Chapter 6,7& 8Outline
Skeletal System & Joints
Introduction – bone is composed of a variety of tissues, including bone
tissue, cartilage, epithelial tissue, fibrous connective tissue, blood. And
nervous tissue. A bone contains very active, living tissue.
I.
II.
Skeletal Cartilages (173)
A. Made up of a variety of cartilage consisting of ____________
B. Surrounded by layer of dense irregular connective tissue called the
________________________
a. Resists outward expansion
b. Source of _______________ vessels
C. three types
a. hyaline
i. looks like milk glass
ii. _________________ with flexibility
iii. most ______________ of the skeletal cartilage
iv. includes – __________________ cartilage, costal
cartilage, respiratory, and nasal
b. ________________________
i. looks like hyaline but contains more elastic fibers
ii. external ear and epiglottis
c. __________________________
i. highly compressible and great tensile strength
ii. found in ___________ of knee and ___________
between vertebrae
Classification of bones (175)
A. Long Bones
a. Shaft plus two ends
b. All bones of ____________ except wrist and ankle
B. Short bones
a. Roughly cube shaped
b. _______________ and ankle bones
c. Sesamoid bones – special type of short bone that form in a
tendon (like the ____________)
C. Flat Bones
a. Thin, flat and a bit curved
b. _________________, scapulae, ribs and some skull
D. Irregular Bones – complicated shape (_______________ and hip)
III.
Bone Structure(176,177)
A. Parts of a long bone
1. Epiphysis – _____________________________________
a. articulates with another bone
b. coated with a layer of hyaline cartilage called
__________________ _____________________
2. Diaphysis – ____________________________________
3. _________________ – fibrous tissue that covers the bone
a. helps form and repair bone tissue
4. Processes – ____________________________________
5. Compact Bone (cortical bone) or lamellar – _____________
______________________________________________
a. solid, strong & resistant to bending
6. ____________________ (cancellous bone) – makes up the
epiphysis (179)
a. made up of irregular spaces
b. provides strength & reduces weight of bone
7. Medullary Cavity – _______________________________
__________________________________________(176)
a. lined with a thin layer of cells called
_________________________
b. filled with __________________
B. Microscopic structure (178)
1. Osteocytes are located in spaces called _________________
2. Bone tissue is composed of collagen & _________________
a. gives bone strength & hardness
3. In compact bone, the ___________________ are clustered
around the osteonic canals
4. They form a cylinder shaped unit called an _____________,
many of these osteons make up the substance of
________________ _______________
a. contain canals with blood vessels & a nerve
b. supply nutrients for bone cells
5. In spongy bone, the bone cells are not arranged around
osteonic canals
a. cells are nourished by diffusion of substances into the
_____________________
IV.
Bone Growth & Development
A. Intramembranous Bones – ______________________________
_________________________________________________(181)
1. develop from layers of _________________ ____________
2. bone tissue is formed by _________________ within the
layers of connective tissue
B. Endochondral Bones – how most of the bones of the body are
formed (181-183)
1. develop from _________________ __________________,
which is replaced by bone tissue
2. the primary ossification center is in the long shafts of bone,
called the __________________
3. secondary ossification centers are in the ends of bones,
called the __________________
4. a band of cartilage, called the ___________________
____________is left between the 2 areas of ossification
a. responsible for growth & ________________
b. bones continue to grow until the disk is ossified
c. if damaged, growth of the long bone may cease
prematurely or grow uneven
5. bones grow in thickness as _________________ bone tissue
is deposited on the outside but beneath the
_______________________
6. stages for ossification
i. bone collar forms around the ______________ of the
_________________ cartilage
ii. cartilage in the center of the diaphysis ____________
and the cavitates
iii. periosteal bud invades the internal cavities and
__________________ bone forms
iv. diaphysis elongates and ______________ cavity
forms
v. epiphysis _______________
V.
Bone Remodeling and Repair (185-189)
A. Remodeling - occurs all the time
a. Bone deposit occurs when bone is _______________ or
added strength is needed
b. Sites of new matrix deposit by ___________________
c. Then the bone ________________________
d. Bone ____________________
i. Accomplished by ______________________
ii. Clean up the extra or dead bone
B. Repair – 4 phases
a. ______________________ formation
i. Mass of clotted blood
ii. Bone cells die and the tissue becomes swollen and
painful
b. Fibrocartilaginous _________________ formation
i. In a few days a soft callus forms
ii. Capillaries grow in the hematoma and phagocytic
cells clean up the debris
iii. Fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrate to the site and
produce collagen fibers and _____________ bone
c. __________________ callus formation
i. new bone grows in the place of the spongy bone
ii. ____________ weeks after injury
iii. a firm union at 2-3 months
d. bone remodeling
i. ________________ material is removed
ii. _________________ bone is laid down to reconstruct
the shaft walls
C. Types of fractures
a. __________________ – bone fragments of 3 or more pieces
b. Compression – usually from a fall
c. _________ – ragged breaks with excessive twisting (skiing)
d. Epiphyseal – epiphysis separates from diaphysis along the
_________________ plate
e. Depressed – portion is pressed ______________
f. ___________________ – incomplete break, like a green
twig breaks (children due to increased flexibility)
VI.
Imbalances of Bone (189-190)
A. __________________________ – soft bones
B. __________________ – bowed legs and deformities due to lack of
calcium and vitamin ________
C. __________________ – bone resorption is faster than bone
deposit leading to brittle bones
D. _________________ Disease – excessive bone formation and
breakdown leading to irregular done and spotty weakening
VII. Functions of Bones – provide shape, _________________ &
___________________ for body structures. They aid in body
movements, house tissue that produce blood cells, and store
_______________ ____________. (176)
A. Support & Function
1. bones of feet, legs, pelvis & backbone support the
_____________ of the body
2. skull protects ___________, _____________ and brain
3. rib cage & shoulder girdle protect _______________ &
___________________
B. Body Movement
1. bones & muscles function together as ___________, which
have 4 basic components:
a. rod
b. ___________ or fulcrum
c. an object of weight
d. force that supplies _________________ for moving
bar
C. Blood Cell Formation – called _____________________(176-8)
1. occurs in the ____________________ early in life,
________________, spleen, and _________________ of
various bones
2. marrow is found in ______________________ cavities of
long bones, _____________________ spaces of spongy
bone and in ___________________ canals of compact bone
a. red marrow – ________________________________
______________________________(177-178)
b. ____________________ – fat storage tissue and
inactive in blood cell production (176)
D. Storage of Inorganic Salts – the intracellular matrix of bone tissue
contains large quantities of __________________
1. calcium is needed for vital ___________________
processes
2. help to keep the bones hard
VIII. Organization of the Skeleton – is divided into 2 major portions – an
______________& an ___________________________ skeleton.
There are ______ bones in the human body (199-224)
A. Axial – consists of bone & cartilage that support and protect the
organs of the ___________, neck, and ____________. These
parts include:
1. skull – composed of ______________ (braincase) &
________________bones
2. hyoid bone – located in __________ between _______ &
larynx
a. supports _________________
b. serves as an attachment for muscles that move tongue
3. vertebral column – (__________________) – consists of
many vertebrae, separated by cartilaginous
____________________________ ___________
4. thoracic cage – protects organs of thorax and upper abdomen
a. composed of _____ pairs of ribs
b. articulate with ____________________ vertebrae
c. includes _________________, which ribs are attached
anteriorly
B. Appendicular – consists of the bones of the limbs (224-242)
1. pectoral girdle – formed by the ______________ and
_________________ on both sides of the body
a. connects the bones of the arms to the axial skeleton
and aids arm in movement
2. upper limbs (arms)
a. __________________ – upper bone of arm
b. radius & ulna – lower arm bones
c. these 3 bones __________________ at the elbow
joint
d. ______________ bones – 8 wrist bones found at the
distal ends of the ulna & radius
e. ___________________ – bones of the palm
f. phalanges – bones of the fingers
3. pelvic girdle – formed by 2 _____________bones
(hipbones)
a. attached to eachother ______________________
b. attached to sacrum posteriorly
c. connect the bones of the legs to the axial skeleton
d. form the ____________ along with the
_______________ and _______________
4. lower limbs (_________)
a. _________________ – upper leg bone
b. ____________& ______________ – lower leg bones
c. femur & tibia articulate at the ____________ joint,
where the ______________covers the anterior surface
d. tarsal bones – _______ bones that are located at the
distal end of the tibia and fibula
e. metatarsals – bones of the foot
f. _________________ – bones of the toes
IX.
Joints – or articulations – the sites where ____ or more bones meet
A. Functional classification (249)
a. Synathroses – __________ joints – also called fibrous joints
b. Amphiarthroses – _____________ movable - cartilaginous
c. Diarthroses – _______ movable – also called synovial joints
B. Fibrous (__________________)
a. Three types – sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
i. ______________ (249)
1. seams in ______________
2. allows for growth in young and fuses as an
adult
ii. syndesmoses
1. bones connected by ligaments
2. example is distal end of tibia and fibula
iii. gomphoses
1. peg in socket joint
2. example – _____________
C. _______________ (slightly movable) – bones joined by cartilage
a. Synchondroses (251)
i. A bar or plate of _______ cartilage unites these joints
ii. Ex – epiphyseal plates and _________ cartilage
b. symphyses
i. joints fused to fibrocartilage
ii. ex – ___________ column and _________
D. Synovial Joints (_____________ movable)– articulating bones
separated by fluid containing joint cavities (251_
a. Most joints are in this class
b. The fluid is ______________ fluid and it functions to
___________ the joint
c. Freely movable joints (258-260)
i. _________________ – hip and shoulder
ii. ___________ or plane joints –slight movement only
like the tarsals and _____________
iii. ______________
1. flexion and extension
2. elbow and knee
iv. __________________ or ellipsoid
1. allows flexion, extension, abduction and
adduction and circumduction
2. ex – ___________________________ joints
v. ______________
1. allows movement of one bone on its own axis
2. ex – atlas and dens or ______________ joint
vi. _________________ joints
1. more movement than condyloid joints
2. shaped like a saddle
3. ex – carpometacarpal joints of the ________
E. Common joint injuries (268)
a. ___________ – the ligaments reinforcing the joint are torn
b. Cartilage injuries – _________________ and articular
cartilage is damaged
c. ___________________- bones forced out of alignment
F. Inflammatory conditions (269)
a. Bursitis and tendonitis
i. _______________ – inflammation of bursae sac
ii. ___________________ – inflammation of tendon
b. Arthritis – inflammatory or degenerative disease of the
joints
i. __________________________
1. Most common arthritis
2. Chronic degenerative condition
3. Wear and tear arthritis
ii. ________________________ arthritis
1. chronic inflammatory disorder
2. begins between the ages of 40-50
3. affects 3X as many women as men
4. joint tenderness and stiffness are common