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1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUPPLIERS
Apex Locations
5-7
BOLTING DIMENSIONS
Bolting Dimensions for ANSI Flanges, all Sizes
Standard Cast Iron Companion Flanges and Bolts
Extra Heavy Cast Iron Companion Flanges and Bolts
Wafer Butterfly Valve Stud & Capscrew Sizes
Suggested Assembly Torque Values to Produce Corresponding Bolt Loads
9-12
13
13
14
15-18
PIPE DATA
Pipe Fitting, Flange & Valve Compatibility Chart
Design Properties and Allowable Working Pressures for Piping
Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses
ASTM Carbon Steel Pipe and Flange Specifications
Standard Pipe Data
Barlow’s Formula
Pipe and Water Weight Per Line Foot
Weight Per Foot of Seamless Brass and Copper Pipe
Heat Losses From Horizontal Bare Steel Pipe
Total Thermal Expansion of Piping Material in Inches
Carbon Steel Tubing Data
Copper Tubing Data
Stainless Steel Tubing Data
19
20-21
22-23
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28-29
29
30
FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSIONS
Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
Steel Valves with Ring Joint Flanges
Class 125 Cast & 150 Steel
Class 250 Cast & 300 Steel
Class 800 Cast & 600 Steel
Class 900 Steel
Class 1500 Steel
Class 2500 Steel
Wafer Type Valves
Dimensions of Flanged Valves Having Various Flange Facings
API-6D Operational & Dimensional Characteristics
Butterfly Valve Dimensions
31-32
31
34-35
36-37
38-39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
STANDARD CONVERSIONS
Hardness Conversion Numbers
Hydraulic Conversions
Unit Conversions Temperature
Temperature Conversions
Unit Conversions Flow, Power, Mass, Pressure
Standard Conversions
Metric Conversions
Flow Conversions
2
47
48
49
50-51
52
53
54-59
60-61
FORMULAS
Formula Calculations
Formulas
Fluid Power Formulae
63
64-65
66-67
CASING & TUBING & SUCKER RODS
API Flange & Ring Joint Dimensions
API Tubing Table
Casing Data
Sucker Rods
69-71
72-73
74-77
78-86
PIPE FITTER
How to Cut Odd-Angle Elbows
Alignment of Pipe
Tap & Drill Sizes
Coated Arc Welding Electrodes (types or styles)
Physical Properties Values
Trouble-Shooting Arc Welding Equipment
Basic Welding Symbols - Arc and Gas Welding
Symbols for Pipe Fittings
87-88
89-90
91
92
93
94-96
97
98-102
MISCELLANEOUS
Material Selection
Electric Motor Specifications
Wire Selection
Pumpjack Engine Specifications Chart
Temperature Data
Specific Gravity
Metals
Water
Wire Rope
Hydraulic Troubleshooting
Common Pipe Clamps
103
104-105
106-107
108
109
110
111
112-113
114-118
119-120
121
DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS
Useful Definitions
List of Abbreviations
123-125
126-127
WELD FITTING & FLANGES
Welding Fittings and Dimensions
Flanges
Ring Joint Dimensions
Lap Joint Stub Ends
Ring Joint Flanges - Ring Numbers
Pressure - Temperature Ratings
Pipeline Nomenclature
Tensile Requirements
Tolerances
Compliance Factor
Limits for Heat
129-131
132-134
135-139
140-141
142
143
144-145
146
147
148
149
3
– NOTICE OF DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY –
Every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy
of this data. However, due to the innumerable
calculations and conversions, users are advised to use
discretion. Where extremely detailed data is required,
suppliers of A.P.I. Specifications should be consulted.
The information contained in this booklet is provided as
a service to assist uers. Apex Distribution Inc. will not be
liable for any damages resulting from the use or misuse
of any information contained in this booklet. Each user
must assume full responsibility and liability for the use
of information in this booklet.
4
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Updated and
Revised
September 1997
BOLTING DIMENSIONS
FOR ANSI FLANGES
ALL SIZES AS PER
ANSI B16.5-1988
10
11
12
13
WAFER BUTTERFLY VALVE STUD
& CAPSCREW SIZES
150 lb. Threaded Lug Type
Valve Size
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
No. of
Capscrews
4
4
4
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
32
32
40
Capscrew
Diam.
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
Length of
Capscrews
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 1/2
3
3
3
150 lb. Wafer Type
Valve Size
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48
14
No. of Studs
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
24
24
32
36
40
52
Stud Diam.
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2
Length of Stud
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
5 1/2
5 1/2
6
6
6 1/2
7
7 1/2
8
9
10
11
13
14
16
19
20
15
16
17
18
19
SA-234 WP-1
SA-234 WP-12
SA-234 WP-11
SA-234 WP-22
SA-234 WP-5
SA-234 WP-7
SA-234 WP-9
SA-335 P-1
SA-335 P-12
SA-335 P-11
SA-335 P-22
SA-335 P-5
SA-335 P-7
SA-335 P-9
*Note: T-304 and T-316 are available in BLC grades
SA-182 F-9
SA-182 F-7
SA-182 F-5
SA-182 F-22
SA-182 F-11
SA-182 F-12
SA-182 F-1
SA-182 F-9
SA-182 F-7
SA-182 F-5
SA-182 F-22
SA-182 F-11
SA-182 F-12
SA-182 F-1
SA-350 LF-3
SA-420 WPL-3
SA-333 Gr. 3
SA-350 LF-3
SA-350 LF 1 & 2
SA-182 F-316
SA-182 F-304
SA-105 Gr. N SA-181 Gr. 1 or 2
SA-105-71, SA-181 Gr. 1 or 2
Flanges
SA-333 Gr. 1/6 SA-420 WPL 1 & 6 SA-350 LF 1 & 2
SA-182 F-316
SA-105 Gr. N
SA-312 T316* SA-403 WP-316
SA-234 WPB
SA-106B
SA-105, SA-105-71
SA-182 F-304
SA-234 WPB
SA-53
Screwed &
Socket Fittings
SA-312 T304* SA-403 WP-304
Weld Fittings
Pipe
This chart shows you how to match up pipe, fittings, flanges, and valves
Pipe Fitting, Flange & Valve Compatibility Chart
SA-217 C-12
SA-182 F-7 SA-217 C-12
SA-182 F-5 SA-217 C-5
SA-182 F-22 SA-217 WC-9
SA-182 F-11 SA-217 WC-6
SA-217 WC-6
SA-217 WC-1 SA-182 F-1
SA-350 LF-3 SA-352 LC-3
SA-350 LF 1 & 2 SA-352 LCB
SA-182 F-316 CF8M
SA-182 F-304 CF-8
SA-105 SA-216 WCB
SA-105 SA-216 WCB
Valves
20
21
COMMERCIAL PIPE SIZES
The following table lists the pipe sizes ans wall thicknesses currently established
as standard, or specifically:
1. The traditionalstandard weight, extra strong, and double extra strong pipe.
2. The pipe wall thickness schedules listed in American Standard B36.10, which
are applicable to carbon steel.
NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE
OUTSIDE
DIAM.
SCHED.
5S*
SCHED.
10S*
SCHED.
10
SCHED.
20
NOMINAL WALL
SCHED. STAN30
ARD†
1/8
1/4
0.405
0.540
-
0.409
0.065
-
-
-
0.068
0.088
3/8
1/2
0.675
0.840
0.065
0.065
0.083
-
-
-
0.091
0.109
3/4
1
1.050
1.315
0.065
0.065
0.083
0.109
-
-
-
0.113
0.133
1 1/4
1 1/2
1.660
1.900
0.065
0.065
0.109
0.190
-
-
-
0.140
0.145
2
2 1/2
2.375
2.875
0.065
0.083
0.109
0.120
-
-
-
0.154
0.203
3
3 1/2
3.500
4.000
0.083
0.083
0.120
0.120
-
-
-
0.216
0.226
4
5
4.500
5.563
0.083
0.109
0.120
0.134
-
-
-
0.237
0.258
6
8
6.625
8.625
0.109
0.109
0.134
0.148
-
0.250
0.277
0.280
0.322
10
12
10.750
12.750
0.134
0.156
0.165
0.180
-
0.250
0.250
0.307
0.330
0.365
0.375
14 O.D.
16 O.D.
14.000
16.000
0.156
0.165
0.188
0.188
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.312
0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375
18 O.D.
20 O.D.
18.000
20.000
0.165
0.188
0.188
0.218
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.375
0.438
0.500
0.375
0.375
22 O.D.
24 O.D.
22.000
24.000
0.188
0.218
0.218
-
0.250
0.250
0.375
0.375
0.500
0.562
0.375
0.375
26 O.D.
28 O.D.
26.000
28.000
-
-
0.312
0.312
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.375
0.375
30 O.D.
32 O.D.
30.000
32.000
0.250
-
0.312
-
0.312
0.312
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.625
0.375
0.375
34 O.D.
36 O.D.
34.000
36.000
-
-
0.312
0.312
0.500
0.500
0.625
0.625
0.375
0.375
42 O.D.
42.000
-
-
-
0.375
-
-
All dimensions are given in inches.
The decimal thicknesses listed for the respective pipe sizes represent their nominal
or average wall dimensions. The actual thicknesses may be as much as 12.5% under the
nominal thickness because of mill tolerance. Thicknesses shown in light face for
Schedule 60 and heavier pipe are not currently supplied by the mills, unless a certain
minimum tonnage is ordered.
22
AND WALL THICKNESSES
3. The pipe wall thickness schedules listed in American Standard B36.19, and
ASTM Specification A409, which are applicable only to corrosion resistant materials.
(NOTE: Schedule 10S is also available in carbon steel in sizes 12” and smaller.
ASA-B36.10 and B36.19
THICKNESS FOR
SCHED. SCHED.
EXTRA
40
60
STRONG‡
SCHED.
80
SCHED.
100
SCHED.
120
SCHED.
140
SCHED.
160
XX
STRONG
0.068
0.088
-
0.095
0.119
0.095
0.119
-
-
-
-
-
0.091
0.109
-
0.126
0.147
0.126
0.147
-
-
-
0.188
0.294
0.113
0.133
-
0.154
0.179
0.154
0.179
-
-
-
0.219
0.250
0.308
0.358
0.140
0.145
-
0.191
0.200
0.191
0.200
-
-
-
0.250
0.281
0.382
0.400
0.154
0.203
-
0.218
0.276
0.218
0.276
-
-
-
0.344
0.375
0.436
0.552
0.216
0.226
-
0.300
0.318
0.300
0.318
-
-
-
0.438
-
0.600
-
0.237
0.258
-
0.337
0.375
0.337
0.375
-
0.438
0.500
-
0.531
0.625
0.674
0.750
0.280
0.322
0.406
0.432
0.500
0.432
0.500
0.594
0.562
0.719
0.812
0.719
0.906
0.864
0.875
0.365
0.406
0.500
0.562
0.500
0.500
0.594
0.688
0.719
0.844
0.844
1.000
1.000
1.125
1.125
1.312
1.000
1.000
0.438
0.500
0.594
0.656
0.500
0.500
0.750
0.844
0.938
1.031
1.094
1.219
1.250
1.438
1.406
1.594
-
0.562
0.594
0.750
0.812
0.500
0.500
0.938
1.031
1.156
1.281
1.375
1.500
1.562
1.750
1.781
1.969
-
0.688
0.875
0.969
0.500
0.500
1.125
1.218
1.375
1.531
1.625
1.812
1.875
2.062
2.125
2.344
-
-
-
0.500
0.500
0.500
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.688
0.688
0.750
-
0.500
0.500
0.500
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
0.500
-
-
-
-
-
-
* Schedules 5S and 10S are available in corrosion resistant materials and
Schedule 10S is also available in carbon steel.
† Thicknesses shown in italics are available also in stainless steel, under the
designation Schedule 40S.
‡ Thicknesses shown in italics are available also in stainless steel, under the
designation Schedule 80S.
23
24
25
PIPE AND WATER WEIGHT PER LINE FOOT
NOM.
PIPE SIZE
WEIGHT OF:
STD. PIPE
WEIGHT OF:
WATER
XS PIPE
WATER
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
.851
1.131
1.679
2.273
.132
.231
.374
.648
1.088
1.474
2.172
2.997
.101
.187
.311
.555
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
3.653
5.794
7.580
9.110
10.790
1.453
2.073
3.200
4.280
5.510
5.022
7.662
10.250
12.510
14.990
1.278
1.835
2.860
3.850
4.980
5
6
8
10
12
14.620
18.980
28.560
40.500
49.600
8.660
12.510
21.680
34.100
49.000
20.780
28.580
43.400
54.700
65.400
7.880
11.290
19.800
32.300
47.000
14
16
18
20
54.600
62.600
70.600
78.600
59.700
79.100
101.200
126.00
72.100
82.800
93.500
104.100
57.500
76.500
98.300
122.800
24
30
94.600
118.700
183.800
291.000
125.500
157.600
179.900
286.000
WEIGHT PER FOOT OF
SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
YELLOW
BRASS
RED
BRASS
COPPER
YELLOW
BRASS
RED
BRASS
COPPER
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
0.91
1.23
1.73
2.56
0.93
1.27
1.78
2.63
0.96
1.30
1.82
2.69
1.19
1.62
2.39
3.29
1.23
1.67
2.46
3.39
1.25
1.71
2.51
3.46
1 1/2
2
3.04
4.01
3.13
4.12
3.20
4.22
3.99
5.51
4.10
5.67
4.19
5.80
26
HEAT LOSSES FROM HORIZONTAL
BARE STEEL PIPE
(BTU per hour per linear foot at 70˚F room temperature)
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE
STEAM
5 PSIG
(20 PSIA)
HOT WATER
(180˚F)
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
60
73
90
112
126
96
118
144
179
202
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
155
185
221
244
279
248
296
355
401
448
TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPING
MATERIAL IN INCHES PER 100 FT. ABOVE 32˚F.
TEMPERATURE
˚F
CARBON AND
CARBON MOLY
STEEL
CAST
IRON
COPPER
BRASS
AND
BRONZE
WROUGHT
IRON
32
100
150
200
250
0
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.7
0
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.5
0
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.7
0
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.6
0
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7
300
350
400
450
500
2.0
2.5
5.9
3.4
3.8
1.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.5
3.3
4.0
4.7
5.3
6.0
3.2
3.9
4.6
5.2
5.9
2.2
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1
550
600
650
700
750
4.3
4.8
5.3
5.9
6.4
3.9
4.4
4.8
5.3
5.8
6.7
7.4
8.2
9.0
—
6.5
7.2
7.9
8.5
—
4.6
5.2
5.6
6.1
6.7
800
850
900
950
1000
7.0
7.4
8.0
8.5
9.1
6.3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
7.2
—
—
—
—
27
Carbon Steel Tubing Data
Steel tubing is called out by outside diameter and wall thickness. For hydraulic plumbing a low
carbon seamless steel tubing should be used which can be bent an flared without cracking. Order
“hydraulic grade” tubing.
Pressure ratings in this table are based on a tubing with tensile strength of 55,000 PSI, and were
calculated by Barlow’s formula: P = 2t x S ÷ O, in which P = burst strength in PSI, t = wall thickness,
S = tensile strength in PSI, and O = outside diameter. This formula may be used to calculate tubing
sizes not listed. All dimensions in the table are in inches.
For hydraulic plumbing, a safety factor of at least 6 should be used and ratings for this factor are
shown in the table. For pressure rating at other safety factors, take burst PSI and divide by desired
safety factor.
28
Copper Tubing Data
Burst pressures are calculate by Barlow’s formula: P = 2t x S ÷ O in which P is burst
pressure PSI; t is tubing wall thickness; S is ultiate strength of material (32,000 PSI for
copper); O is outside diameter of tubing.
29
STAINLESS STEEL TUBING DATA
Stainless steel tubing is sometimes employed either to handle corrosive fuids, or higher
pressures. If assembled with flare-type fittings, great care must be used not to crack the
tubing while flaring.
Pressure ratings are based on an ultimate strength of 75,000 PSI, typical of Types 302,
303, 304, 309, 310, 316, 321, and 416. Types 202 and 440C have 100,000 PSI while Types
410 and 430 have only 60,000 PSI ultimate.
In hydraulic systems a safety factor of at least 6 should be used if there is likely to be any
shock in the system. To calculate working pressure at any safety factor, take burst strength
and divide by desired safety factor.
Pressure ratings were calculated by Barlow’s formula: P = 2t x S ÷ O in which P is burst
pressure in PS, t is tubing wall thickness, S is ultiate strength of tube material in PSI, O is
tube O.D. All dimensions are in inches.
30
Face-to-Face and End-to End
Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FACE-TO-FACE AND END-TO-END
DIMENSIONS OF FERROUS VALVES
ANSI B 16 10-1973
2.0 SIZE
2.1 The size of the valves in the following
tables is indicated by the corresponding “normal
valve size”. Ventum valves have a size
designation using normal valve sizes for each end
with a normal seat port for a third size in between
the two end sizes.
3.0
FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSIONS FOR
REGULAR STANDARD FACINGS*
3.1 The face-to-face dimension for flanged
valves is the distance between the faces of the
connecting end flanges upon which the gaskets
are actually compressed. This is sometimes called
“contact surface-to-contact surface dimension”.
Dimensions for angle valves are center-toface which is the distance between the centerline
of the port to the face of the connecting end
flange upon which the gasket is actually
compressed. This is sometimes called “center-tocontact surface dimension”.
3.2 Flanges for cast-iron Class 125 valves are
plain flat faced
The flanges of cast-iron Class 250 and steel
Class 150 and 300 valves have 1/16 in. raised
faces, which are included in the face-to-face
dimensions. When Class 150 and 300 valves are
required with plain faces, either the full thickness
of flange or the thickness with 1/16 in. raised face
removed may be furnished unless otherwise
specified by the customer. Users are reminded that
removing the 1/16 in. raised faces will make the
face-to-face dimensions nonstandard.
The flanges of cast-iron Class 800 hydraulic
and steel Class 400 and higher pressure valves
have 1/4 in. raised faces which are included in the
face-to-face dimensions.
4.0 END-TO-END DIMENSIONS **
4.1 The end-to-end dimension for buttwelding
end steel valves is the distance between the root
faces of the welding lips.
4.2 The end-to-end dimensions of bolted bonnet
welding end steel valves, except Class 150 gate
valves, Class 300 plug valves, Class 400 and 600
round port full bore plug valves, and control
valves are the same as the face-to-face dimensions
given for flanged end raised face steel valves.
Pressure seal or flangelss bonnet welding end
valves may be made to these dimensions or have
shorter end-to-end dimensions as given in Tables
4, 5, 6, and 7 at manufacturer’s option.
5.0
APPLYING OTHER STANDARD OR
SPECIAL FACINGS*
5.1 The basic flange-edge to flange-edge
dimension is the distance between the surfaces
from which the basic flange thickness is
determined.
5.2 Ring Joints. The “X” dimensions given in
Table 8 include the depth of grooves which are
added to the basic flange-edge to flange-edge
dimensions to establish the face-to-face
dimension. For approximate distances between
flanges with ring joints when rings are
compressed, see dimension “S”, Table 8. For
calculating the “laying length” of valves with ring
joints, the “S” dimension given in Table 8 must be
added.
5.3 When it is desired to provide for a special
facing on a flanged valve, the basic flange-edge to
flange-edge dimensions must be determined and
facing heigth or depth added to it to establish the
new face-to-face.
When a special facing is applied to a valve
having a plain face, or a 1/16 in. raised face, no
deductions are made from the dimensions in the
tables. The additions for the special facing are
applied directly to the table dimensions. 1/16 in.
raised faces are cut from the basic flange
thicknesses and therefore, face-to-face and basic
flange-edge to flange-edge is the same dimension.
When a special facing is applied to a valve
having 1/4 in. raised face, the hight of the two
raised faces (1/2 in.) must be deducted from the
dimensions given in the tables. The additions for
the special facing are added to this dimension
(basic flange-edge to flange-edge), to determine
the new face-to-face dimension.
6.0 TOLERANCE
6.1 A plus or minus tolerance of 1/16 in. shall
be allowed on all face-to-face and end-to-end
dimensions of valves 10 in. and smaller and a plus
or minus tolerance of 1/8 in. for sizes 12 in. and
larger.
6.2 The tolerances on center-to-face dimensions
of angel valves are one-half (1/2) of those listed
in Par 6.1.
* See Fig 1.
** See Fig 2.
31
* Example of Special Facing
A 10” Class 900 steel gate valve is desired with a recessed bevel 3/8”
deep to accommodate a lens gasket.
From Table 5 Column 2 is found the face-to-face dimension of 33” for a
10” Class 900 gate valve having regular stock facing of 1/4” raised face.
In accordance with Paragraph 5, the 1/4” is deducted from both flanges,
resulting in a basic flange-edge to flange-edge dimension of 32 1/2”.
The 3/8” deep recessed bevel is added for each flange to the basic flangeedge to flange-edge dimension resulting in a new face-to-face dimension of
33 1/4”.
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
USEFUL HYDRAULIC CONSTANTS AND
CONVERSIONS
VOLUME AND DENSITY
Barrel
Barrel
Gallon (US)
Gallon (IMP)
Gallon (US)
Cubic foot
Cubic foot
Cubic meter
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
42 (U.S.) Gallons = 5.6146 cubic feet = 9702 cubic inches
.1590 cubic meters = 159 litres
.1337 cubic foot - 231 cubic inches = .833 gallon (IMP)
1.200 gallon (US) = .1604 cubic foot = 277.2 cubic inches
3.785 litre = .003785 cubic meters
7.4805 gallons (US) = 6.231 gallons (IMP) = .1781 Barrels
.028317 cubic meters = 28.317 litres
6.29 barrels
CONTENTS OF PIPELINES
Gallons (US) per 1000 ft
Barrels per 1000 ft
Gallons (US) per mile
Barrels per mile
Cubic meters per Kilometer
=
=
=
=
=
40.8 x (inch ID)2
.9714 x (inch ID)2
215.42 x (inch ID)2
5.129 x (inch ID)2
.0007854 x (mm ID)2
VELOCITY IN PIPES
Feet per second
Feet per second
Feet per second
Meters per second
=
=
=
=
ft3 / hr x .0509 ÷ (inch ID)2
bbl / hr x .2859 ÷ (inch ID)2
gallon (US) / min x .4085 ÷(inch ID)2
M3 / hr x 353.68 ÷ (inch ID)2
RATES OF FLOW
Gallons per min
Gallons per day
48
=
=
.02917 x Barrels/day
1008 x Barrels/hour
UNIT CONVERSIONS
TEMPERATURE
˚C
= (˚F-32) x 5/9
VOLUME
1 gal. (U.S.)
= 128 fl. oz. (U.S.)
= 231 cu. in.
= 0.833 gal. (Brit.)
1 cu. ft.
= 7.48 gal. (U.S.)
WEIGHT OF WATER
1 cu. ft. at 50˚F. weighs 62.41 lb.
1 gal. at 50˚F. weighs 8.34 lb.
1 cu. ft. of ice weighs 57.2 lb.
Water is at its greatest density at 39.2˚F.
1 cu. ft. at 39.2˚F. weighs 62.43 lb.
WEIGHT OF LIQUID
1 gal. (U.S.)
1 cu. ft.
1 lb.
= 8.34 lb. x sp. gr.
= 62.3 lb x sp. gr.
= 0.12 U.S. gal. ÷ sp. gr.
= 0.016 cu. ft. ÷ sp. gr.
WORK
1 Btu (mean)
= 778 ft. lb.
= 0.293 watt hr.
= 1/180 of heat required to change
temp of 1 lb. water from 32˚F
to 212˚F
1 hp-hr
= 2545 Btu (mean)
= 0.746 kwhr
1 Kwhr
= 3413 Btu (mean)
= 1.34 hp-hr
49
50
51
UNIT CONVERSIONS
FLOW
1 gpm
500 lb. per hr.
1 cu. ft. per min. (cfm)
= 0.134 cu. ft. per min.
= 500 lb per hr. x sp. gr.
= 1 gpm ÷ sp. gr.
= 448.8 gal. per hr. (gph)
POWER
1 Btu per hr.
1 ton refrigeration (U.S.)
1 hp
1 boiler hp
1 kw.
= 0.293 watt
= 12.96 ft. lb. per min.
= 0.00039 hp
= 288,000 Btu per 24 hr.
=12,000 Btu per hr.
= 200 Btu per min.
= 83.33 lb. ice melted per hr.
from and at 32˚F
= 550 ft. lb. per sec.
= 746 watt
= 2545 Btu per hr.
= 33,480 Btu per hr.
= 34.5 lb. water evap. per hour.
from and at 212˚F
= 9.8 kw.
= 3413 Btu per hr.
MASS
1 lb. (avoir.)
1 ton (short)
1 ton (long)
= 16 oz. (avoir.)
= 7000 grain
= 2000 lb.
= 2240 lb.
PRESSURE
1 lb. per sq. in.
1 ft. water at 60˚F
1 in. Hg at 60˚F
lb. per sq. in.
Absolute (psia)
52
= 2.31 ft. water at 60˚F
= 2.04 in. hg at 60˚F
= 0.433 lb. per sq. in.
= 0.844 in. hg at 60˚F
= 0.49 lb. per sq. in.
= 1.13 ft. water at 60˚F
= lb. per sq. in. gauge (psig)
+14.7
STANDARD CONVERSIONS
TO CHANGE
TO
MULTIPLY BY
Inches ........................................Feet .................................. 0.0833
Inches ........................................Millimeters .......................... 25.4
Feet ............................................Inches...................................... 12
Feet ............................................Yards................................ 0.3333
Yards ..........................................Feet .......................................... 3
Square inches ............................Square feet .................... 0.00694
Square feet ................................Square inches........................ 144
Square feet ................................Square yards .................. 0.11111
Square yards ..............................Square feet................................ 9
Cubic inches ..............................Cubic feet ...................... 0.00058
Cubic feet ..................................Cubic inches ...................... 1728
Cubic feet ..................................Cubic yards.................... 0.03703
Cubic yards ................................Cubic Feet .............................. 27
Cubic inches ..............................Gallons .......................... 0.00433
Cubic feet ..................................Gallons ................................ 7.48
Gallons ......................................Cubic inches ........................ 231
Gallons ......................................Cubic feet ........................ 0.1337
Gallons ......................................Pounds of water .................. 8.33
Pounds of water ........................Gallons .......................... 0.12004
Ounces........................................Pounds ............................ 0.0625
Pounds........................................Ounces .................................... 16
Inches of water ..........................Pounds per square inch .. 0.0361
Inches of water ..........................Inches of mercury............ 0.0735
Inches of water ..........................Ounces per square inch .... 0.578
Inches of water ..........................Pounds per square foot .......... 5.2
Inches of mercury ......................Inches of water .................... 13.6
Inches of mercury ......................Feet of water.................... 1.1333
Inches of mercury ......................Pounds per square inch .. 0.4914
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of mercury.............. 0.127
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of water .................. 1.733
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of water .................. 27.72
Ounces per square inch ..............Feet of water...................... 2.310
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of mercury................ 2.04
Ounces per square inch ..............Atmospheres.................... 0.0681
Feet of water ..............................Pounds per square inch .... 0.434
Feet of water ..............................Pounds per square foot ........ 62.5
Feet of water ..............................Inches of mercury............ 0.8824
Atmospheres ..............................Pounds per square inch .. 14.696
Atmospheres ..............................Inches of mercury.............. 29.92
Atmospheres ..............................Feet of water .......................... 34
Long tons ..................................Pounds ................................ 2240
Short tons ..................................Pounds ................................ 2000
Short tons ..................................Long tons ...................... 0.89285
53
54
55
56
57
58
Imp. Gallons
US Gallons
7.48
1 million
325,850
27,154
220
6.24
264.1
1
10
160
1
Chains2
Rods2
1
Cubic Metres
107,639
43,560
Feet2
62.4
2200
10.00
8.33
Pounds (water)
Volume (Flow)
4,840
Yards2
Area
Conversion Factors
1
12
43,650
Acre Inches
10,000
4047
Metres2
3,630
1
35.31
.1337
Cubic Feet
2,471
1
Acres
3.07
1
1/12
Acre Feet
1
.4047
Hectares
59
372.7
1
26.71
1
948.2
.0027
2,545
950,000
H.P.
1.341
M3
.0036
FT3
Power and Energy
12
3,413
.433
4.0
GJ
2.98
1
Inches
Water Column
BTU
1
6.89
.145
KPA
PSI
Pressure (Head)
1
2.31
.34
Feet
278
.746
1
KW
FLOW CONVERSION CHART
The accompanying chart provides fast answers to many problems that
may confront the pipe fitter. Procedure for using the chart are as follows:
Note that there are three sets of figures shown in connection with the
extreme left-hand column A. The column marked “1 in. standard” gives the
internal diameter of standard pipe (somewhat greater than 1 for 1 in.
standard pipe). The column marked “2 exact” gives the exact diameter. The
column marked “3 extra heavy” gives the internal diameter of extra heavy
pipe.
EXAMPLE: How much water is passing through a pipe having an I.D. of
exactly 1 in., the velocity of the water being 3 F.P.S.? To apply the chart
to the problem locate 1 in. in column A over the word “exact” and run a
straight line from the point through the 3 in column C. From the
intersection of this line with column B, run a straight line horizontally to
column G. The intersection of this line at columns D, E and F gives the
following information:
Column D shows the cubic feet/minute flowing through the pipe; column
E shows the volume of flow in gallons/minute; column F gives the weight
of the water in pounds/minute. (For liquids other than water, multiply the
value of column F by the specific gravity of the liquid for accurate weight
conversion.) See chart page 31.
If a quantity in columns D, E or F is known then velocity may be
determined by reversing the procedure. Draw a horizontal line from the
known point to column G. From this intersection draw a line to the exact
I.D. of the pipe in column A and extend this line to cross column C. The
intersection with column C gives the velocity in feet/second.
The chart can be used as a conversion chart to determine the number of
gallons in a certain number of cubic feet of liquid. The horizontal line
already drawn to determine answers in columns C and D will provide the
answer to the conversion in column E.
A little practice will prove this chart to be a real time-saver.
60
61
NOTES:
62
FORMULAS TO BE PROVIDED TO OPERATORS
FOR CALCULATIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
H.P. = RPM x Torque (ft/lbs) / 5252
Torque (ft/lbs) = (H.P. X 5252) / RPM
H.P. = [ (Volts x Amps x 1.73 x Power factor (p.f.) x motor efficiency)
/1000] / .746
Drive Sheave RPM x Drive Sheave Diameter = Motor Sheave RPM x
Motor Sheave Diameter
**ignoring belt slippage
5.
Polish Rod RPM = Motor Sheave RPM x Motor Sheave Diameter
Dry Sheave Diameter
**ignoring belt slippage
FIND STROKES PER MINUTE (SPM)
RPM divided by Gear Ratio divided by Big Sheave multiplied by Small
Sheave equals Strokes per Minute.
FIND SMALL SHEAVE
SPM multiplied by Gear Ratio multiplied by Big Sheave divided by RPM
equals Small Sheave.
FIND BIG SHEAVE
RPM divided by Gear Ratio divided by SPM multiplied by Small Sheave
equals Big Sheave.
FIND BELT SIZE
Big Sheave plus Little Sheave multiplied by 1.57 plus 2 times the distance
from shaft centre to shaft centre equals Belt Size.
**Estimate Only
63
64
65
66
67
NOTES:
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
NORRIS SUCKER RODS SPECIFICATIONS
Maximum Recommended Torque
For Norris Sucker Rods & Pony Rods
All torque values are ft. lbs.
Rod
Size
Grade D
Grade D
Grade D
Special
Carbon (54) Alloy (78) Special Alloy Service
(75)
(96)
Special
Service
(97)
3/4”
430
460
470
500
500
7/8”
675
735
750
800
800
1”
1,010
1,100
1,110
1,200
1,200
1 1/8”
N.A.
1,570
1,590
N.A.
1,700
*1 1/4
N.A.
2,000
2,100
N.A.
2,500
*
Exclusive to Alberta Oil Tool. A non-API drive rod specifically designed
for torsional application.
-
Alberta Oil Tool recommends the use of a larger diameter rod to increase
the allowable torque, rather than the next higher grade.
-
1” Rods (Grade 78 & 75) with 7/8” connections have the same torque
rating as conventional 1” rods.
-
No derating factor for slimhole couplings.
-
Values based on actual torsion test results.
Maximum Allowable Torque
For Norris Polished Rods
All torque values are ft. lbs.
Rod Size
Piston
(C1045)
Norloy
(8620)
431 SS
4140 Alloy
1 1/4”
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1 1/2”
2,800
2,800
2,800
2,800
SPECIFICATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE
78
NORRIS SUCKER RODS CARE AND HANDLING
Maximum Recommended Weight
Indicator Pull on a Sucker Rod String
The following calculates the maximum rig weight indicator pull on a stuck
rod string. The calculations are based on 90% of the minimum yield strength,
converted into pounds, for a rod string in “like new” condition. The
maximum load should be reached by a straight, steady pull and not a shock
load.
For a tapered string, calculate the total weight in pounds of all rods above
the bottom section. Add to this weight the values in the table below for the
rod type and size of the bottom section. This is the maximum load that
should be pulled on a rod string, the table values are the maximum pull.
ADDITIONAL WEIGHT INDICATOR
Rod Type
Size
Load in Pounds
Type 30 & 40
1”
7/8”
3/4”
5/8”
42,4000
32,475
23,850
16,560
Types 54, 75 & 78
1 1/4”
1 1/8”
1”
7/8”
3/4”
5/8”
99,400
80,500
63,625
48,700
35,780
24,850
Type 96 & 97
1 1/4”
1 1/8”
1”
7/8”
3/4”
127,000
102,880
81,250
62,200
45,750
79
80
81
82
Nickel Moly Alloy
S-59
Blue
5
Blue
K
Blue
40
Blue
K65
Blue
K
Blue
API GRADE K
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris
1. Information Sources
90/105
75/85
70/85
70/80
75/85
60
90/105
60/75
60/75
68/80
60/75
60
Yield
strength
1,000 psi
100/115
88/105
85/105
90/100
90/110
90/115
100/115
90/105
90/105
100/110
90/115
90/115
Tensile
strength
1,000 psi
55-65
60-70
60-70
60-70
60-70
55-65
55-66
53-68
45-65
50-65
Reduction
of area, %
207-235
182-217
182-217
175-207
180-220
207-235
187-217
185-217
210-230
190-205
Brinel
hardness
MN = Minimum
Mx = Maximum
T = Typical
Quenched & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Heat Treated
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized
Quenched & Tempered
Normalized
Heat Treated
Normalized
Normalized
Normalized & Tempered
Heat
Treatment
2. Color codes according to API Specification 11B, 24th Edition
Grade C – White
Grade K – Blue
Grade D – Carbon Steel, Brown
– Chrome-Moly, Yellow
– Special, Orange
13-20
16-25
16-25
14-18
16Mn
13-20
18-25
19-24
18-23
18-23
Elongation
8", %
M or MD = Modified
API Specification 11B. 24th Edition
LTV Sucker Rod Brochure P111, 10M-8/84
National-Oilwell Sucker Rod Bulletin 155, Rev. 111, 5/90 SL
Norris Sucker Rod Brochure, Dec. 1, 1989
Trico Sucker Rod Brochure, TB-170/2-86
World Oil Sucker Rod Tables, March 1987
Carbon Steel
S-60
White
1
White
C
White
30
White
C11
White
C
White
API GRADE C
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris
NOTES:
Type
Color
Code
Manufacturer
Based on API Specification 11B
SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (E. & O.E.)
83
M or MD = Modified
MN = Minimum
MISCELLANEOUS/SPECIAL SERVICE
Axelson
S-88
Red
National-Oilwell
EL
Norris
97
Tenaris
Plus
Tenaris
UHS-NR
Tenaris
Special
140/150
140/160
140-160
140-160
115/125
115
115
115
Mx = Maximum
140/155
130/145
13-18
11/17
11/17
12/17
10-13
12-16
10-13
14-18
14-18
13-18
14-18
10-15
14Mn
Elongation
8", %
T = Typical
Carbon Steel, Chrome-Moly Alloy and Special Alloy
S-67
Brown
110/125
120/135
S-87
Orange
115-130
125/140
3
Yellow
95/110
115/135
10
Orange
90Mn
115Mn
D
Yellow
95/110
115/135
Kd
Orange
90Mn
115Mn
54
Brown
90/110
120/135
78
Yellow
100/110
120/140
90
Orange
90/100
115/125
D61
Yellow
90/100
115/140
D63
Orange
95Mn
115Mn
D
Brown
85
115-140
D
Yellow
85
115-140
KD
Orange
85
115-140
Tensile
strength
1,000 psi
API GRADE D
Axelson
Axelson
LTV
LTV
National-Oilwell
National-Oilwell
Norris
Norris
Norris
Trico
Trico
Tenaris
Tenaris
Tenaris
Yield
strength
1,000 psi
Type
Color
Code
Manufacturer
Based on API Specification 11B
45-55
50-65
55-65
55-65
50-60
50-60
50-60
50-60
45-60
45-60
40-60
50-65
50-60
Reduction
of area, %
SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (E. & O.E.)
295-311
285-311
248-277
248-280
235-270
227-247
235-280
227Mn
250-280
250-290
240-260
241-280
227-260
Brinel
hardness
Quenched & Tempered
Induction case hardened
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Superf. Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Quenched & Tempered
Quenched & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Heat Treated
Heat Treated
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Forced Cooling
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Heat
Treatment
84
Carbon Steel
S-60 1029Md
1
1536
C
1536
30
C-1536M
C11
1536
C
1530M
Nickel Moly Alloy
S-59 46XX
5
4623Md
K
4621Md
40
A-4621M
K65
4623
K
4621M
API GRADE D
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris
API GRADE K
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris
.14-.21
.20-.25
.20-.25
.20-.25
.20-.25
.18-.25
.22-.29
.30-.37
.33-.43
.34-.39
.30-.37
.31-.36
%
Carbon
1. Information Sources
NOTES:
.025Mx
.04Mx
.03Mx
.035Mx
.04Mx
.025Mx
.025Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.025Mx
%
Phos.
.035MX
.04Mx
.04Mx
.035MX
.04Mx
.025Mx
.04Mx
.05Mx
.05Mx
.04Mx
.05Mx
.025Mx
%
Sulpher
.15-.35
.20-.35
.15-.30
.20-.30
.15-.30
.25-.30
.15-.30
.15-.30
.15-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.25-.40
%
Silicon
.20Mx
.15Mx
0.2Mx
.03Mx
.20MX
.30Mx
.35Mx
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
.20Mx
M or MD = Modified
MN = Minimum
.35 Cu Mn
%
Other
Mx = Maximum
T = Typical
.04-.07VA, .35MxCU
.04-.07Va, .35MxCu
2. Color codes according to API Specification 11B, 24th Edition
Grade C – White
Grade K – Blue
Grade D – Carbon Steel, Brown
– Chrome-Moly, Yellow
– Special, Orange
.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.15-.25
.20-.30
.20-.30
.05Mx
.06Mx
.05Mx
%
%
Chromium Moly
.15Mx
%
Nickel
**Any composition which can be effectively heat treated to the minimum ultimate tensile strength
.55-.75
.75-1.00
.75-1.00
.60-.80
.75-1.00
.70-1.00
1.00-1.32
1.20-1.50
1.20-1.65
1.15-1.45
1.20-1.50
1.40-1.60
%
Mang.
API Specification 11B. 24th Edition
LTV Sucker Rod Brochure P111, 10M-8/84
National-Oilwell Sucker Rod Bulletin 155, Rev. 111, 5/90 SL
Norris Sucker Rod Brochure, Dec. 1, 1989
Trico Sucker Rod Brochure, TB-170/2-86
World Oil Sucker Rod Tables, March 1987
*Generally manufactured from, but not restricted to AISI 1536
Type
Manufacturer
Steel
Type
Based on API Specification 11B
SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART
CHEMICAL ANALYSES (E. & O.E.)
85
%
Phos.
M or MD = Modified
.70-1.00
1.45-1.75
1.65-2.00
.15Mx
1.65-2.00
.30Mx
MN = Minimum
.15-.35
.15-.35
.20-.35
.25-.40
.15-.35
.20-.40
.05Mx
.20-.30
.20-.30
.05Mx
.20-.30
.25-.35
.05Mx
.05Mx
.20-.30
.22-.30
.15-.30
.20-.30
.06Mx
.15-.25
.20-.30
.15-.25
.20-.30
.05Mx
.15-.25
.20-.30
Mx = Maximum
.41-.65
.80-1.00
.70-.90
.20Mx
.80-1.00
.60-.80
.20Mx
.41-.65
.75-1.20
.80-1.05
.75-1.20
.60-1.05
.30Mx
.90-1.00
.70-.90
.80-1.10
.60-.90
.20Mx
.80-1.10
.70-.90
%
%
Chromium Moly
**Any composition which can be effectively heat treated to the minimum ultimate tensile strength
.35Mx
.035Mx
.040Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
1.20-1.50
.15Mx
.25Mx
1.15-1.50
.90-1.50
.35Mx
.45Mx
1.15-1.50
.90-1.50
.15Mx
.70-1.00
%
Nickel
*Generally manufactured from, but not restricted to AISI 1536
.025Mx
.025Mx
.035Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.15-.30
.15-.35
.50-.30
.15-.30
.50-.35
.15-.35
.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.15-.30
.25-.40
.15-.35
.15-.35
%
Silicon
.71-1.00
.75-.95
.70-.90
1.40-1.60
.70-.95
1.10-1.40
.04Mx
.035Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.05Mx
.04Mx
.030Mx
.035Mx
.025Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
%
Sulpher
MISCELLANEOUS/SPECIAL SERVICE
Axelson
S-88 3130Md
.22-.29
National-Oilwell
EL
Special
.35-.39
Norris
97
A-4340Sp .38-.43
Tenaris
Plus
1530M
.31-.36
UHS-NR 4330M
.30-.35
Tenaris
Tenaris
Special 4138M
.38-.43
Carbon Steel, Chrome-Moly Alloy and Special Alloy
S-67 1029Md
.22-.29
1.00-1.32
.025Mx
S-87 3130Md
.22-.29
.71-1.00
.025Mx
3
4142H
.39-.46
.65-1.00
.04Mx
10
Special
.17-.22
.80-1.00
.35Mx
D
4142Md
.39-.46
.65-1.00
.04Mx
Kd
Special
.18-.25
.60-1.05
.04Mx
54
C-1541Vm .40-.45
1.35-1.55
.025Mx
78
A-4142M .40-.45
.80-1.00
.035Mx
90
A-4320M .18-.23
.80-1.00
.025Mx
D61
4142
.40-.45
.75-1.00
.04Mx
D63
Special
.22-.28
.65-.95
.04Mx
D-CAR 1530M
.31-.36
1.40-1.60
.25Mx
D-AL 4142M
.40-.45
.75-1.00
.25Mx
K-DE 4320M
.18-.24
.80-1.00
.25Mx
%
Mang.
API GRADE D
Axelson
Axelson
LTV
LTV
National-Oilwell
National-Oilwell
Norris
Norris
Norris
Trico
Trico
Tenaris
Tenaris
Tenaris
%
Carbon
Type
Manufacturer
Steel
Type
Based on API Specification 11B
SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART
CHEMICAL ANALYSES (E. & O.E.)
T = Typical
.35CuMx
.03-.05Va
.04-.07Va, .35MxCu
.40-.70Cu
.07-.08Va, .35MxCu
.02-.03Cb,.35MxCu
.05-.07VA, 35MxCu
.02-.03Va, .40-.60Cu
.35CuMx
.35CuMx
%
Other
86
87
88
89
90
91
COATED ARC WELDING ELECTRODES
Types or Styles
A.W.S.
Classification
E 60 10
DIRECT CURRENT, REVERSE POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.
All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.
This is the electrode used for most carbon steel pipe welding.
E 60 11
ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.
All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.
E 60 12
DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.
High bead. Smooth, Fast. “Cold rod”.
E 60 13
ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.
High bead. Smooth, Fast. “Cold rod”.
E 60 15
DIRECT CURRENT, REVERSE POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.
“Low hydrogen” electrode.
E 60 16
DIRECT CURRENT, OR ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL
POSITIONS.
“Low hydrogen” electrode.
E 60 18
DIRECT CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.
“Low hydrogen” iron powder electrodes.
E 60 20
DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY, FLAT POSITION
ONLY.
Flat bead, Smooth. Fast. Deep penetration.
Can be used with A.C. also. “Hot rod”.
E 60 24
DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY OR ALTERNATING
CURRENT, FLAT POSITION ONLY.
Flat bead. Smooth, Fast. Deep penetration. “Iron powder electrodes”.
and
E 60 27
NOTE:
This information also applies to E 70, E 80, and E 100 Series.
The last two numbers (in bold type) designate the types or styles and the first two
numbers the minimum specified tensile strength in 1000 psi of the weld deposit as
welded.
92
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
E60 AND E70 SERIES ELECTRODES
AWS-ASTM
ELECTRODE
TENS.
STRENGTH
YIELD
STRENGTH
ELONGATION
RED.
IN AREA
MIN.%
22 to 28%
35
17-22%
25
TYPICAL VALUES
E6010
62,000-70,000
52,000-58,000
E6011
62,000-73,000
52,000-61,000
E6012
68,000-78,000
55,000-65,000
MINIMUM VALUES
E7010
70,000
57,000
22
E7011
70,000
57,000
22
E7015
70,000
57,000
22
E7016
70,000
57,000
22
E7020
70,000
52,000
25
WELDING AND BRAZING TEMPERATURES
Carbon Steel Welding
2700-2790˚F
Stainless Steel Welding
2490-2730˚F
Cast Iron Welding
1920-2500˚F
Copper Welding and Brazing
1980˚F
Brazing Copper-Silicon with Phosphor-Bronze
1850-1900˚F
Brazing Naval Bronze with Manganese Bronze
1600-1700˚F
Silver Solder
1175-1600˚F
Low Temperature Brazing
1175-1530˚F
Soft Solder
200-730˚F
Wrought Iron
2700-2750˚F
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
WEIGHTS OF METALS
MATERIAL
CHEMICAL
SYMBOL
WEIGHT, IN POUNDS WEIGHT, IN POUNDS
PER CUBIC INCH
PER CUBIC FOOT
Aluminum
Antimony
Brass
Bronze
Chromium
Al
Sb
—
—
Cr
.093
.2422
.303
.320
.2348
160
418
524
552
406
Copper
Gold
Iron (cast)
Iron (wrought)
Lead
Cu
Au
Fe
Fe
Pb
.323
.6975
.260
.2834
.4105
558
1205
450
490
710
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Monel
Platinum
Mn
Hg
Mo
—
Pt
.2679
.491
.309
.318
.818
463
849
534
550
1413
Steel (mild)
Steel (stainless)
Tin
Titanium
Zinc
—
—
Sn
Ti
Zn
.2816
.277
.265
.1278
.258
490
484
459
221
446
COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE
FOR CARBON STEEL
Black Red ..................................................................................................................990˚F
Dark Blood Red ........................................................................................................1050
Dark Cherry Red ......................................................................................................1175
Medium Cherry Red ................................................................................................1250
Full Cherry Red ......................................................................................................1375
Light Cherry, Scaling................................................................................................1550
Salmon, Free Scaling................................................................................................1650
Light Salmon ............................................................................................................1725
Yellow ......................................................................................................................1825
Light Yellow ............................................................................................................1975
White ........................................................................................................................2220
111
112
113
WIRE ROPE
Wire rope has largely displaced manila rope in hauling and
hoisting heavy loads. As with manila rope, the care of wire rope has
a direct bearing on its safe use.
Some of the reasons responsible for the use of wire rope in place
of manila are:
1. Greater strength for equal diameter and weight.
2. Equal strength either wet or dry.
3. Constant length regardless of weather conditions.
4. Greater uniformity in strength throughout.
5. Greater number of types for various uses.
6. Lower cost per unit of strength.
7. Greater durability, with equal care in use.
Strength of wire ropes vary, depending on the material from
which the individual strands are made and the method used in
forming the cable, ranging from between 30 and 100 tons per square
inch.
Primarily, there are 3 classes of wire rope: (1) iron, (2) cast steel,
and (3) plow steel.
Iron wire is soft and of low tensile strength, around 30 to 40 tons
per square inch. Commonly used for drum type elevator cables and
to some extent for derrick guys; being replaced by low-carbon steel
wire in these uses.
Cast steel may have a tensile strength up to 90 tons per square
inch and because of its greater strength is generally used for hoisting
purposes. To check quickly whether a piece of wire is iron or steel,
bend it. Iron will bend easily and take a long time to regain its
original shape, while cast steel will be harder to bend and will snap
back to its original shape very quickly.
114
Plow steel wire rope is made from high grade, open hearth
furnace steel and has an average tensile strength of 110 tons per
square inch. This is the best and safest wire rope for cranes,
derricks, dredges and slings or straps for heavy loads.
Lubrication — Wire Rope
All wire rope, whether used indoors or out, should in the course
of regular work be considered as a group of moving wires
constantly rubbing against one another, with friction resulting. This
friction causes incessant wear on the moving parts of the wire rope
or cable and will shorten its life very rapidly unless lubricants are
used to overcome the friction.
Cable or cable wire shoud be treated at regular intervals with a
lubricant to prevent rusting and to overcome the friction.
Lubricating intervals depend on the types and the amount of work
encountered. Under average conditions, of worked stadily on
equipment, wire rope or cable will require lubrication once every 3
weeks. Where heavy abrasive dusts exist, more frequent lubrication
is in order. Rusty ropes may break without warning.
Sheaves
The life of wire rope or cable is directly affected by the
condition and size of the sheaves over which it is used. Sheaves
should be at least 16 x the diameter of the rope or cable that is used
over them. In passing over a sheave, the inside porion of the cable,
which is against the sheave, is shortened and compression is
developed in that section of the cable. The outside portion (away
fron the sheave) is lengthened or stretched, causing tension in that
section. These compressive and tensional
115
stresses combine to create bending stresses which increase rapidly
as the diameter of the sheaves decrease. As these bending stresses
cause much undue wear and directly shorten the safe working life of
the rope or cable, the ratio mention between sheaves and rope
should be maintained.
New wire rope may be badly injured and will not work properly
in the sheaves that have become worn or in theich the grooves have
become irregular in shape. When sheaves are worn or damaged, it is
more economical to renew the sheaves rather than to allow
excessive wear on the cable.
One cause of very sever wear in wire rope or cables is reverse
bending, which will shorten the life of the rope by approximately
1/2. Reverse bending refers to the bending of a cable or rope over
sheaves, first in one direction then in another.
Another cause of severe rope wear is twisting of the fall rope.
When the fall rope is twisted and a hoist is made, the wear produced
is equal to more than that resulting from weeks of normal use. The
man in charge of lifting operations should guard against twisting of
the fall rope and should anot allow a lift to be made if the fall rope
is twisted.
Handling Cable or Wire Rope
Cable or wire rope cannot and must not be coiled or uncoiled
like manila rope. Cable or wire rope must be taken off the reel in a
streaight line, avoiding kinking. The reel may be mounted on a
heavy pipe or roller to facilitate unwinding. If space is limited, the
cable as it comes off the reel may be layed out in a figure 8, after
which it can be reeved into the line for which it is intended.
116
117
118
119
120
121
NOTES:
122
USEFUL DEFINITIONS
ALLOY STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties to
elements other than carbon.
AREA OF A CIRCLE: The measurement of the surface within a
circle. To find the area of a circle, multiply the product of the
radius times the radius by Pi (3.142). Commonly written A =
πr 2 .
BRAZE WELD OR BRAZING: A process
of joining metals using a
nonferrous filler metal or alloy, the melting point of which is
higher than 800˚F but lower than that of the metals to be
joined.
BUTT WELD: A circumferential weld in pipe fusing the
abutting pipe walls completely from inside wall to outside
wall.
CARBON STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties
chiefly to the various percentages of carbon (as distinguished
from the other elements) which it contains.
CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE:
The measurement around the
perimeter of a circle. To find the circumference, multiply Pi
(3.142) by the diameter. (Commonly written as πd).
COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: A number indicating the degree
of expansion or contraction of a substance
The coefficient of expansion is not constant and varies with
changes in temperature. For linear expansion it is expressed
as the change in length of one unit of length of a substance
having one degree rise in temperature.
CORROSION:
The gradual destruction or alteration of a metal
or alloy caused by direct chemical attack or by
electrochemical reaction.
CREEP:
The plastic flow of pipe within a system; the
permanent set in metal caused by stresses at high
temperatures. Generally associated with a time rate of
deformation.
123
USEFUL DEFINITIONS
DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE: A staight
line drawn down through
the center of a circle from one extreme edge to the other.
Equal to twice the radius.
DUCTILITY: The property of elongation, above the elastic
limit, but under the tensile strength.
A measure of ductility is the percentage of elongation of the
fractured piece over its original length.
ELASTIC LIMIT: The greatest stress which a material can
withstand without a permanent deformation after the relief of
stress.
EROSION:
The gradual destruction of metal or other material
by the abrasive action of liquids, gases, solids or mixtures
thereof.
RADIUS OF A CIRCLE: A straight
line drawn from the center to
the extreme edge of a circle.
SOCKET FITTING: A fitting
used to join pipe in which the pipe
is inserted into the fitting. A fillet weld is then made around
the edge of the fitting and the outside wall of the pipe.
SOLDERING: A method
of joining metals using fusable alloys,
usually tin and lead, having melting points under 700˚F
STRAIN:
Change of shape or size of a body produced by the
action of a stress.
STRESS:
The intensity of the internal, distributed forces which
resist a change in the form of a body. When external forces
act on a body they are resisted by reactions within the body
which are termed stresses.
124
DEFINITIONS (Continued)
TENSILE STRENGTH:
One that resists a force tending to pull a
body apart.
COMPRESSIVE STRESS:
One that resists a force tending to
crush a body.
TORSIONAL STRESS:
One that resists forces tending to twist a
body.
TENSILE STRENGTH:
The maximum tensile stress which a
material will develop. The tensile strength is usually
considered to be the load in pounds per square inch at which
a test specimen ruptures.
TURBULENSE: Any
deviation from parallel flow in a pipe due
to rough inner walls, obstructions or directional changes.
VELOCITY:
Time rate of motion in a given direction and
sense, usually expressed in feet per second.
VOLUME OF A PIPE:
The measurement of the space withing the
walls of the pipe. To find the volume of a pipe, multiply the
length (or height) of the pipe by the product of the inside
radius times the inside radius by Pi (3.142). Commonly
written V = hπ r 2 .
WELDING: A process
of joining metals by heating until they
are fused together, or by heating and applying pressure until
there is a plastic joining action. Filler metal may or may not
be used.
YIELD STRENGTH: The stress at which a material exhibits a
specified limiting permanent set.
125
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Abbreviations conform to the practice of the American
Standard Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering terms,
ASA Z10.1.
abs ......................................................................................................Absolute
AGA........................................................................American Gas Association
AISI..............................................................American Iron and Steel Institute
Amer Std ............................................................................American Standard
API ......................................................................American Petroleum Institue
ASA ..............................................................American Standards Association
ASHVE ....................American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers
ASME ..........................................American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM ................................................American Society for Testing Materials
AWWA ....................................................American Water Works Association
B & S ..........................................Bell and spigot or Brown & Sharpe (gauge)
bbl ............................................................................................................Barrel
Btu ....................................................................................British thermal units
C ......................................................................................................Centigrade
cfm ..................................................................................Cubic feet per minute
cfs....................................................................................Cubic feet per second
CI ........................................................................................................Cast iron
CS ......................................................................................................Cast steel
Comp ..............................................................................................Companion
C to F ..........................................................................................Center to face
˚C........................................................................................Degrees Centigrade
˚F ..........................................................................................Degrees Farenheit
diam ....................................................................................................Diameter
dwg ......................................................................................................Drawing
ex-hy ..............................................................................................Extra-heavy
F&D ......................................................................................Faced and drilled
F ..........................................................................................................Farenheit
F to F ..............................................................................................Face to face
flg ..........................................................................................Flange or flanges
126
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
(Continued)
flgd ........................................................................................................Flanged
g..................................................................................................Gage or gauge
hex ....................................................................................................Hexagonal
hg ..........................................................................................................mercury
IBBM......................................................Iron body bronze (or brass) mounted
ID ..............................................................................................Inside diameter
kw ....................................................................................................Kilowatt(s)
MI ..............................................................................................Malleable iron
max....................................................................................................Maximum
min ....................................................................................................Minimum
mtd ......................................................................................................Mounted
MSS ..............................................Manufacturers Standardization Society (of
Valve and Fittings Industry)
NEWWA ............................................New England Water Works Association
NPS ................................Nominal pipe size (formerly IPS for iron pipe size)
OD ..........................................................................................Outside diameter
OS&Y..........................................................................Outside screw and yoke
OWG ..........................................................................................................psig
Pounds per square inch, gage
red ......................................................................................................Reducing
sch or sched ........................................................................................Schedule
scd ......................................................................................................Screwsed
SF..................................................................................................Semifinished
Spec ..............................................................................................Specification
SSP................................................................................Steam service pressure
SSU ........................................................................Seconds Saybolt Universal
Std........................................................................................................Standard
Trans ..........................................................................................Transportation
WOG ......................................................................Water, oil, gas (see OWG)
WWP ..........................................................................Working water pressure
XS ..................................................................................................Extra strong
XXS ..................................................................................Double extra strong
127
NOTES:
128
WELDING FITTINGS
129
DIMENSIONS
130
WELDING FITTINGS
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
ANSI TO PN PRESSURE CHART
ANSI RATING
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500
142
PN RATING
20
50
68
100
150
250
420
ANSI TO PN PRESSURE CHART
ANSI RATING
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500
142
PN RATING
20
50
68
100
150
250
420
TABLES 2
PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR
GROUPS 1.1 THROUGH 3.16 MATERIALS
143
Appendix A
Pipeline Component Size Nomenclature
Note: This Appendix is not a mandatory part of this Standard
TABLE A1
REFERENCE TABLE
Pipeline Component Size Nomenclature
Nominal size of
fitting
NPS 1/2
NPS 3/4
NPS 1
NPS 1 1/4
NPS 1 1/2
NPS 2
NPS 2 1/2
NPS 3
NPS 3 1/2
NPS 4
NPS 5
NPS 6
NPS 8
NPS 10
NPS 12
NPS 14
NPS 16
NPS 18
NPS 20
NPS 22
NPS 24
NPS 26
NPS 28
NPS 30
NPS 32
NPS 34
NPS 36
NPS 38
NPS 40
NPS 42
NPS 44
NPS 46
NPS 48
NPS 50
NPS 52
NPS 54
NPS 56
NPS 58
NPS 60
144
Matching steel line pipe
size OD, mm
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500
21.3
26.7
3.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
406.4
457
508
559
610
660
711
762
813
864
914
965
1016
1067
1118
1168
1219
1270
1321
1372
1422
1473
1524
Appendix B
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
Note: This Appendix in not a mandatory part of this Standard
TABLE B1
REFERENCE TABLE
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
ANSI class designation
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500
Nominal pressure class
PN
20
PN
50
PN
68
PN 100
PN 150
PN 250
PN 420
Notes:
(1) ANSI class designations are designations given to flanges to indicate the
manufacturing dimensions and maximum allowable non-shock working
pressure considering the material utilized and the operating temperature.
(2) “PN” means “pressure nominal” and the PN system of nominal pressure
class designation is contained in standards prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the
designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars
(100 kPa).
145
TABLE 1.1
Tensile Requirements
Minimum yield
strength, MPa
248
290
317
359
386
414
448
483
Grade
248
290
317
359
386
414
448
483
Minimum tensile
strength, MPa
414
414
434
455
490
517
531
565
Minimum
elongation in
50.8 mm, %
20
20
20
20
20
20
18
16
Note: the tensile requirements for intermediate grades shall be obtained by
interpolation between those specified for standard grades.
TABLE 1.2
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
Nominal pressure
class
PN
20
PN
50
PN
68
PN 100
PN 150
PN 250
PN 420
Maximum cold working
pressure rating, KPa
1 900
4 960
6 620
9 930
14 890
24 820
41 370
Notes:
(1) “PN” means “pressure nominal” and the PN system of nominal pressure
class designation is contained in standards prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the
designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars
(100 kPa).
(2) Pressure ratings are for temperatures up to and including 120˚C.
146
147
TABLE 7.2
Compliance Factor (F) — Carbon Equivalent Formula
Carbon (%)
Compliance
factor
Carbon
Compliance
factor
Carbon (%)
Compliance
factor
<0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10
0.53
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.62
0.66
0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.88
0.92
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
>0.21
0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
TABLE 9.1
Location of Test Samples and Frequency of Testing for Bends
Manufacturing procedure
Test locations
Cold bends
Hot bends, ower than Grade 290
Hot bends, Grade 290 or higher
Outer radius, weld seam, tangent
Outer radius, weld seam, tangent
Outer radius, inner radius, weld seam
neutral axis, tangent
Notes:
(1) New sets of tests, as described in Clause 9.1.4, are required for changes
in grade, wall thickness, outside diameter, or heat number.
(2) Where a post-bend heat treatment is done, the bends represented by a set
of tests shall be
(a) heat treated in the same charge as the test samples; or
(b) heat treated in the same manner as the test samples; however, in one or
more furnaces that are surveyed at least annually, controlled within a range
of 30˚C, and equipped with recording sensors that are calibrated at least
quarterly.
(3) Testing of tangents is not required if a post-bend heat treatment is not
performed.
(4) Testing of weld seams is not required for welds made without the addition
of extraneous metal.
148
TABLE 7.1
Chemical Composition Limits for Heat and Product Analysis
Grades
Grade 290
and higher
Element
Carbon
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Silicon
Copper
Nickel
Chromium
Molybdenum
Vanadium
Niobium
Boron
Maximum carbon equivalent*, %
0.50
Maximum permitted, %
Lower than Grade 290
heat analysis
0.35
1.35
0.05
0.06
0.35
-
Grade 290 or higher
product analysis
0.30
1.60
0.05
0.06
0.50
1.50
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.13
0.10
0.001
*The carbon equivalent shall be determined from the product analysis by
using the following formula:
where F is a compliance factor that is dependent on carbon content and is
given in Table 7.2.
Notes:
(1) The chemical requirements of this Table are not intended to represent the
composition of any heat of steel but to record the maximum permissible
amounts of individual elements.
(2) Niobium is also known as columbium.
149
NOTES:
150