
states’ rights: balancing with federal powers, 381, 396, 412 –13,
581; concurrent powers, 504; constitutional limits on, 382 –
85, 464 – 69, 504 –5; decisions on slavery, 702 –3, 707–9;
Eleventh Amendment, 386, 395, 421; Hayne on, 554 –56,
559 – 63; immunity from lawsuits, 386 –95; limits, 287– 88,
640 – 41; loss of, 412 –13, 603 – 4; opposition to strong
central government, 273 –74, 299, 314; proposed
constitutional amendments, 272; Southern supporters,
538, 565, 581, 597; Supremacy Clause and, 458 – 61. See
also nullification doctrine; Tenth Amendment; Virginia
Resolutions
steam plows, 524 –25
Stephen, King of Poland, 44
Story, Joseph, 351; Commentaries on the Constitution of the United
States, 351– 62, 458 – 61, 503 –17; A Familiar Exposition of the
Constitution of the United States, 458, 461– 69
Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 690; A Key to Uncle Tom’s Cabin,
690; opponents of, 675; “Slavery Is Despotism,” 698 –701;
Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 682, 690; “What Is Slavery?” 690 –98
Stroud, Judge, 696
suffrage. See voting rights
sumptuary laws, 199
Supremacy Clause, 239, 641; application to slavery, 714;
criticism of, 273 –74, 312, 315, 460; role of judiciary, 642;
Story’s commentary on, 458 – 61
Supreme Court: Ableman v. Booth, 633, 636 – 45; appellate
jurisdiction, 238, 290 –91, 313, 326, 371–72, 641; Barron v.
the Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, 375 –77; Chisholm
v. Georgia, 386 –95; limits to jurisdiction of, 556 –58, 642;
Marbury v. Madison, 366 –74; McCulloch v. Maryland, 497;
original jurisdiction, 238, 313, 326, 371, 641– 42; power of,
322, 556; power to declare laws unconstitutional, 366 –74,
561, 562, 642; Scott v. Sandford, 646 – 64, 708, 714 –15, 720;
Story as justice, 351
Tallmadge, James, 594
Taney, Roger: Ableman v. Booth, 633, 636 – 45; Scott v. Sandford,
646 – 64, 708, 714 –15, 720
tariffs: under Articles of Confederation, 201, 202; burden of,
575 –76, 603; Calhoun on, 571–78, 603; on colonial imports,
142; congressional powers, 510 –13; constitutionality, 572, 573,
576 –78; debates on, 552 –53; Hayne on, 550 –51, 552 –53; need
for, 507; opposition to, 544, 553; power to impose, 323;
protection of manufactures, 507, 511, 538, 572, 603; reducing,
550 –51, 574, 575; Southern opposition to, 565, 572, 581; states
forbidden to impose, 201, 385, 510; supporters, 491, 518, 538,
545, 572
taxes: under Articles of Confederation, 201–2, 268, 289;
British, 107, 176; burden on South, 602; on commerce,
508; congressional power to lay and collect, 236, 273, 278,
288 –90, 311, 315 –16, 383, 384 – 85, 504; direct, 278, 528 –29;
indirect, 528, 529; internal, 288 –90, 311, 498; internal vs.
external, 124, 323, 382, 385; levied by colonial legislatures,
14; in Pennsylvania, 28; religious institutions supported
by, 86, 327–30; rights under Magna Charta, 92, 93; royal
prerogative, 146, 149; on sailors, 133; Townshend Acts,
139, 140 – 45, 154; Washington on, 77. See also Stamp
Act; tariffs
taxes, state: appropriation to defense of state, 452, 456; under
Articles of Confederation, 201–2; as concurrent power,
504; criticism of constitutional limits on, 316, 324, 384;
limits on powers in U.S. Constitution, 237, 271, 498;
limits on state powers, 468; in Massachusetts, 220 –21;
types, 528
taxes without representation: British rights, 132; colonial
protests against, 103, 115, 117, 118, 121, 122, 129 –30, 132, 133,
141– 43, 147, 153; for defense, 151; grievance in Declaration of
Independence, 190; in Spain, 154; Virginia Bill of Rights
statement on, 157
Taylor, Chief Justice (North Carolina), 692 –93
Taylor, John, 589; “Agriculture and the Militia,” 591–92;
“Slavery,” 589 –92
tea, duties on, 154, 176, 177
teachers, Puritan, 52. See also education
Tennessee: admission to union, 514, 611–12; Crockett in, 536;
territorial government, 611–12
Tenth Amendment: evoked in Kentucky Resolution, 400;
Hamilton on, 478; Hayne on, 554 –56; introduction in
House, 339, 342; Jefferson on, 474; Story’s commentary on,
361– 62; text, 350
territories: annexed from Mexico, 602, 603, 608 –9, 613, 614,
621, 717; Bill of Rights applicable in, 663; California, 609,
611, 613 –14; congressional power to govern, 514 –15, 609,
610, 659 – 63; former crown lands, 199, 541; Kentucky,
546; slavery in, 716 –17; slaves taken to, 646 – 64. See also
Northwest Territory; states, admission to union; western
expansion
index
741
Texas: admission to union, 602, 619 –24; Alamo, 536;
boundaries, 711; payments for lost territory, 600; potential
division into new states, 630; slavery in, 619 –24
“Thanksgiving Proclamation” (Washington), 69 –70
Thayer, Ebenezer, 115
theocracy, 37
Third Amendment: introduction in House, 338; Story’s
commentary on, 360; text, 349
“Thoughts on Government” (Adams), 196 –99, 310
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 531
Tories, 159
town meetings: behavior in, 18; in New England, 31. See also
local governments
Townshend Acts, 139, 140 – 45, 154
trade: boycotts, 135, 145, 156; effects of Stamp Act, 135; effects of
War of 1812, 451–52; embargoes, 447, 451–52, 454 –55, 457;
exports, 573, 603, 618 –19; importance, 454 –55; imports, 118,
129, 131, 142, 147, 508 –9; with Indians, 6, 144, 202, 504,
505 – 6, 514; laws regulating, 6 –7, 8; as purpose of European
colonies, 147; restrictions on colonial, 110, 118, 129, 131, 142,
147, 190; smuggling, 110, 119, 131, 139. See also commerce,
regulation of; tariffs
treason: constitutional provision, 238, 400; laws against, 5, 21.
See also Alien and Sedition Acts
treaties: with Britain, 74, 461, 619; commercial, 202, 460;
constitutional provisions, 238; execution of, 460 – 61; with
Indians, 646; proposed constitutional amendments, 272;
with Spain, 74; states forbidden to enter, 201, 236 –37, 464;
as supreme law, 459, 460 – 61
Trees of Liberty, 140
trials. See courts; jury trials
Turkey: Islam in, 445. See also Ottoman Empire
tyranny. See despotism
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 682, 690
United Baptist Churches in Virginia, Washington’s letter to, 70
Upshur, Mr., 621–22
U.S. Constitution. See Constitution, U.S.
usury laws, 532
Utah, admission to union, 600, 711, 712
Venice, government of, 249
Vermont, Resolution responding to Virginia Resolutions, 407
vetoes, presidential, 235, 491
“Veto Message” ( Jackson), 491–500, 720
“Veto Message” (Madison), 501–2, 551
vice presidents, 237, 322
View of the Causes and Consequences of the American Revolution,
A (Boucher), 159
742 index
Virginia: Alien act, 417; “A Bill for Establishing Religious
Freedom,” 330 –31; constitution, 255, 257, 258; early years of
colony, 4; martial law, 4; ratification of Constitution, 429 –
30; slave trade, 667; status of Episcopal Church, 79, 327;
territory ceded by, 541, 617, 631, 661; United Baptist
Churches, Washington’s letter to, 70
Virginia Articles, Laws, and Orders, 4 –10
Virginia Bill of Rights, 157–58
Virginia House of Burgesses: opposition to Stamp Act, 117;
power of, 3; Resolutions, 117; Virginia Bill of Rights, 157–58
Virginia House of Delegates: religious assessments, 327–30;
resolution on abolition of slavery, 627. See also Virginia
Resolutions
Virginia Plan, 231–32
Virginia Resolutions, 396; Counter-resolutions of other states,
396, 403 –7, 565; introduction by Taylor, 589; opposition to
enlarged federal powers, 411–13; Report of Virginia House of
Delegates, 396, 408 –32, 560 – 61, 562, 565, 570; state right to
object to federal laws, 396, 398 –99, 554, 560 – 61, 565; text,
398 –99
Vitruvius, 168
Voltaire, 435 –36
voting rights: expansion of, 491; in Massachusetts, 213;
relationship to citizenship, 656; Virginia Bill of Rights
statement on, 157; for women, 213
Ward, Nathaniel, 15
War of 1812, 381, 451; debts, 503; economic effects, 451–52, 491;
opposition to, 447, 455. See also Hartford Convention
war powers: under Articles of Confederation, 201, 203; of
Congress, 236; limits on states, 201, 237, 468; proposed
constitutional amendments, 455, 457
wars, defensive, 439 – 40
Washington, D.C.: charter of, 655. See also District of
Columbia
Washington, George: cabinet, 474; command of Continental
Army, 608; on consolidation, 543, 553; “Farewell Address,”
72 –78; “Letter to the Hebrew Congregation in Newport,”
71; “Letter to the Roman Catholics in the United States of
America,” 70 –71; “Letter to the United Baptist Churches in
Virginia,” 70; moral and religious beliefs, 69 –70, 72, 76; on
preservation of union, 73 –76; as president, 69 –71, 72 –73,
78, 474; retirement, 72, 78; “Thanksgiving Proclamation,”
69 –70
water protection, 7– 8
Webster, Daniel: “The Constitution and the Union,” 613 –32;
opposition to slavery in Texas, 622 –24; “Speech before the
U.S. Senate,” 538 – 48; support of Compromise of 1850,
600
Webster, Noah, 281; dictionary, 281; “An Examination of the
Leading Principles of the Federal Constitution,” 281–95
weights and measures, uniform, 94, 202, 236, 323, 507
Weishaupt, Adam, 436
West, Thomas, 4
western expansion: admission of new states, 514 –15, 594, 600,
702; Compromise of 1850, 600; influence of new states in
Congress, 454; restraints on, 538, 546, 547; rights in new
territories, 225; sales of federal lands, 538, 539, 541, 542, 543,
545; slavery issue and, 594, 600, 702 –5; territories ceded by
states, 541– 42; Webster on, 539 – 42, 546 – 48. See also
Louisiana Purchase; Missouri Compromise; Northwest
Territory; territories; and individual states
West India Company, 666
“What Is Slavery?” (Stowe), 690 –98
Whig Party, 518, 536, 601, 623 –24
white slavery, 685
William III, King of England, 101, 106, 107–9, 119
Williams, Roger: “The Bloody Tenent, of Persecution, for
Cause of Conscience,” 42 – 47; founding of Rhode Island,
42, 64
Wilmot Proviso, 608 –9, 621, 622, 623 –24, 625
Wilson, James, Chisholm v. Georgia, 386 –95
Winthrop, John: impeachment, 34; “Little Speech on Liberty,”
34 –35; “A Modell of Christian Charity,” 34; slavery and, 667
Wisconsin, admission to union, 602
Wisconsin State Agricultural Society, Lincoln’s address to, 518,
522 –27
Wisconsin Supreme Court, 633, 637, 638, 639 – 40, 643
witches, 21
Witt, William, 655
women: slaves, 672, 674; widows, 20, 53
women’s rights: conventions, 683; lack of voting rights, 213; of
married women, 20; in Massachusetts, 16, 20; to property,
16; of widows, 20
Worcestriensis, 66 – 68
workers. See laborers
Worsley, Henry, 687
writs of mandamus, 366 –74
Yates, Robert, 314
yeomanry, 325
Young Men’s Lyceum of Springfield, Illinois, Lincoln’s address
to, 518 –22
index
743