n
Preparedness n
Operant-Respondent Interactions n
Instinctive Drift n   Sign Tracking n
Adjunctive Behavior n
Activity Anorexia

n
Classical Conditioning n
Taste aversion conditioning n
Long delays n
One-trial learning

n
Classical Conditioning n
Specificity of associations: CS-US relevance n   flavored, colors/sounds water -> nausea or shock n   flavored water vs. bright/noisy/colored water n
Rats: taste-nausea, sight/sound- pain n
Birds: sight-nausea

n
Specific operant behavior-> consequence pairs n   n
Chaffinch (bird) songs reinforce perching, not pecking
Food reinforces pecking, but not perching n
Avoidance n
Rats (freeze, run), pigeons (fly) to avoid shock n
Learn to press/peck lever for food, not to avoid shock n
Avoidance = FAP, not operant? n   n
Aversive stimulation elicits species-specific defense reaction (SSDR)
Rats, humans freeze even if it results in shock

n
Instinctive Drift n
Species-specific FAP emerges/displaces operant behavior n
Pigs & raccoons trained to deposit coins in a piggy bank n
Pigs: started tossing coin in air, rooting at it on the ground n
Raccoons: started rubbing coin in its paws n
Coin (CS) assoc. with food, elicited food-related FAP (CR)

n
Sign Tracking, or why your cat ‘ loves ’ you n
Approaching CS assoc. with food (e.g. dog licks feed light) n
Autoshaping (pigeons peck at noncontingent key) n   even if pecking stops food: negative automaintenance

n
Adjunctive (or Schedule-induced) behavior n
Excessive other behavior emerging in FI or FT schedule n
Peaks immediately after delivery of reinforcer n
Highest when interval is about 1 to 3 minutes long n
Drinking, eating, aggression, etc, during intervals

n
Displacement activity: something to do while waiting n
Birds pecking at twigs, cat cleaning itself, study habits: n
Humans too: factor in addiction? n   nail biting, snacking, smoking, drinking, drugs

n
Activity anorexia n
Restricted food schedule -> low food, high activity n
Negative feedback cycle: more running <-> less eating

n
Parallels: activity anorexia in rats & human anorexia n
High activity levels- sudden increase suppresses appetite n
More common in teens than adults, dancers than models n
Interest in food remains, just not eating it n   n
Maintained by addiction to endorphin ‘ high ’
Adaptive? To search for new food source when scarce