WHAP Midterm Study Guide
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THE SENIORS’ STUDY GUIDE CAN BE FOUND HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/kk4nilijeajj16s/WHAP%20Midterm%20Review.pdf?dl=0
CYRUS’S MAPS CAN BE FOUND HERE:
https://www.dropbox.com/s/nw8elcezeq21x1y/Maps.pdf?dl=0
PRACTICE TESTS AND OTHER REVIEW CAN BE FOUND HERE:
https://mrmulford.wikispaces.com/Semester+Exam+Resources
We should know Big Picture for each chapter and compare/contrast or continuity/change over time
for societies/empires/cultures/religions.
For the Chinese dynasties, in case DiFato asks us about the order, I made a mnemonic:
Xia, Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing
so this becomes XSZQHSTSYMQ, or
eXamSZ need QuicHeS TaStY in a MasQue.
The information below has come from 5 Steps to a 5 AP flashcards.
Major Time Periods (to be referred to throughout)
Foundations (8000 BC to 600 AD)
Period Two (600-1450 AD)
Period Three (1450-1750 AD)
Overarching Themes
human-environmental interaction
cultural interaction
1 political development
economic systems
change in social structures
Important Comparisons
Foundations
agriculture in Western or Eastern hemispheres
Eastern had root crops and fruits, while Western had potatoes/maize/beans stuff
spread of Buddhism, Hinduism, or Christianity
Buddhism had monasteries for travelers, Christianity primarily led by Paul (missionaries)
Christianity more evangelical
decline/fall of Han China, Rome, Gupta India
very similar Han and Rome
both Han/Rome and Gupta had invasions, weak leadership/takeover by subordinates
Period Two
feudalism in Japan or Western Europe
Europe focused on law; Japan focused on loyalty
in Europe women were seen as pretty things to be protected; in Japan they had few rights
Japan had daimyo, samurai (vassals), and bushido (honor code)
Europe had the lords, vassals, serfs
Mongol rule in Russia and China
in China the Mongols dominated government, kicked out civil service
but in Russia the Mongols ruled from the side, let the princes “rule” (just for taxes)
the Mongol Peace, which facilitated trade along the Silk Roads, benefited both (China more)
in both places religion was tolerated
Chinese and Europeans in the Indian Ocean
the Chinese started with Zheng He voyages, but dropped out
so the Europeans swooped in and started the Indian Ocean trade network
and then Britain, the Dutch, French, etc. came in and set up port cities
Muslim Spain and feudal Europe
Period Three
reactions of Japan or China to Western influence (was there a DBQ on this?)
I know that China benefited from it.
gender roles in Ming China and Western Europe
in both societies, women were the housekeepers
2 foot binding was prevalent in China, whereas in Europe women could gain higher education
and gain prominence
Western European vs. Asian/Ottoman technology
In terms of military technology, Western Europe was actually better, since there was more
competition. This occurred even though firearms were born in the East.
Important Changes
Change in East Asia over the years
Foundations - tech advances, philosophy development
Period Two - Japanese shogunate, Neo-Confucianism, Chinese expansion to Vietnam, Mongol
domination in China
Period Three - Columbian Exchange to China, Christianity (although later repressed), Chinese
withdrawal from world trade
Change in SE Asia over the years
Foundations - adaptations of Chinese culture, Hinduism/Buddhism, urbanization
Period Two - Islam
Period Three - more trade with Europe, Columbian Exchange
Change in South Asia over the years
Foundations - decline of Harappan civilization, Aryan society, Hinduism/Buddhism, caste, dynasties
Period Two - Islam
Period Three - Columbian Exchange, return to local governments
Change in SW Asia over the years (Middle East)
Foundations - tech advances, city-states to empires, development of major religions
Period Two - rise of Islam, split between Sunni and Shi’ite (Sunni for popular decision of leaders,
Shia for direct lineage)
Period Three - Columbian Exchange, Ottoman decline
Change in Central Asia over the years
Foundations - relationships with settled societies, trade facilitators, invasion of classical empires
Period Two - Mongol dominance, Islam, Russia’s isolation from W. Europe
Period Three - Russian expansion
Change in Oceania (area around Australia) over the years
Foundations - kingdom development
Period Two - settlement of Hawaii
3 Period Three - some European explorations
Change in N Africa over the years
Foundations - long-distance trade, decline of Egyptian civilization, Christianity
Period Two - Islam
Period Three - Columbian Exchange
Change in Sub-Saharan Africa over the years
Foundations - Indian Ocean trade, Sub-Saharan trade
Period Two - Islam, Malay sailors
Period Three - some regions lost population, Columbian Exchange, dependence on European tech
Change in W. Europe over the years
Foundations - fall of the Roman Empire
Period Two - Islam, increased urbanization and trade, feudalism’s decline, Renaissance
Period Three - Columbian Exchange
Change in E. Europe over the years
Foundations - urbanization and trade in Byzantium
Period Two - invasion of the Mongols, invasion of the Vikings in the North, serfdom
- Remember latifundia, and the system of allegiance between lords, vassals, and serfs.
Period Three - Columbian Exchange, Islam
Change in the Americas over the years
Foundations - some change with Mesoamerica, tech advances
Period Two (N. America) - more trade with Mesoamerica
Period Two (Latin América) - Aztec and Inca Empires
Period Three (N. América) - Columbian Exchange, European presence
Period Three (Latin América) - Columbian Exchange, European conquest
- Remember Pizarro and what factors enabled so few conquerors to defeat large groups.
Important Effects
1. of slave trade on Africa
a. more males than females to plantations, ruined families
b. Africans more independent on imported European tech
2. of Mongol rule on Eurasia
a. East-West exchange of ideas
b. merchants richer
4 c. bubonic plague
3. of Crusades
a. W. Europeans saw rich urban areas
b. they were introduced to sugar, spice, and luxury goods from East
c. more trade
Agricultures
-
early Africa - (Sudanese and West) sorghum and yams (root), 7000 BC
central Mexico - maize/corn; later beans, squash, tomatoes, peppers (4000 BC)
Southeast Asia - yams and taro (root crops), 3500 BC; citrus, other fruits
Andes - potatoes in 3000 BC, maize/beans, llamas/alpacas/guinea pigs
The Dynasties of China (eXamSZ need QuicHeS TaStY in a MasQue)
Shang Dynasty
- 1766-1122 BC
- earliest dynasty to leave written records
- knew bronze metallurgy and iron working
Zhou Dynasty
- 1029-258 BC
- claimed mandate of heaven (divine right to rule)
- Chinese government centralized more
- spoken language standardized
After the fall of the Zhou, Confucianism restored order.
Qin Dynasty
- 221-202 BC
- gave China its name
- began Great Wall
- standardized written language
- encouraged silk production
Han Dynasty
- 200 BC to 220 AD
- started civil service exam
5 -
Silk Road trade
paper manufacture
peace
strong patriarchy
DECLINE
- bad harvests, disease, bad morality
- unequal land distribution, weak emperors, less trade, barbarian invasions
Tang Dynasty
- protected trade/travel
- urbanization
- land redistribution
- gunpowder
- tea and rice from Vietnam
Song Dynasty
- movable type, magnetic compass, abacus, flame-throwers, rocket launchers
- foot binding in elites
Yuan Dynasty
- 1271-1368 AD
- Mongols ruled China here
- tolerated religions
- welcomed foreign scholars and artisans
- Chinese local officials
Ming Dynasty
- 1368-1644 AD
- return to Chinese tradition
- thought control
- Neo-Confucianism
- mix of Conf. and Buddhism
- Zheng He voyages
- later stopped for some mysterious reason
- interest in Western tech
The Illustrious India
6 Mauryan Dynasty - first rulers to unify most of subcontinent; more trade; spread of Buddhism
(322-232 BC)
Gupta Empire - decimal system, women’s status became worse (320-550 AD)
DECLINE - nomad invasions, powerful princes, Indian culture continued, weaker
Buddhism
Umayyad Caliphate - focused on Arab ethnicity more than following Islam; respected Jews/Christians
as People of the Book (661-750 AD)
Abbasid Caliphate - Baghdad capital, welcomed Islam converts, preserved Greco-Roman learning,
STEM achievements, urbanization (758-1258 AD)
Delhi Sultanate - Muslims ruled N. India; this system appealed to some Buddhists, the lower Hindu
castes, and untouchables (so basically the less privileged) (1206-1526 AD)
Mughal Empire - gunpowder, Hindu-Muslim cooperation, less power led to open doors for British
(1526-1707 AD)
The Major Empires and Civilizations
What is a civilization?
advanced cities, complex institutions, skilled workers, advanced tech, record keeping
Mesopotamia
- 4000 BC
- first civilization, Tigris/Euphrates Rivers valley
- independent innovation
Nile River Valley
- 2nd oldest, 3000 BC
- predictable floods, Nile villages
- protected surrounding deserts
Harappan civilization
- 2500 BC
- to be conquered by Aryans
- urban areas
- running water, sewage
- lots of flooding
Persian Empire
- 550-330 BC
- tolerated conquered people’s customs
7 -
Zoroastrianism
traded/exchanged culture with Greece
Roman Empire
- 27 BC-476 AD
- roads and aqueducts
- Latin language
- active trade
- Jesus was born
- adapted Greek culture
- DECLINE
- bad emperors, bad trade, bad harvests, bad morality, bad land distribution
- disease, barbarian invasions
The Mayans
- pictograph writing
- used 0 as placeholder
- predicted eclipses
- legend of Quetzalcoatl
Holy Roman Empire
- 900s AD
- Germany + north Italy
- W. Europe unified a bit
- but Italy/Germany not unified just yet
Byzantine Empire
- 330-1453 AD
- eastern part of Roman empire
- center of trade routes
- center of art and architecture
- fell to the Ottoman Turks in 1453
The Aztecs
- around 1325 started
- human sacrifice
- calendar
- construction/farming without wheel or large cattle
8 The Religions/Belief Systems
I think we are all very familiar with the major religions, including Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism,
Judaism, Confuciansim, Daoism, and Islam; we should be able to answer MC questions about their
beliefs/precepts.
Now of course we should know more than just their precepts.
Spread of Buddhism
- monasteries lodging for travelers
- merchants then brought doctrine along Silk Roads
Spread of Christianity
- Paul the greatest missionary
- 3 journeys in Roman Empire
Slavery in Various Parts
in Greece/Rome
- slave labor used a lot
- neither culture found much use for tech
- so the Medit. world fell behind in tech
in Eastern Africa
- cities traded with interior for gold, ivory, slaves
- many slaves moved to Middle East
in African kingdoms
- Africans enslaved each other (usually weak/prisoners)
in Dar al-Islam
- forbidden to enslave other Muslims (except war prisoners)
- not hereditary; i.e. children of a slave woman/Muslim man are free
Miscellaneous Facts
River Valley civilizations - community needed to work together to control irrigation and floods; it
was further organized to make early governments
Ottoman decline - corruption, Christians/Muslims stronger, European inflation, used old tech
9 important Spanish events 1492 - Reconquest, expelled Jews who did not convert to Christianity,
Columbus’ first voyage
women in early Islamic society - didn’t have to wear veil or be secluded; equal with men to Allah;
could have property; then secluded from the public
Updated, Narrowed-Down Map Terms
I deleted the places we all knew before WHAP, like Australia and Japan.
(only 31 places on the midterm)
Chapters 1 & 2
1. Indo-European expansion
2. Bantu and Austronesian Expansions
3. Papua New Guinea
5. Fertile Crescent
Chapters 3 & 4
1. Mediterranean Sea
2. Black Sea
3. Red Sea
4. Caspian Sea
5. Bay of Bengal
6. Arabian Sea
7. Persian Gulf
8. Greece
9. Anatolia
10. Persian Empire
11. Alexander’s Empire
12. Roman Empire
13. Qin Empire
16. Palestine
17. Jerusalem
Chapters 5 & 6
1. South China Sea
2. Constantinople
Chapters 7 & 8
10 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Axum
Nubia
Meroe
Bantu
San
Gulf of Guinea
Cape of Good Hope
Maya
Yucatan
Andes
Malaysian Peninsula
Strait of Malacca
Srivijaya
Sumatra
Java
Great Zimbabwe
Chapters 9 & 10
1. Vietnam
4. Sea of Japan
5. East China Sea
6. Holy Roman Empire
7. Baltic Sea
8. North Sea
Chapters 11 & 12
1. Constantinople
2. Alexandria
3. Mecca
4. Medina
5. Baghdad
6. Gulf of Aden
7. Gulf of Oman
8. Sultanate of Delhi
9. Xiongnu Confederacy
10. Mongol Homeland
11. Moscow
Chapters 13 & 14
11 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
13.
14.
Timur’s Empire
Songhay
Aztec Empire
Mayan Lands
Inca Empire
Ottoman Empire
Safavid Empire
Songhay Empire
Mughal Empire
Islamic World
Portugal
England
Chapter 15 (Know Territories)
1. Spanish
2. French
3. Dutch
4. English
5. Portuguese
6. Russia
12