PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS*
Nama Penuh
:
MUHD NURAKMAL BIN MOHAMMAD RAZMI
_________________________
Tarikh Lahir
:
11 MEI 1988
Judul
:
STUDY OF TRAFFIC NOISE DUE TO TRANVERSE RUMBLE STRIP INSTALLATION AT
_______________________________________________________
KG PENGKALAN RAJA, PONTIAN, JOHOR
Sesi Akademik
:
2011/2012 ______________ ______________________________________________
Saya mengaku bahawa tesis ini diklasifikasikan sebagai:
SULIT
(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdarjah keselamatan atau
kepentingan Malaysia seperti yang termaktub di dalam AKTA
RAHSIA RASMI 1972)*
TERHAD
(Mengandungi maklumat TERHAD yang telah ditentukan oleh
organisasi/badan di mana penyelidikan dijalankan)*
TIDAK TERHAD
Saya bersetuju jika tesis ini diterbitkan sebagai akses terbuka
atas talian (sepenuhnya)
Saya mengaku bahawa Universiti Teknologi Malaysia mempunyai hak seperti berikut:
1. Tesis adalah hak milik Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. Perpustakaan Universiti Teknologi Malaysia dibenarkan membuat salinan untuk rujukan
pengajian sahaja.
3. Perpustakaan dibenarkan membuat salinan tesis ini untuk pertukaran atas sebab
pengajian.
Disahkan oleh:
(TANDATANGAN PENULIS)
880511-03-5925
(TANDATANGAN PENYELIA)
DR ZAITON BINTI HARON
(NAMA PENYELIA)
(NO.KAD PENGENALAN BARU)
Tarikh:
CATATAN:
Tarikh:
*
Jika tesis ini SULIT ATAU TERHAD, sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak
berkuasa/organisasi berkenaan dengan menyatakan sebab dan tempoh tesis
perlu dikelaskan sedemikian.
PENGESAHAN PENYELIA
“Saya mengakui bahawa saya telah membaca karya ini dan pada pandangan saya karya
ini memenuhi skop dan kualiti untuk tujuan penganugerahan Ijazah Sarjana Muda
Kejuruteraan Awam”
Tandatangan : ……………………………………………
Nama
DR. ZAITON BINTI HARON
: …..………………………………………...
Tarikh
27hb JUN 2012
: ………………………….............................
STUDY OF TRAFFIC NOISE DUE TO TRANVERSE RUMBLE STRIP
INSTALLATION AT KG PENGKALAN RAJA, PONTIAN, JOHOR
MUHD NURAKMAL BIN MOHAMMAD RAZMI
A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award ofthe degree of
Bachelor of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Civil Engineering
Unversiti Teknologi Malaysia
JUNE 2012
ii
I declare that this project report entitled “STUDY OF TRAFFIC NOISE DUE TO
TRANVERSE RUMBLE STRIP INSTALLATION AT KG PENGKALAN RAJA,
PONTIAN, JOHOR” is the result of my own study except as cited in the reference.
The project report has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently
submitted in candidature of any other degree.
Signature
: ………………………....................
Name
: MUHD NURAKMAL BIN MOHAMMAD RAZMI
Date
: 20 JUNE 2012
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to express my appreciation to my supervisor, Dr.
Zaiton Bt Haron for her guidance, support, encouragement to me in order to
complete this study and provide a better understanding about the integral bridge.
Without her advices and motivation, this project report could not be completed and
presented.
Beside, I would like to thank my beloved family and friends for giving me
their moral support when I faced difficulties in completing this study by sharing their
ideas and views on this topic and providing assistance when I face other related
challenges upon completing this study.
Last but not least, I would like to thank other individuals who were directly or
indirectly involved in helping me with this study.
iv
ABSTRACT
Rumble strips, also known as sleeper lines or audible lines, is a road safety
feature that alerts inattentive drivers to potential danger by causing a tactile vibration
and audible rumbling, transmitted through the wheels into the car body. Transverse
rumble strips (TRS) are widely used by local authority in Malaysia to reduce vehicle
speed and alert drivers to any changes of the road. The objective of this study is; to
measure the differences between road with TRS installation and road without TRS
installation in terms of speed, and volume that contributed to the external noise
produced. The measurements were carried out through the noise level measurement,
vehicles speed measurement, and recording volume of vehicles that pass by through
the entire road.
The readings were recorded at a rural roadway that received
complaints from public which is at Pengkalan Raja, Pontian, Johor. Results showed
that TRS can increase the level of traffic noise, and annoyance response in
community. The analysis also indicated that residents at the respective location
receive strong impact that can lead to vigorous community reaction. The proposal
containing all of the findings hopefully would be beneficial to authorities in
improving the application practice of TRS.
v
ABSTRAK
Jalur jidar, yang juga dikenali sebagai garisan tidur atau garisan yang
menghasilkan bunyi, adalah satu ciri keselamatan jalan raya yang memberi amaran
kepada pemandu akan bahaya atau amaran yang akan dihadapi melalui getaran pada
tayar apabila tayar bersentuhan dengan permukaan jalan yang mempunyai jalur jidar
melintang. Jalur jidar melintang (TRS) adalah digunakan secara meluas oleh pihak
berkuasa tempatan di Malaysia untuk mengurangkan kelajuan kenderaan dan
menjadikan pemandu lebih peka kepada sebarang perubahan di jalan raya. Objektif
kajian ini adalah untuk mengukur perbezaan tahap bunyi di antara jalan raya yang
mempunyai jalur jidar melintang dan jalan tanpa pemasangan jalur jidar melintang
dalam jangka laju, dan jumlah kenderaan yang menyumbang kepada bunyi luaran
yang dihasilkan.
Pengukuran telah dijalankan melalui pengukuran tahap bunyi,
pengukuran kelajuan kenderaan, dan jumlah rakaman kenderaan melalui jalan
keseluruhan. Bacaan telah diambil pada jalan luar bandar yang menerima aduan
daripada orang ramai yang berada di Pengkalan Raja, Pontian, Johor. Hasil kajian
menunjukkan bahawa jalur jidar melintang boleh meningkatkan tahap gangguan
bunyi bising lalu lintas, dan tindak balas gangguan bunyi bising kepada penduduk
setempat. Analisis juga menunjukkan bahawa penduduk di kawasan yang menerima
impak yang sangat kuat yang boleh membawa kepada gangguan kesihatan.
Cadangan di dalam kajian itu diharap akan memberi manfaat kepada pihak berkuasa
dalam menambahbaikan penggunaan jalur jidar melintang.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER
1
TITLE
PAGE
DECLARATION
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iii
ABSTRACT
iv
ABSTRAK
v
TABLE OF CONTENT
vi
LIST OF TABLE
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
x
LIST OF APPENDICES
xii
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Statement Of Problem
2
1.3
Research Objective
3
1.4
Scope of Study
4
1.5
Importance of the Study
4
vii
2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1
Introduction
6
2.2
Rumble strips
7
2.3
Shapes of rumble strip
2.4
2.5
Milled-in Rumble Strip
9
2.3.2
Rolled-in Rumble Strip
10
2.3.3
Formed Rumble Strip
12
2.3.4
Raised Rumble Strip
13
Types of Rumble Strip
2.4.1
Shoulder Rumble Strip
14
2.4.2
Centerline Rumble Strip
17
2.4.3
Tranverse Rumble Strip
18
How Drivers Perceive Speed
2.5.1
Road Factors
19
2.5.2
Perceptual Cues
20
2.5
Thermoplastic Materials
2.6
Impact of Rumble Strips
2.8
3
2.3.1
21
2.5.1
Safety
22
2.5.2
Noise
23
Basic Sound
2.8.1
Decibel Scale dB
26
2.8.2
Sound Weighing Scale
27
2.8.3
L10, L90 AND LAeq
28
METHODOLOGY
3.1
Introduction
30
3.2
Design of Study
31
3.3
Evaluation of Noise Annoyance among community
32
induced by TRS
3.4
3.3.1
Case Study Locations
32
3.3.2
Sound Level Meter
33
3.3.3
Data
35
Data Analysis
37
viii
3.5
4
Conclusion
39
ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Introduction
40
4.2
Times versus Sound Pressure Level (LAeq)
40
4.3.1
LAeq, 1hr during weekdays and weekends.
40
4.3.2
LAeq Day, 15hr during weekends and
43
weekdays
4.3
Times versus Sound Pressure Level (L10)
44
4.4
Sound Pressure Level (LAeq) and Speed versus Time
47
4.5
Sound Pressure Level (L10) and Speed versus Time
49
4.6
Sound Pressure Level (LAeq) and Volume versus
52
Time
5
4.7
Sound Pressure Level (L10) and Volume versus Time
53
4.8
Summary
56
CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
5.1
Introduction
57
5.2
Conclusion
57
5.3
Suggestion
58
REFFERENCES
60
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
ix
LIST OF TABLE
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Sound Level and Noise Source or Activity (Minor,2005).
27
3.1
Minimum Noise Level Department of Environment (LAeq)
38
for the planning and development (DOE, 2004).
4.1
Average noise level (LAeq) on weekday’s peak hour
41
4.2
Average noise level (LAeq) on weekend’s peak hour
41
4.3
LAeq, 15hr for weekends and weekdays.
43
4.4
Average noise level (L10) on weekday’s peak hour
45
4.5
Average noise level (L10) on weekend’s peak hour
45
4.6
Average noise level (LAeq) and speed on weekday’s peak hour
47
4.7
Average noise level (LAeq) and speed on weekend’s peak hour
48
4.8
Average noise level (L10) and speed on weekday’s peak hour
49
4.9
Average noise level (L10) and speed on weekend’s peak hour
50
4.10
Average volume and noise level (LAeq) on weekday’s peak
52
hour
4.11
Average volume and noise level (LAeq) on weekend’s peak
53
hour
4.12
Average volume and noise level (L10) on weekday’s peak
54
hour
4.13
Average volume and noise level (L10) on weekend’s peak
hour
55
x
LIST OF FIGURE
NO.
TITLE
PAGE
2.1
Milled-in Rumble Strips
10
2.2
Rolled-in Rumble Strips
11
2.3
Formed Rumble Strips
12
2.4
Raised Rumble Strips
14
2.5
Shoulder Rumble Strips
15
2.6
Shoulder Rumble Strips
16
2.7
Centerline Rumble Strip
17
2.8
Tranverse Rumble Strip
18
2.9
Weighing scale A, B, C and D (Minor, 2005)
27
2.10
29
2.11
A typical record of the traffic noise measurements (Turner
and Pretlove, 1991)
Example Graf LAeq versus time
29
3.1
Kampung Pengkalan Raja surrounding
33
3.2
TRS profile in Kampung Pengkalan Raja
33
3.3
Pulsar Sound Level Meter dan Sound Level Calibrator
34
3.4
Radar Recorder
34
3.5
Anemometer
35
3.6
The position of Sound level meter at the roadside
36
3.7
Controlled experiment to study the relationship between the
37
level of sound and the speed of the vehicle.
4.1
Average noise level (LAeq, 1hr) on weekday’s peak hour
41
4.2
Average noise level (LAeq, 1hr) on weekend’s peak hour
42
4.3
LAeq, 15hr for weekends and weekdays
43
4.4
Average noise level (L10) on weekday’s peak hour
45
4.5
Average noise level (L10) on weekend’s peak hour
46
4.6
Average noise level (LAeq) and speed on weekdays versus Time
47
4.7
Average noise level (LAeq) and speed on weekends versus Time
48
xi
4.8
Average time vs sound pressure level, L10(peak hour on
49
weekdays)
4.9
Average sound pressure level, L10 (peak hour on weekends) and
50
speed vs Time
4.10
Average volume and noise level on weekday’s peak hour
52
4.11
Average volume and noise level (LAeq) on weekend’s peak hour
53
4.12
Average volume and noise level (L10) on weekday’s peak hour
54
4.13
Average volume and noise level (L10) on weekend’s peak hour
55
xii
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
•
The Planning Guideline for Environmental Noise and Limit 2004, Department
Of Environment, Malaysia.
APPENDIX B
• LAeq data of five minutes interval for weekdays
• LAeq data of five minutes interval for weekend
• L10 data of five minutes interval for weekdays
• L10 data of five minutes interval for weekend
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Introduction
Transverse rumble strips (TRS) may be used to call the road user’s attention
to standard regulatory and warning devices or to alert the road user of a changing
roadway environment where there is a need to exercise extraordinary caution. TRS
consist of raised bands of material or grooves cut in the pavement perpendicular to
the direction of vehicular travel.
These grooves provide a minimal amount of
vertical deflection of a vehicle’s wheel, resulting in the transmission of noise and
vibration in order to draw the road user’s attention to the feature of the road ahead.
Rumble Strips are an effective countermeasure for preventing roadway departure
crashes. The noise and vibration produced by rumble strips alert drivers when they
leave the travelled way. Rumble stripes is the term used for rumble strips painted
with a retroreflective coating to increase the visibility of the pavement edge at night
and during inclement weather conditions. In favourable circumstances, rumble strips
are effective (and cost-effective) at reducing accidents due to inattention.
On
freeways and motorways, the effectiveness of shoulder rumble strips is largely
dependent on a wide stable shoulder for a recovery. On two-lane roads, the effect of
shoulder width is not as pronounced.
2
1.2
Statement Of Problem
According to an article in a newspaper on 1st July 2002, Malaysia hopes to
reduce the fatal road accident rate to two deaths per 10,000 registered vehicles by
2020 from the present 5.17. The main cause of roadway departure crashes is driver
drowsiness and inattention, which are sometimes compounded by driving too fast.
Alcohol and drugs can contribute to both fatigue and speed. Driver fatigue also is
induced by highway hypnosis, which occurs when the lines and stripes on long,
monotonous stretches of highway reduce the driver’s concentration. When drivers
stray from the travel lane, rumble strips rouse their attention to allow a safe recovery.
Rumble strips are also helpful in alerting drivers to the lane limits where conditions
such as rain, fog, snow or dust may reduce the driver’s visibility. In attempt to
reduce speed on roadway segment where speed and accident is considered to be a
safety concern, various low cost countermeasures have been investigated. Such
countermeasures include Transverse Rumble Strip that gives psychological
appearance of narrowing and/or increasing speed have been considered as a
relatively low-cost treatment. But there are some report based on the problem arise
from this installation such noise disturbance to the surrounding area.
Noise is some of a big problem nowadays. If we refer to the World Health
Organization (WHO), noise can affect directly to human health such as high pressure
and emotional distress (Schomer, 2001).
Noisecan cause long-term effects of
chronic sleep disorders, communication disorders, emotional stressthat would affect
the quality of life of normal man (Schomer, 2001). In fact, there are studies that
found that noise contributes to cardiovascular problems and heart disease because of
stress and deck high emotional disorders (Sorensen et al., 2011).
When this problem occurs, public awareness is needed so that proper
consideration could be obtained in the determination of action to prevent it. To
ensure the comfort ability of the community life, all these values should be analyzed
and studied, both the positive and negative, and appropriate action should be taken so
3
that its effects balanced to be applied. Margin of the best bands are able to carry out
its functions as an important element of road safety, in addition to not increase the
level of noise that can interfere with the local community. Therefore, this study is to
examine the effectiveness of cross border strip in reducing vehicle speed, in addition
to studying the production of external noise produced and the impact on the speed of
sound production. Hopefully, this research can be consulted on the future, as well as
raise awareness of society about the application of horizontal margin of Goliath on
the road.
Kg. Pengkalan Raja, Pontian is a village housing area. There are about two
long set of TRS at the place. Distance from a house to TRS is about s ten meters.
Earlier observation and random interviews found that the local people are annoyed
with the noise of TRS.
Local representative has lodged a report to authority.
However, no further action has been taken. Therefore, evaluations are required in
order to determine the effectiveness of TRS installation and noise effect that interfere
with the surrounding.
1.3
Research Objective
Although there have been some limited evaluations of rumble strips in
previous studies, no significant field evaluation were performed. The objectives of
this study are to:
1.
To know the relationship between noise level, speed and traffic volume to the
pattern of noise produce from TRS
2.
To determine whether the level of noise that produce by TRS will annoy
nearby residents.
4
1.4
Scope of Study
The scope of study is about the noise level that produce by tranverse rumble
strip to the surrounding area especially in residential area:
1.
This study will be focusing about Tranverse Rumble Strip and their type such
as raised rumble strip that the most popular in Malaysia.
2.
Since MPJBT get some complain from two area in Pontian, Johor about the
noise that produced by tranverse rumble strip, the research will be conduct in
that area.
3.
Noise study will focus on transverse rumble strip in Malaysia, the type of
thermoplastic woke up and used as material in stallation.
4.
Sound level measurement carried out for an hour with an interva lof five
minutes.
5.
Parameters used for analysis in units of decibels 15hrs Laeq dB (A).
6.
This study was conducted in accordance with guide lines from the
Department of Environment, Malaysia, and the Planning Guidelines for
Environmental Noise Level, 2004.
1.5
Importance of the Study
The study of this research is about the factors of noises produced by tranverse
rumble strip.
The noise level will be defined at the final part of this study.
Hopefully the authority of the target area would take and utilize some information
5
from this study and take action how to solve the noise pollution produced by
tranverse rumble strip and at the same time can improve the traffic safety that can
satisfy the people on that area.
The study will produce effective design guidance margin strip across.
Effective rumble strip is capable of carrying out its functions of road safety such as
warning the driver, without interfering with the community and environment by
noise. The results of this study can also be used as a reference on the optimum
distance of residential communities and the road.