Fall 2012 General Biology II Lab
Final Exam Study Guide
Note: Anything that is in your lab manual or mentioned in your lab by your instructor is fair game. You should
Youtube videos that may be helpful in your studying. It is also suggested that you google pictures so that you
can remember what you saw in the lab. This study guide is meant to help you outline the major points of the
lab exercise to focus your studying.
Exercise 6—Introduction to the Kingdom Animalia
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For the second half of the semester a lot of dissections were performed so you should know where the organs
are located and what their functions are. This is where videos and pictures will come in handy when studying. A
big focus was placed on evolution amongst animals from simplest to most complex whether it’s in the nervous
system, digestive system, etc. So when you study you should keep an evolutionary mind set.
Know the four levels of organization
o Know which organisms belong to what level of organization
Know the differences between the body cavities: acoelomate, pseudocoelomate and coelomate
o Know which organisms fall into which category above
o If given a picture of the body cavity be able to say what type it is
Know the different types of body symmetry
o Know examples of organisms that have the different type of body symmetry
Know the characteristic differences between protostomes versus deuterostomes
o Examples of organisms that are protostomes/deurostomes
 Table 6.4
Know all the terms in your manual for the anatomical terms and planes
o Be able to use these terms to describe where an organ/body part is to another organ/body part
Know the difference between a biped and quadruped
o Know which terms are used for which animal depending on if they’re a biped or quadruped
Exercise 7-- Developmental Biology Part I
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Know the four stages of development
o Know what happens in the four stages
Know the four stages of embryonic development
o Know what happens in the four stages
Know the three germ layers
o Know the developmental fates of the three germ layers
 Figure 7a.2
Figure 7a.3. Be able to locate where the vegetal and animal pole are located
o Characteristics of animal and vegetal pole
Know the four extraembryonic membranes
Know the parts of an unfertilized egg
o Figure 7a.5
Know the parts of a fertilized egg
o Figure 7a.6
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Know the function of all the parts of an egg
o Table 7a.2
Be able to figure out what stage the chick embryos is if given on a slide
o 24-hour, 33-hour, 72-hour chick embryos
 Use pictures from your manual or google them
 Be able to explain why you know it’s at that hour (ie: because the heart is developed, etc)
o What happens in these stages
Frog development slides
o Know how to tell which stage of development it’s in if given a slide
o Know how to locate structures like the animal and vegetal pole and the blastocoel
Know what complete versus incomplete metamorphosis is
o Know examples of organisms that are complete/incomplete
 Frogs = complete
 Know specific differences between tadpole and frog
o Diet
o Anatomy
o Habitat
o Organ Systems
 Crickets = incomplete
 Nymph
 Differences between nymph, instar and adult
 Ovipositor
 How to tell a difference between a male and female
Exercise 8 Nervous System
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Know the different types of nervous system that the organisms mentioned in your manual have.
Know the parts of the earthworm nervous system
Know the major parts of the sheep brain
o Know the functions of the parts of the brain
Know the parts of the rat brain
Know the parts of the shark brain
What is cephalization?
o Which organisms that you dissected are cephalized?
If given several organisms be able to put them in order by evolution (least to most evolved or most to least
evolved)
What organisms responded to which stimuli? Be specific. Why?
Exercise 9 Digestive System
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Know what the following terms mean and examples of organisms that fall into these categories:
o Ingestive eaters
o Absorptive feeders
o Suspension feeders
o Substrate feeders
o Fluid feeders
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Incomplete versus complete digestive systems
o Know examples of organisms that fall into those two categories
Know the 3 digestion experiment that you did in lab. Note: on the quiz/exam you will answer the questions
according to what SHOULD happen. If you’re given the information as to what is in each test tube you should be
able to explain what would happen and WHY.
o Starch experiment
o Protein experiment
o Fat experiment
o Know what the end-product is for each experiment; ie: maltose, polypeptides, fatty acids and glycerol
o Know what enzymes are involved
 Where are those enzymes located in the body
 Do NOT worry about memorizing colors!!
o Know which test tubes were:
 Positive controls
 Positive results
 Negative controls
 Negative results
Know an overview of the digestive system and what happens in the organs
Be able to identify the digestive organs for the following organisms:
o Earthworm
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Crop
 Gizzard
 Intestine
 Anus
o Rat
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Liver
 Intestines
 Anus
o Shark
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Liver
 Intestine
 Stomach
 Anus
o Pigeon
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Crop
 Gizzard
 Intestines
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 Anus
Prenatal pig
 Mouth
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Liver
 Intestines
 Anus
Perch
 Mouth
 Stomach
 Intestines
 Liver
You can be given an organism with a pin on an organ and it can ask you:
 What’s the name of this organ?
 What’s the function of this organ?
Know the parts of a Hydra
 What does it feed on?
Exercise 10 Circulatory & Respiratory Systems
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Know the flow of the blood through the heart
Be able to identify the different parts of the heart if given a dissected organism or a picture
o Sheep heart is a good example to see all the structures.
Where does deoxygenated and oxygenated blood go into?
o What chambers they’re found in?
Systolic versus diastolic blood pressure
o What’s the difference between the two?
 What exactly happens to the heart during each one?
o What should the normal/average blood pressure be?
What is a spirometer?
o What does it measure?
o What’s the average for males?
o What’s the average for females?
What is tidal volume?
What is vital capacity?
Know how to calculate pulse rate.
Know the different ways that the following organisms respire and how it coincides with the type of environment
they live in:
o Perch
 Gills
 Gill rakers
 Gill arches
 Operculum
 Side note: Know the Swim bladder and it’s function
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Shark
 Gills
 Gill rakers
 Gill arches
 Gill slits
o Leopard frog
 Remember they’re able to do cutaneous respiration
 Lungs
 You should also know the rest of the organs on the frog
o Pig
 Trachea
 lungs
o Rat
 Trachea
 lungs
o Pigeon
 Lungs
 Air sacs
 You should also know the rest of the organs on the pigeon
o Arthropods
 Spiracles/trachea
Know how many chambers different organisms have in their heart
Know the difference between an open and closed circulatory system
o Know which organisms have what type (open or closed)
Exercise 11 Endocrine System and Animal Behavior
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Be able to tell the difference between a male and female crayfish
o How can you tell?
Different agonistic behaviors that crayfish demonstrate
o What is an agonistic behavior?
 Intrinsic versus extrinsic factors
o Meral spread
o What kinds of behavior shows the crayfish trying to be submissive?
o What kinds of behavior shows the crayfish trying to be aggressive?
What was the purpose of the saline in the experiment with the crayfish?
What was the purpose of the serotonin in the experiment with the crayfish?
o What does the serotonin do to the crayfish?
What’s an ethogram?
o Know how to construct an ethogram.
o Know how to interpret an ethogram.
What was the point of changing the water in the fighting arena before the second fight?
Know the different parts of the crayfish
What are the reasons that animals are aggressive?