MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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ANATOMY LABORATORY PACKET 1
Histology: The study of Tissues
Identify the following tissues, cells & tissue features (indented) on microscope slides.
I. Epithelial tissue
A.
Simple squamous epithelium
B.
Simple cuboidal epithelium
C.
Simple columnar epithelium
Goblet cell (Cell)
D.
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Goblet cell
E.
Stratified squamous epithelium
F.
Transitional epithelium
II. Connective Tissue (c.t.)
A.
Areolar connective tissue
Fibroblast nucleus
Elastic fibers
Collagen fibers
B.
Adipose
Adipocyte (Cell)
Nucleus
C.
Reticular connective tissue
Reticular fibers
D.
Dense (Fibrous) regular connective tissue
Fibroblast nucleus
Collagen fibers
E.
Dense (Fibrous) irregular connective tissue
Fibroblast nucleus
Collagen fibers
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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F.
Hyaline cartilage
Chondrocyte (Cell)
Lacuna
Extracellular Matrix
G.
Elastic cartilage
Chondrocyte (Cell)
Lacuna
Elastic fibers
H.
Fibrocartilage
Chondrocyte (Cell)
Lacuna
Collagen fibers
I.
Compact bone (Osseous) Tissue
Central canal
Osteocyte (Cell)
Canaliculus (Canaliculi = plural)
J.
Blood connective tissue
Erythrocyte (Cell)
Leukocyte (Cell)
`
Plasma
III. Muscle tissue
A.
Skeletal muscle tissue
Nucleus
Striations
B.
Cardiac muscle tissue
Nucleus
Intercalated disc
Striations
C.
Smooth muscle tissue
Nucleus
IV. Nervous tissue
Neuron (Cell)
Cell body
Nucleus
Cell processes (1 axon & 1 or more dendrites)
Supporting cell (Cell)
Nucleus
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Integumentary System (Skin & associated structures)
SKIN MODEL:
Epidermis
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (found ONLY in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale (germinativum)
Dermis
Papillary region: top 1/5 of dermis which contains dermal papillae
Reticular region: bottom 4/5 of dermis
Dermal papillae
Arrector pili muscle
Mechanoreceptors:
Meissner’s (Tactile) corpuscle
Pacinian (Lamellar) corpuscle
Glands:
Sweat glands (Sudoriferous)
Eccrine sweat gland (small & numerous)
Apocrine sweat gland (large & fewer)
Sebaceous gland
Hair
Hair follicle
Hair bulb: expanded bottom of hair in follicle
Hair papilla: indentation of hair bulb containing blood vessels and nerve
Hair root: hair below surface of epidermis
Hair shaft: hair above surface of epidermis
Hypodermis (Subcutaneous layer): This layer binds skin to the underlying musculature.
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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MICROSCOPE SLIDES of skin:
Skin Layer
Epidermis
Dermis
Subcutaneous layer
1.
Main Tissue type
epithelial tissue
dense irregular
adipose tissue
Thick skin
Epidermis: thick in “thick skin”
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum (found ONLY in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale (germinativum)
Dermis:
Papillary region
Reticular region
Dermal papillae
Sweat glands
Hypodermis:
Adipose tissue
2.
Thin skin: Scalp/Hair follicles
Hair follicles
Hair shafts
Hair bulbs
Sebaceous gland
3.
Thin skin
Epidermis: thin in “thin skin”
Dermis
Sweat gland
Subcutaneous layer
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Microscopic Structure of Compact Bone
Osteon Model
Osteon (also called: Haversian system)
Central canal: contains artery, vein, lymph vessel and nerve
Concentric lamella (lamellae = plural)
Osteocyte
Lacuna (lacunae = plural)
Canaliculus (canaliculi = plural)
The Axial Skeleton
Before you begin your study of the skeletal system, first study the definitions of general
bone markings.
The axial skeleton consists of 80 bones, which lie in or around the midline of the body. It
consists of the skull, hyoid bone, sternum, ribs and vertebrae.
Be able to identify the following bones, structures, and markings
I.
A.
SKULL
Sutures
Coronal suture
Sagittal suture
Squamosal suture
Lambdoid (Lambdoidal) suture
B.
Cranial Bones (8 total)
Frontal
Supraorbital foramen
Parietal
Occipital
Occipital condyle
Foramen magnum (hole)
Hypoglossal canal (hole)
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Temporal
Zygomatic process
Mastoid process
Styloid process
External auditory (acoustic) meatus
Internal acoustic meatus (hole)
Carotid canal (hole)
Jugular foramen (hole between occipital and temporal)
Sphenoid
Greater wings
Lesser wings
Sella turcica
Optic canal (hole)
Superior orbital fissure (slit-like hole)
Inferior orbital fissure (slit-like hole)
Foramen rotundum (hole)
Foramen ovale (hole)
Foramen spinosum (hole)
Foramen lacerum (hole)
Ethmoid
Crista galli
Cribriform plate
Olfactory foramina (holes)
Middle nasal concha
Perpendicular plate
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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C.
Facial Bones (14 total)
Lacrimal
Nasal
Zygomatic
Temporal process
Vomer
Inferior nasal concha (conchae=plural)
Maxilla
Infraorbital foramen
Palatine process
Palatine
Horizontal plate
Mandible
Body
Angle
Ramus
Mental region
Mental foramen (hole)
Mandibular condyle
Coronoid process
Mandibular foramen (hole)
D.
Paranasal sinuses
Frontal sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
Sphenoid sinus
II.
Hyoid bone
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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III.
RIBS
Head
Neck
Tubercle
Shaft
Costal groove
Costal cartilage (on articulated thoracic cage)
Type of ribs:
True ribs (pairs 1-7)
False ribs (pairs 8-12)
Floating ribs (pairs 11 & 12)
Right or Left? *Be able to differentiate between a right and a left rib by doing
the following: Locate the costal groove, head and tubercle
The costal groove should face inferior and the head & tubercle are posterior.
IV.
STERNUM
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
V.
VERTEBRAE (be able to identify on most vertebrae):
Body (Centrum)
Vertebral arch
Lamina (2)
Pedicle (2)
Vertebral foramen
Spinous process
Transverse process
Superior articular process and facet
Inferior articular process and facet
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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- Be able to determine which region of the spine each vertebra is from and identify the
following distinguishing characteristics:
Cervical (7): C1-C7
Atlas (C1)
Transverse foramen
Axis (C2)
Dens (odontoid) process
Transverse foramen
Thoracic (12): T1-T12
Superior and inferior costal facets (articulates with head of rib)
Transverse costal facet (articulates with tubercle of rib)
Lumbar (5): L1-L5
Sacral (5 fused vertebrae forms sacrum): S1-S5
Coccygeal (4 fused vertebrae forms coccyx): Co1-Co4
-On an articulate vertebral column be able to identify:
Intervertebral foramen
Intervertebral disk
The Fetal Skull
Identify the six fontanels on a fetal skull
Anterior fontanel (1)
Posterior fontanel (1)
Sphenoidal fontanel (2)
Mastoid fontanel (2)
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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The Appendicular Skeleton
The appendicular skeleton consists of 126 bones composing two girdles and their attached limbs
Girdles: incomplete rings of bone that attach the limbs onto the axial skeleton
Be able to identify the following bones and bone markings
Pectoral girdle: 2 clavicles, 2 scapulae (plural)
Clavicle
Sternal (Medial) end – circular
Acromial (Lateral) end - flat
Scapula
3 borders: Superior, Medial, and Lateral
3 angles: Superior, Inferior, and Lateral
Glenoid cavity
Spine of scapula
Acromion (at the end of spine)
Coracoid process
Subscapular fossa (anterior surface)
Supraspinous fossa (above the spine)
Infraspinous fossa (below the spine)
Right or Left scapula? Glenoid cavity is always lateral and spine is posterior.
Humerus (the only bone in brachial region)
Head (proximal and medially)
Anatomical neck (crease between head and tubercle)
Greater tubercle
Lesser tubercle
Intertubercular groove
Surgical neck (on shaft, just inferior to the head)
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Humerus (continued)
Deltoid tuberosity
Trochlea
Capitulum
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Radial fossa
Coronoid fossa
Right or Left?
Posterior view: head of humerus lies proximal & medial AND the olecranon
fossa is distal & posterior. OR
Anterior view: The head of humerus lies proximal & medial AND radial &
Cornoid fossae are distal & inferior.
Ulna (Medial bone of the antebrachial region)
Coronoid process
Olecranon process
Trochlear notch
Head (distally)
Styloid process
Radial notch
Radius (Lateral bone of the antebrachial region)
Head (Proximal)
Radial tuberosity
Ulnar notch
Styloid process
Carpals (know 2 out of 8)
Scaphoid
Lunate
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Metacarpals form the palm (Know all 5)
I, II , III, IV, V
Phalanges (Phalanx singular)
All digits except the pollex (thumb) have three phalanges
Proximal
Middle
Distal
For example: The “wedding ring” is on Fourth proximal phalanx
Pelvis **pelvic girdle (2 coxal bones) + sacrum + coccyx
*Be able to determine whether a pelvis is male or female.
Pelvic girdle: 2 coxal bones
Coxal bones (Each coxal bone is composed of the ilium, ischium & pubis)
Acetabulum
Obturator foramen
Ilium
Iliac crest
Anterior superior iliac spine
Anterior inferior iliac spine
Posterior superior iliac spine
Posterior inferior iliac spine
Greater sciatic notch
Iliac fossa
Auricular surface
Ischium
Ischial spine
Ischial ramus
Lesser sciatic notch
Ischial tuberosity
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Pubis
Superior ramus of pubis
Pubic body
Inferior ramus of pubis
Right or Left? Acetabulum has to be lateral and the auricular surface posterior.
Femur
Head (proximal & projects medial)
Neck (area in between head and trochanters)
Greater trochanter
Lesser trochanter
Intertrochanteric groove (intertrochanteric line)
Linea Aspera (on posterior side)
Lateral epicondyle
Medial epicondyle
Lateral condyle
Medial condyle
Intercondylar fossa (distal & posterior)
Right or Left?
Posterior view: head of femur lies proximal & medial AND the intercondylar
fossa is distal & posterior.
Patella: The largest sesamoid bone in the body.
Tibia
Medial condyle
Lateral condyle
Tibial tuberosity
Medial malleolus
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MinneapolisCommunityandTechnicalCollege(MCTC):BiologyDepartment
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Fibula
Lateral malleolus
Head
Tarsals (Know 2 out of 7)
Calcaneus
Talus
Metatarsals (Know all 5)
I, II , III, IV, V
Phalanges (Phalanx singular)
Proximal
Middle
Distal
Synovial Joint
Learn the following structures on the knee joint model:
Lateral (Fibular) collateral ligament
Medial (Tibial) collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
Patellar ligament
Quadriceps tendon
*Also on the articulated knee joint model be able to identify the bones:
Patella, Fibula, Tibia & Femur and the associated bone features
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