Issue 2 - Science Focus
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S U C O F E C N CIE S Ötzi’s Last Meal ᵸ䕂㖾⹊Ჾ柎 Why Humans are Unable to Synthesise Vitamin C ᵸ榒㽸ḓ㿟㮓储圊⋆ノ䱫ᶔ⌻ & 濨 Interviews with Nobel Laureate Barry James Marshall and IAS Director Prof. Henry Tye 妼孛䃼⹕䈌仃Ⲳ悊 夷➩ 桪㨅䃼㐗㉆⊈ 䢏⟥榖䛒攠攠搵ヲ储㰵㐗㉆⫆壨 14 Issue 0 02, 20 Contents Science Focus 䦸姧 Issue 002, 2014 What’s Happening in Hong Kong? 桗㳭䢏ㄾ㯹↓ The Astropark: 3 zones for 3 levels 榀㸖⤐㕮⅓⛹ 1 Hong Kong Science Park: Science Explorer 榀㸖䦸㉧⛹Ɲ䦸⭟㎉䴉堳 The Space Museum: Astronomical Telescope Making 榀㸖⤑䩡椏Ɲ⤐㕮㜂恇揈壤ὃ㴢⊼ Global Education 䍮䋁㐗佰 Guide to University Applications in the UK 䔚媲勘⛲⤎⭟㋮⌾懄 2 Science Today ᶈ㒣䢏⨶ Smart Tags for Food Freshness 棆䉐孱峑㙡僤㨀䰤 4 3D Bio-printing '䔆⋽⇾⍗ 6 Bitcoin 㮻䉠⹊ 8 Ötzi’s Last Meal ↗ạ䙫㛧⽳ᷧ棷 10 Amusing World of Science 䢏⨶屡ᵉ Message from the Editor-in-Chief Ḣ䷏婘媅 Dear Readers, Welcome back to the second issue of Science Focus. In this issue, we have provided current, relevant and well-researched articles which will hopefully stimulate your scientific interest. Some of our articles are aligned with the current DSE science curriculum, which teachers may find useful for classroom instruction. In addition, I want to bring special attention to the article, Bee Pheromones, which was written by a group of secondary school students who participated in the HKUST Dual Programme – well done. I wish to take this opportunity to encourage proactive participation from student readers who are interested in science writing. Readers may recall that the Science Focus Article Submission Competition was created in the last issue. The competition is open to Form 4 to Form 6 fulltime students and submissions related to any discipline of science will be judged on originality, creativity and rhetoric. The winning article will be published in the next issue of Science Focus and the author will be awarded an Apple iPad. The new deadline for the competition will be in late August 2014. Student readers are also invited to join our mailing list to enter a lucky draw for an Apple iPad mini. Registration and more information can be found on the Science Focus homepage. I sincerely hope that you will enjoy this issue of Science Focus and we welcome your suggestions Prof. Yung Hou Wong Editor-in-Chief 妑䙫孧俬Ɲ Why Humans are Unable to Synthesise Vitamin C ạ檻䂡Ἴ䄈㲼凑堳⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤ & Ƣ 12 Hair-Raising Effects of Lightning 㯂櫕尵嵞䙫曞曢䏥屈 14 Bee Pheromones 圃囩岢㴂咀 16 ⥤Ƅ㭈徵斘孧˥䦸姧˦䬓ṳ㜆˛ ㇸῸ✏怀ᷧ㜆乣乳䂡㐃佬䕝ᷲ旃⇮䙫䦸⭟岮姱Əⷳ㜂僤嵞 ⯴䦸⭟䙫凯嶊˛⅝Ḕ㛰Ẃ㕮䫇愴⏯榀㸖Ḕ⭟㕮ㅸ媙䧲Əㇽ⏖㛰⊐ 俨⸒㕀⭟˛ㇸ䉠∌奨㎏Ẳ䔘ᷧ䴫孧䦸⤎Ḕ⭟ ⤎⭟曀媙䧲䙫⏳ ⭟㈧㒗⯒䙫˥圃囩岢㴂咀˦Ə‣⽾宁峅˛ ✏㭋Əㇸⷳ㜂滺⋜⯴䦸⭟⯒ὃ㛰凯嶊䙫孧俬Ə䨴㥜⎪凮䦸姧⾜ Who’s Who? 䢏⨶Ⲧᵸ A Gamble with Life – Prof. Barry James Marshall ᷧ⠛ạ䔆峔⍁Ăⷛ憳 婠⣒ 榓㬮䈥㕀㍯ 18 Failure – The Essential Stage to Becoming an Outstanding Scientist: Prof. Henry Tye ⤘㔾ĂㇷⰘℑ䦧䦸⭟⮝Ḳ巖 ㈛凑㵞㕀㍯ 20 7HVW<RXUVHOI 㸓ᷧ㸓 㕮㮻峤˛㭈徵ᳫ▙傱ᳫ䙫⅏㗌∝⭟䔆Ə㎷ẋỌỢἼ䦸⭟柿⟆䂡栳 䙫ὃ⒨˛娼⯐⛿㛪Ọὃ⒨䙫⎆≜『˚≜ὃヶỌ⎱徔㉧ⷎƏ恟⇡ ℑ⋄ὃ⒨⇲䙢✏ᷲ㜆˥䦸姧˦Ə⅝ὃ俬⏖䍙嗲㞃 L3DG ᷧ惏˛㈑ờ㗌 㜆䂡 ⹛ 㛯˛㭋⣽Ə媲㖣䶙ᷱ䙢姿䙫曢惜✗✧Ə⍚⏖⎪ ⊇㊤䌵Ə㛰㩆㛪島⎽ $SSOHL3DGPLQLᷧ惏˛ ㇸῸ㭈徵㎷⇡⯝岛䙫ヶ奲⑳⻡字˛䥄斘孧ヰ⿒Ƅ Ḣ䷏ 䍲㮞⎁㕀㍯ Acknowledgements 䉠∌凛嬄 㕓ᷱ Student Editorial Board ⨶䏝䲦⢒ Scientific Advisors 䢏⨶朥␍ Prof Rudolf Grimm Editor-in-Chief Ḣ䷏弖 Editors ䷏弖 Reporter 姿俬 Prof Karen Chan 攱㸒䌚㐗㉆ Prof. Yung Hou Wong 䉉㩵≘㐗㉆ Kwan Shu Tse 姛惜㹋 Prof Simon Chan 攱新㐗㉆ Managing Editor 两䷏弖 Prof Tom Cheung ⷳ㖇㘯㐗㉆ Jing Zhao 屗⤥ Wai Lam Raphaella So哅暉旔 Yang Yang 㠈㊘ Sunjung Lim 㙕⩡ⶵ Oi Ying Wong 涁昂䖆 Flora Ng ⋱䯩䌚 Yi Qi ヘ䖈 Copyright © 2014 HKUST Email: sciencefocus@ust.hk Prof Daniel Lee 㘌⑂㐗㉆ Prof Pak Wo Leung 㜿ᷭ⍊㐗㉆ Prof Shing Yu Leung 㜿ㄽ垓㐗㉆ Graphic Designers 娔姯⸒ Magnum Chau ⌦无旔 Amanda Sin ⁺∑⡋ Homepage: http://sciencefocus.ust.hk What’s By Yi Qi ヘ䖈 Want to have an exciting experience of science in Hong Kong? Then make good use of your spare time in the Astropark, Hong Kong Science Park and the Space Museum, where you won't regret your decision! The Astropark: 3 zones for 3 levels Located within Chong Hing Water Sports Centre, the Astropark is divided into three zones for visitors with different levels of astronomical background and interests. In the Naked-eye Observation Area, casual visitors may watch the beautiful starry sky at night; the Educational Zone enables visitors to appreciate the early Chinese astronomical technologies, and amateur astronomers can bring their own telescopes to the Telescopic Observation Area to watch the sky. The various options provided by the Astropark will certainly not disappoint you especially if you are interested in astronomy! Happening In Hong Kong ? 桗㳭䢏ㄾ㯹↓ from mid May to late July, with a quota of 30. Starting from April 1st, you may hand in the application form and receive a 50% discount if you are a full-time student! 榀㸖㛰ầ溤✗㖠僤孺檻樾䦸⭟䙫欬⊂Ƣㇸ婴䂡榀㸖 ⤐㕮⅓⛹˚榀㸖䦸㉧⛹˚恫㛰榀㸖⤑䩡椏惤㘖ᷴ挖䙫恟㒮˛悊 Ⱈ孺ㇸῸ嵗怙怀嘼⠛椏Ə䛲䛲悊Ẃ䲥⽐䴂䙫䦸㉧ⰼ妤⑳ 㴢⊼˛ 桗㳭⟧㑅◐濣䄷⃣䕂弶㎅䰤䄷⃣䕂Ḟ 榀㸖⤐㕮⅓⛹✷吤㖣≜凯㰛ᷱ㴢⊼Ḕ⾪Əⅎ惏⅘⇭䂡ᷰῲ ᷴ⏳䙫⌧⟆Ə䂡∴Ὥ⎪妧䙫⤐㕮⥤俬㎷ᾂ⤁䨕恟㒮Ɲ偰䜣妧 㸓⌧⏖ᾂᷧ刓娑⮉暏ヶ棤妤㘆䩡⋄㙖Ə⤐㕮䟻侹⌧⏖孺娑⮉ ṭ姊Ḕ⛲⏋Ị⤐㕮㉧堺Ḳ䙣ⰼƏ俳⤐㕮䙣䆹⎲ẍ⏖凑㔃娔₀ ∴⽧㜂恇揈妧㸓⌧忤幋㕾弰㘆䧢Ḳ⥎䦿˛怀墶㎷ᾂ䙫嫟⤁恟 㒮䴼ᷴ㛪ὦ⥤⤐㕮䙫⏳⭟Ὸ⤘㜂Ə⤎⮝ㇽ⏖∐䔏敹㙮㘩敺 Hong Kong Science Park: Science Explorer ∴⽧ᷧ㎉䩝䫆˛ Should you be interested in the latest innovations in science, you cannot miss the Science Explorer MRXUQH\DW6FLHQFH3DUN6SHFLÀFDOO\GHVLJQHGDVDQ interactive tour, including several ‘play-and-learn’ spots, Science Explorer displays the most updated science and technology breakthroughs covering environmental protections (Green Concepts), LQWHJUDWHGFLUFXLW,&'HYHORSPHQW6KRZFDVHÀEUH optics (Professor Charles K. Kao: The Father of Fibre Optic Communications Showcase) and everydaylife technologies (Tech Universe). Experienced staff will guide you through the principles behind the innovations, making sure that the tour is a fun and informative learning experience. 桗㳭䢏ㄾ◐濣䢏⨶㉠䯠圊 The Space Museum: Astronomical Telescope Making Want to do something interesting about science by the end of the school year? The Space Museum has launched the fun astronomical telescope making workshops for you to join! Participants ZLOO ÀUVW DWWHQG OHFWXUHV DERXW UHODWHG VFLHQWLÀF principles behind telescope making before they EHJLQWRFRQVWUXFWWKHLUYHU\RZQPPUHÁHFWLQJ telescopes. The workshops are scheduled to last ˥䦸⭟㎉䴉堳˦㘖榀㸖䦸㉧⛹⏸娑⮉ⰼ䤡䦸㉧柿⟆㛧㖗 ㇷ㞃䙫⯵峅㖬䧲˛娑⮉⯮✏嬂姊Ⓢ䙫晑⏳ᷲ⎪妧⛹ⅎ⤁ῲⰼ ⌧㙖滅Əḍṭ姊ⰼ⒨傳⽳䙫㉧堺䟌嬿⑳䦸⭟㥩˛⏫ⰼ⌧⋬㋓ Ẳ䴠䮧僤䒗ῄ㉧堺䙫䶇䒗椏Ƌ⎯䨘䶸㙖㧺ƌƞⰼ䤡暭ㇷ曢巖㉧ 堺䙣ⰼ㭞䧲⎱䔉⒨䙫暭ㇷ曢巖ⰼ妤⻚ƞ䏥ℰ乽态姱㉧堺ㆰ 䔏⎱䙣ⰼ䙫檿拼㕀㍯Ɲℰ乽态姱Ḳ䈝ⰼ妤⻚ƞỌ⎱⋬␒⤮嶊 椏˚≜ヶ椏⑳䦸㉧Ḳ㖬ᷰ惏⇭ƏỌ⮺㕀㖣㧩䙫䦸㉧ṹ⊼檻樾䂡 䉠剙䙫䦸㉧⯗⭮ⰼ妤⌧˛˥䦸⭟㎉䴉堳˦㴢⊼⅏䧲ℴ岢Əペṭ 姊㛧∴㲦䦸㉧䙣ⰼ⊼ㄲ䙫⏳⭟ῸƏ嵼䶱ᷱ䶙柷䳫␎Ƅ 桗㳭⟨䤸柦濣⟧㑅㗙弞抟垻Ḛ㯹↓ 减徸⭟㜆㜒Ə▃䦸⭟䙫㘖␍ⷳ㜂僤⤇⎪凮廼櫭㛰嶊 䙫䦸㉧檻樾㴢⊼Ƣ凑ằ⹛ṻ㛯Ḕ㗓凚ᷪ㛯ᷲ㗓Ə榀㸖⤑䩡椏⯮ 凰徍嬂⺎凮⯍巷㴢⊼䛟䴷⏯䙫⤐㕮㜂恇揈壤ὃ㴢⊼˛⎪凮俬 ⯮ℯ偤⎽䔘✷Ṽ㛪岮㷘㛪ⓈῸḢ嬂䙫旃㖣⤐㕮㜂恇揈傳⽳䦸 ㉧䏭媽Ọ⎱㦲怇㉧堺䙫嬂⺎Ə暏⽳✏⅒㬈⯍巷㴢⊼Ḕ妑㈲壤 ὃᷧờ㯒䱚⏊⽸䙫⎴⯫⤐㕮㜂恇揈˛婙㴢⊼⅘㛰ῲ⏴ 栴Ə㖣⛂㛯ᷧ㗌嵞㎌⎾⠘⏴˛▃⭮⮀䦸⭟Ọ⎱⊼㈲⯍巷䙫⏳ ⭟Ὸ⏖ᷴ奨挖怵怀ῲ曊⽾䙫㩆㛪Ə⅏㘩敺⭟䔆⠘⏴㛛⏖ỌẒ⎾ ⌱⃠ℑデⓍƄ 1 Guide to University Applications: United Kingdom 申請英國大學指南針 By Raphaella So 哅暉旔 A pplication to universities in the United Kingdom is done through an online system called “UCAS.” It is a centralized process where candidates can send their application information to, at most, ÀYHXQLYHUVLW\SURJUDPV3OHDVHQRWHWKDW8QLYHUVLW\RI Oxford and University of Cambridge have their own application procedures and are not included in this guide. Choosing Courses The application fee is £12 if you only apply to one course and £23 if you apply to two to five courses. Hence, you might as well make the best use of your £23 and pick five courses. You can select your choices based on the probability of being accepted. Universities post recent applicant statistics on their websites. This information serves as a great indicator of the qualifications they are looking for. ´5HDFKHVµDUH´ÀUVWFKRLFHµVFKRROVWKDWFDQEH UHODWLYHO\GLIÀFXOWWRJHWLQWR<RXFDQSLFNRQHRU two of these. 2. “Targets” are schools that are just around your level. They would be good places to end up in if \RXFRXOGQRWJHWLQWR\RXUÀUVWFKRLFH 俪䔆⏖Ọ忶怵8&$6䶙ᷱḔ⤕䳢䵘⠘孧勘⛲⤎⭟Ə⏳㘩 䔚媲㛧⤁ṻῲ⤎⭟媙䧲˛媲䕀ヶƏ䉂㴌⤎⭟⑳≴㨲⤎⭟㛰ῲ∌ 3. “Safeties” are schools that are slightly under your level, but they would serve as great “safety nets” in case you cannot get any offer from the others. Having at least one “safety” is especially important if you are only considering UK universities in your application process. 䙫䔚媲䧲Əᷴ⋬㋓✏㭋䔚媲㋮⌾˛ Personal Statement 徸⹛䙫俪䔆㕟㓁˛怀岮㖀⯴ṭ姊⭪Ὸ䙫㔝䔆奨㰩⽯㛰䔏˛ UCAS posts guidelines on how you should tackle the personal statement section of your application. In addition, it asks foreign candidates to explain why they choose to study in the UK. Use your foreign status WR \RXU EHQHÀW 0DNH VXUH \RXU DGPLVVLRQV RIÀFHU knows what you can contribute as a student from a different cultural background. References 弶䢏 ⠘孧ᷧῲ媙䧲䙫岢䔏㘖 Ə⅐凚ṻῲ媙䧲䙫㔝岢惤㘖 Ə⛇㭋ㇸ㛪⻡字╫䔏⠘⏴岢Ə⏳㘩䔚媲ṻῲ媙䧲˛恟㒮䦸 䳢䙫㘩 ㆰ婙㳏ヶ凑ⷘ墒⎽拫䙫㩆䍮˛⤎⭟态⸟㛪✏䶙ᷱ⅓Ἧ ˥楽恟㠈˦㋮⾪⃧Ἥ拫⎽㩆䍮㮻廪ἵ䙫⭟㠈Ə恟ᷧ凚⅐敺 Ⱈ⤇ṭ˛ ⯴㔝䔆奨㰩㎌徸凑ⷘㇷ严Ə拫⎽㩆㛪柾檿䙫⭟㠈ƏㇸῸ⏖Ọ ⯮⭪娔⮁䂡˥䛕㨀㠈˦˛⍚ὦᷴ䍙˥楽恟㠈˦拫⎽ƏṆ⏖Ọ怙 ⅌䏭ペ䙫˥䛕㨀㠈˦˛ ⯴㔝䔆奨㰩㮻凑ⷘㇷ严ἵ䙫⭟㠈ƏㇸῸ⏖Ọ娔⮁⭪䂡˥ῄ 暑㠈˦˛Ⱈ䭾⅝ẽ⭟㠈惤ᷴ拫⎽Ə恫㛰⌮⭟㩆㛪˛⯴㖣 ⏑㛪俪ㅕ✏勘⛲┟㛟䙫⏳⭟ῸƏ䔚媲凚⯸ᷧ㈧˥ῄ暑㠈˦㘖 Picking a teacher, advisor or professional to write your recommendation letter can be tough. Not only does he/she have to know you well in an academic context, but he/she also has to like you as a student and genuinely hope for your success. ỉᵸ攱庮 Deadlines and Important Dates 䙫⤎⭟俳ᷴ䕀✏凑ⷘ⛲ⅎ˛⏖Ọ⥤⥤∐䔏怀ῲ˥⣽⛲⭟䔆˦䙫 Applications typically begin from mid-September, with deadlines for majors in medicine, dentistry and veterinary science in mid-October. Applications for most other majors must be completed in mid-January for each cycle. Post-Application Procedures Universities give out different types of decisions: 1) unconditional offer where the place is yours or 2) conditional offer, where you must meet the university’s conditions upon graduation to be accepted. You may also get an interview or audition before receiving an offer. Candidates who UHFHLYH XQFRQGLWLRQDO RIIHUV WR WKHLU ÀUVW FKRLFH ZLOO be expected to attend. If the offer is conditional, candidates may pick a second choice as backup in FDVHWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVIRUWKHÀUVWFKRLFHDUHQRWPHW All other institutions must be declined. The cost of tuition for international university students in the UK vary wildly. The average tuition fee for 2013-14 was at roughly £11,400 (HK$148,407) per year, not including living costs. For detailed costs please visit http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide. c o. u k /m e d i a /674 8 0 3/ t h e _ r e d d i n _ s u r vey_ o f _ university_tuition_fees2013-14.pdf For more information on ⽯憴奨䙫˛ 8&$6䶙䫀ᷱⷙ⇾⇡⡒⯒ῲạ晚志Ə⤎㥩奨㳏ヶ䙫Ṳ柬˛晋 㭋Ḳ⣽Ə8&$6恫奨㰩⛲⣽䙫俪䔆✏晚志ⅎ姊憲䂡Ἴ恟孧勘⛲ 庒ỤƏ⏸俪⭿婚䴗Ẳ䴠ƏὭ凑ᷴ⏳㕮⋽傳㙖䙫⏖Ọ⯴⭟㠈ㇽ 䦸䳢ὃ⇡ầ溣岉䍢˛ ㉦呤ẟ 奨恟㒮ᷧἴ傖䂡⯒㎏喍Ὲ䙫俨⸒ḍᷴ⮠㗺˛晋ṭ奨ℬ⇭ ṭ姊䙫⭟㥔ㇷⰘḲ⣽Əẽ⥠恫奨▃㭈怀ῲ⭟䔆Ə䜆⾪ⷳ㜂 ㇷ⊆˛ ⛯⋋㗝攎⍊悋堿㒣㗝 ⠘⏴䧲态⸟⾅ᴛ㗆ᳫ摉⢉˛䔚媲憒⭟˚䉀䦸⑳䍟憒⭟䬰 ⯯㥔䙫⭟䔆奨✏⇿㗆ᳫ㒪㎷ẋ岮㖀˛䔚媲⅝ẽ⯯㥔䙫⭟䔆⤎⤁ 奨✏Ჾ㗆ᳫ㒪⭳ㇷ⠘⏴˛ ⛯⋋⹊䕂⹊䵊ᵉ⩚ ⤎⭟㛪䵍ᷴ⏳桅❲䙫㱡⮁Ɲƌ䄈㢄ờ拫⎽˚ƌ㛰㢄ờ拫 ⎽Əㇽƌ㊹䴼˛⠘⏴俬Ṇ㛰⏖僤✏拫⎽Ḳ∴㔝∗杉婍ㇽ婍揈恧 媲˛䔚媲俬勌墒䬓ᷧ⾾栿䄈㢄ờ䙫拫⎽Ⱈ⏖Ọ⅌⭟˛勌拫⎽㱡 ⮁㘖㛰ㇷ严㢄ờƏ䔚媲俬⏖恟㒮ᷧ㈧⽳₀⭟㠈Ọ昙吓ᷧ㱹㛰总 ∗䬓ᷧ⾾栿㈧曧奨䙫ㇷ严˛⭟䔆⾬柯㊹䴼⅝⭪䔚媲怵䙫⤎⭟˛ 勘⛲⤎⭟⭟岢敺敺ᷴ⏳˛凚⹛Ə⹛✮⭟岢䳫 +.Əᷴ⋬㋓䔆㴢岢䔏˛ペṭ姊婚䴗岢䔏媲 ⎪妧KWWSZZZWKHFRPSOHWHXQLYHUVLW\JXLGHFRXNPH GLDWKHBUHGGLQBVXUYH\BRIBXQLYHUVLW\BWXLWLRQB IHHVSGI UCAS ⭿㖠䶙柨 : http://www.ucas.com/how-it-all-works/undergraduate 3 Oxidation-reduction, or “REDOX,” is a type of chemical reaction involving the transfer of electrons from one element to another. Ascorbic acid is a potent electron-donor (also called “reducing agent” because the negative charge of electrons “reduces” the target), so it can react with positively charged silver ions to form neutral silver metal. Smart 㫥⇔彂≝Ƌ勘㕮 oxidation-reductionƌ㘖ῲ弰䧢曢⬷䙫⋽⭟⎴ㆰ˛㉾⣅ 堧慟㘖ῲ⽯⼞䙫⾐⎆≸Ə⭪⏖Ọ㉱凑ⷘ䙫曢⬷忨⇡⎢㉱⯴屈䙫㰎⋽㕟昴 ἵ˛⛇㭋Ə㉾⣅堧慟⏖Ọ⑳㭊㰎⋽㕟䙫执曉⬷䔉䔆⋽⭟⎴ㆰƏ壤怇Ḕ『㰎 ⋽㕟䙫执憸ⱓ˛ By Raphaella So 哅暉旔 Tags 枝䄧婈宨㔸侻㣗䫻 For Food Freshness C This article may be useful for classes learning about “Redox Reactions” based on the DSE Chemistry syllabus. 㠠㓁DSE⋽⭟䦸䛕Ə怀䮮㕮䫇㛰⊐⭟侹旃㖣˥㰎⋽恫⎆˦䙫媙䧲˛ onsumers rely on expiration dates to judge whether a perishable good has gone bad. However, the date calculation is often difficult to estimate and sometimes inaccurate, as the package may go through unpredictable co n d i t i o n s t h ro u g h o ut t h e m a n ufa ct u r i n g and deliver y processes. Hence, opening an “unexpired” milk carton only to be greeted with sour or discoloured milk is a situation familiar to many. Wouldn’t it be helpful if an indicator could tell us the level of freshness before we even open the package to avoid the smell, or worse, food poisoning? Other than contamination, there are two main reasons for the spoilage of food: bacterial growth and biochemical degradation. These two factors are highly dependent on the storage temperature: at warm temperatures, bacteria multiply faster, and chemical degradation also occurs more rapidly. Therefore, we can attempt to resolve the problem if we can create an indicator that simulates the rates of these two reactions, and attach it to the packaging during manufacture so that it experiences the same temperature variations as the food. Engineering the tag is easier said than done. How do we programme the indicator to mirror the specific food inside the package? How do we make it easy for the consumer to understand the indicator? Perhaps most importantly, how do we make the indicator affordable for large-scale commercial use? References [1] Zhang C. et al. Time-Temperature Indicator for Perishable Products Based on Kinetically Programmable Ag Overgrowth on Au Nanorods . Retrieved from http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/nn401266u Researchers led by Dr. Chao Zhang from Peking University seem to have found a solution. The group made use of an oxidation-reduction reaction between silver nitrate and ascorbic acid (a form of vitamin C) [1]. This reaction deposits a shel l of si lver metal onto gold nano rods. First, researchers mixed gold nanorods with cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). This colloidal solution is initially red in colour. As the reaction progresses and deposits more silver onto the nanorods, the mixture releases shorter wavelengths – orange, yellow, etc. – until the colour turns green. The team deliberately chose green as the final colour, as opposed to shorter wavelengths such as blue and violet, for easier identification. By altering the pH and concentrations of chemicals, D r. Zhang was able to prog ram the mixture for use in different per ishables. Furthermore, adding weak acids such as acetic acid and l actic acid cou l d ensu re p rope r synchronization between food spoilage and mixture colour change at a range of temperature co n d it i o n s . T h e refo re, t h e ch ro n o ch ro m i c changes of the mixture serve as a true “timetemperature indicator”: red means the food is very fresh, orange and yellow show varying levels of bacterial growth, and green means the food is no longer suitable for consumption. For simplicity in real-life applications, Dr. Zhang’s team solidified the liquid indicator into an agar hydrogel that is sealed from external oxidation. “Hang on,” you may ask, “is the indicator both safe and affordable?” Gold is an iner t metal. While silver nitrate can be corrosive, the addition of CTAC renders it harmless by forming a silver chloride precipitate. Other chemicals added have low toxicity and are often found in medicines, cosmetics and even food. As for affordability, gold and silver, though expensive, are used at very low concentrations and do not contribute much to cost. In fact, each smart tag costs less than HKD $0.20 to manufacture. The development of this smart tag has farreaching implications. Not only can it tell us whether food has gone bad, but it can also be applied to other industries with expiry dates such as pharmaceuticals and cosmetics. 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Basic scanning and printing can be completed with an effortless click of a mouse button. Could this be the reality for 3D printing? 3D printing is a relatively new technological process that does exactly what it describes – print 3D objects. Theoretically, any object can be printed, including glasses, earrings, toys, car parts and potentially, even human organs. Traditionally, the creation of objects from tools to engine cylinders would require either cutting or shaving of an initial block of material or the casting of a mold. This is unnecessary in 3D printing. 3D printing involves building the object from the bottom up. Prior to printing, the 3D printer reads an object template in the form of computer aided design files (CAD) and converts the design into isolated 2D cross-sectional slices. The material used for the object is initially melted and then heated upon deposition, layer by layer until the object develops. Design patterns can become quite complex depending on the desired end-product. Templates are controlled by parameters that can be altered by loci to generate different geometric patterns. Iteration and recursion are also methods to generate highly complex and interesting patterns. For example, the design of a hollow ring can be enhanced by using these parameters to indicate the number of holes or the size of the hollow area. The medical industry has seized advantage of this technology by attempting to print human tissue for medical investigation, in a process called bio-printing. Instead of printing layers of metal or plastic as in the printing of other objects, bio-printing involves the layering of live cells, to form human tissue. While the technology to print actual human organs is currently out of reach, the printing of tissue is a significant stepping stone toward that direction. Part of the hurdle to overcome in this process is to be able to create tissue with a functioning vascular system possessing the ability to provide essential nutrients and oxygen to sustain the life of cells. Furthermore, organs require many different cells to function properly in combination, thus printing tissue composed of one particular cell is inadequate. 㠯Əㇽ㘖⯴⎆Ὥ䉐檻怙堳⺍㍪䝫ƏⰘ僤㉱䉐ờ㈺ Another part of the puzzle is to be able to create CAD files for bio-printing. Non-living objects can be easily designed, altered on the computer and still perform but printing biological tissue requires knowledge of cell location and vascular structure. Imaging technology such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unable to pinpoint exact cell locations and there is no computer software that can handle the complicated structures of an organ. In addition, there is no telling what it is that makes an organ functions. Cornell engineer Hod Lipson, who attempted to print a meniscus (the cartilage that cushions joints) explained that “You can put the cells of a heart tissue in the right place together, but where’s the start button?” [1] ᷧⱋᷧⱋ˥⇭≙˦ㇷ⤁ⱋ䙫'⇮杉˛⠸㖀曧ℯ墒㺝 It might still be at least a decade before the technology will be advanced enough to print on small enough scales for a functioning organ. Simplified structures that are printed so far, however, are still useful for medical research and pharmaceutical testing. Most oral drugs take years of testing to be available on the market, and testing on printed tissue can potentially save time and money by screening out certain drugs before they reach human trials. 奨䙫ᷧ㭌˛怵䧲䕝Ḕ⅝Ḕᷧῲ㛧曊䙫惏ỤⰘ㘖㉱㛰⭳ 䏥 ⍗⇡Ὥ˛'㈺⍗㉧堺ℯ忶怵曢免廻⊐廆ờ㉱'䉐ờ ⋽ㇷ㶙檻Ə䄝⽳ᷧⱋᷧⱋ✗㉱'⇮杉䔘ᷲ俳ᷱ⇾⍗⇡ ὭƏ⟭䕱ㇷ䂡'䪲檻㨈❲˛好ḵㇷ⒨䙫䴷㦲Ə䔉⒨娔 姯䙫㩻㠯⏖Ọ㘖杅⸟丨壮䙫ᷧ刓㘖䵺䔘㈧⮁侐䙫⏫瀽 瀻孱⋽Ə㉱⛽⽉ᷴ㖞㔠孱Ə濿䔉⇡ᷴ⏳䙫Ἴ⽉ㄲ˛ ㇸῸẍ⏖Ọ∐䔏憴䕱 LWHUDWLRQ˚恅忛 UHFXUVLRQ 䬰 䬰⎆炶濿䔉䔆㛰嶊˚檿烓孱⋽䙫⛽⽉˛ὲ⥩Ə∐䔏⏫ 柬⎪㕟Ὥ娔⮁ᷧῲ䩡⾪䒗䊧䉐檻ⅎ⬻䙫㕟䛕⎱杉䨴⤎ ⯶˛ 㛧徸Ə憒⭟ⷌ㥔∐䔏'㈺⍗㉧堺敲⦲婍⛽㈺⍗⇡ ạ檻䴫主ὃ憒嗌䟻䩝Ḳ䔏Ə墒䨘Ḳ䂡˥䔆䉐㈺⍗˦ ELRSULQWLQJ˛䔆䉐㈺⍗㉧堺Ọ㴢䴗僅Ị㛦憸ⱓㇽ⠸ 㖀Əⱋ䕱⽉ㇷạ檻䴫主˛暽䄝䛕∴䙫㉧堺恫㱹䙣ⰼ∗ 僤⤇㈺⍗⇡㕛ῲạ檻♏⭿ƏἭⷙ巶⇡㈺⍗㴢䴫主怀憴 㕛⊆僤䙫堧䮈壤怇⇡ὭƏ䂡♏⭿䴫主㎷ᾂ⾬奨䙫䇆棱 ⎱㰎㰊˛㱹㛰堧䮈Ə䴗僅✏㜑⭳ㇷ㈺⍗Ḳ∴ⷙ㭢Ẉ˛ 㭋⣽Ə㈺⍗⇡Ὥ䙫♏⭿曧奨⤁䨕䴗僅䙫䴫⏯⌻ὃƏ▕ 䍏ᷧ䨕䴗僅㘖ᷴ僤⤇䴫ㇷ⭳㕛䙫♏⭿˛ ⏍ᷧῲ曊栳Ⱈ㘖娔姯⇡䔆䉐㈺⍗䙫&$'㩻㠯˛✏ 曢免ᷱ娔姯杅䔆䉐䉐ờⰁ䭾䰈▕Ə俳᷻娔姯⏖Ọ䔏廆 ờ㔠⛽㠯ƏἭ㈺⍗䔆䉐䴫主曧奨㉱䴗僅⑳堧䮈䴷㦲 娔⮁✏䲥䢡䙫ἴ何ᷱ˛Ọ䛕∴䙫ㇷ₶㉧堺Ə孓⥩䢨⊂ ✏㙕怴⮝⺔䙫⮝Ḕ惤㛰ᷧ惏⤁⊆僤㈺⍗㩆Ə ⅘㌖ㇷ₶ 05, 䬰惤㜑僤⤇㹽䢡䢡⮁䴗僅䙫ἴ何˛㭋 䛟Ὲㇸ⯴㈺⍗ㇽ壮壤㕮ờ䬰怀Ẃ䰈㗺䙫ⷌὃⷙ䵺榼 ⣽ƏㇸῸⰁ㜑㷬㥁䟌怺ᷧῲạ檻♏⭿㘖⥩Ἴ㭊⸟怲ὃ 廼Ⱈ䆆˛Ἥ㛥␍ペ怵✏⮝Ḕ晋ṭ⏖Ọ㈺⍗㕮ờ㩻Ə 䙫˛併⛲⺞⤯䈥ⷌ䧲⸒ +RG /LSVRQ 婍⛽㈺⍗˥⌱㛯 恫⏖Ọ㈺⍗⇡䪲檻䙫䉐ờὭ⑉Ƣᷰ䶔 ' ㈺⍗㩆Ⱈ㭊 㝦˦ 㺸㶙旃䮧ⅎ䙫廆檏⡱ Əẽ䛛姧Ɲ˥僤㉱⾪准 㭊㒨㛰怀ῲ⊆僤˛㗌⸟䔆㴢䙫䉐ờ⯶凚䜣揈˚倚䒗˚ 䴫主䙫䴗僅㸱✏ᷧ嵞ƏἭ╆⊼捜✏ⓑƢ˦>@ 䎐⅞˚㘩揿Ə⤎凚庱⬷˚㧩♏䬰Ə䵘䵘惤僤⤇态怵怀 㖗䦸㉧壮壤⇡Ὥ˛䛟Ὲ✏ᷴḬ⯮Ὥ䔁凚怊ạ檻♏⭿惤 㛰⏖僤墒⍗⇡Ὥ˛ 䔆䉐㈺⍗㉧堺⏖僤✏㜑Ὥ⌨⹛Ọᷱ㈴僤✏Ọ廪⯶ 奶㨈㈺⍗⇡ạ檻♏⭿˛䄝俳Ə䏥✏ㆰ㈺⍗⇡䙫䰈▕䔆 䉐䴫主✏憒䘩䟻䩝⑳嗌䉐㸓婍恫㘖⤎㛰䔏嘼䙫˛⤎⤁ Ọ⽧壤ὃ䉐ờ曧奨⾅ᷧ⠱㜷㖀≑墨ㇽ⠸怇ㇷ❲˛ 㕟䙫⏊㛴嗌䉐曧奨⤁⹛㪉㸓㈴僤✏ⷩ⠛ᷱ⇡┕Ə✏ 俳'㈺⍗㩆⏑曧忶怵孧⎽曢免廻⊐娔姯 &$' 㩻 ạ檻婍樾Ḳ∴ƏỌ㈺⍗䴫主怙堳㸓婍⏖Ọ⊇⿒䯐恟嗌 䉐Ə䮧䛨㘩敺⑳憸按˛ References [1] Leckart, Steven. “How 3-D Printing Body Parts Will Revolutionize Medicine”. (2013) Available athttp://www.popsci.com/science/ article/2013-07/how-3-d-printing-body-parts-will-revolutionize-medicine (3 October 2013) Further Reading 䜆㛰姊㮹⊆僤Ƅ3D⇾⍗㩆ㇷ⊆壤ὃ⇡傄准˛(2013,5㛯30㗌)˛㝘㣕㖗偅曙˛⎽凑http://www.ettoday.net/news/20130530/214521.htm 3D⍗塏㩆⎆䏭(ṳ)㔖㑷䴷㦲˛(2013,6㛯26㗌)˛㗌䵺㉧堺✏䷁˛⎽凑 http://big5.nikkeibp.com.cn/news/mech/66547-20130624.html 僈デ␂˚炳䍲⯝˛⽉䙫娔姯怲䭾㖠㲼䟻䩝˛⎽凑 http://www.cs.npue.edu.tw/jour/pdf/vol4isu1/08.pdf 7 Bit Coin 比特幣 By Yang Yang㠈㊘ Virtual is not new: it’s a surging norm. Most of the known virtual products are derived from tangible concepts affecting only certain segments of a market. Virtual video games like Nintendo Wii target gamers, simulation tests cater for training pilots, and virtual medical programmes such as Karlsruhe Endoscopic Surgery Trainer1 assist surgeons to perform minimally invasive surgeries. What about a bigger virtual idea derived from a commodity that everyone uses: a virtual currency like bitcoin? How does it operate, what would transactions be like, and how would it orient our daily lives? What is bitcoin ? 虛擬 並非新聞，而是當下的新潮。已知的虛 擬產品大部分是從實體概念衍生，影響細分市場。 例如虛擬遊戲 Nintendo Wii 針對遊戲玩家、 飛行 模擬測驗用於培訓飛行員、虛擬醫藥程式 Karlsruhe Endoscopic Surgery Trainer 輔助醫生進行微創手 術。若將廣泛使用的商品轉化為虛擬概念，例如虛擬 貨幣「比特幣」，又會怎樣呢？比特幣究竟是怎麼運 作的？虛擬貨幣的交易是怎樣的呢？對於日常生活又 有何影響呢？什麼是比特幣？ Early 2009 ⹛∄ Jan. 2014 ᷧ㛯 %LWFRLQLVFUHDWHGE\DQ DQRQ\PRXVLQWHUQHWXVHU ᷧῲ⌦⏴䶙㯸≜怇㮻䉠⹊˛ $KHDULQJRQKRZWRUHJXODWH %LWFRLQZDVKHOGLQ86 併⛲ⰼ敲㛰旃⥩Ἴ䛊䮈㮻䉠⹊ 䙫倭姱˛ The idea of this virtual currency was conceived in 2008 when a research paper named “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System” was published. Perhaps in response to the financial recession in 2008, this paper proposed an alternate digital transaction where payments are sent directly from transacting parties without going through an established financial institution [1]. As a mathematically-based protocol, bitcoins are generated at an approximate rate of 50 coins per 10 minutes through a process called “mining”, where a computer solves complex algorithms. A bitcoin is mined at the arrival of a solution. This decentralized system is structured so that ultimately only 21 million bitcoins could be mined by 2140 in the Bitcoin system, making supplies limited. The problems are increasingly difficult to solve and require more powerful computer systems as the remaining number of solutions diminish. To put the difficulty into perspective, finding a solution is analogous to ‘finding a grain of sand from all the grains of sand on Earth’ (Ken Shirriff http://www. r ighto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining -hard-wayalgorithms.html). Like most commodities, bitcoins’ value is determined by supply and demand. As demand rises, so does the price of bitcoin. In fact, its demand has risen as high as USD$637 per coin as of June 2014 and continues to fluctuate. Transactions using bitcoins are transparent and neutral. A digital ledger called “block chain” logs every single transaction that occurs within the Bitcoin system so that accounts are available for realtime verification. Transactions occur between user addresses without revealing personal information (though this anonymity may be a double-edge sword depending on the purpose of transaction). Usage is convenient and easy. So long as a user is connected to the internet, obtains bitcoins either directly through a miner or purchases them with real money and is able to find another bitcoin user willing to accept bitcoins, a transaction can take place. The transaction process is similar to e-payment using Paypal with a user identifying an amount to pay and transferring it to the recipient’s address. Without going through an institution, payments using bitcoins are cheaper with a lower transaction cost than Paypal. Feb.6 2014 ṳ㛯⅔㗌 Feb.11 2014 ṳ㛯⌨ᷧ㗌 7KHILUVWSXEOLF%LWFRLQUHWDLOHU%LWFRLQ6KRS ,QFWKDWZDVQDPHGDIWHU%LWFRLQZDVIRXQGHG 楽ῲỌ㮻䉠⹊⑤⏴䙫㮻䉠⹊曝┕┭ㇷ䪲˛ 7KHVKDUHRI%LFRLQ6KRS,QFZRUWK86'DVKDUH 㮻䉠⹊曝┕┭%LFRLQ6KRS,QF㮶傈⃠‣䂡併K˛ Bitcoin Timeline 比特幣 時間線 Is bitcoin here to stay? High risks and fluctuation are associated with Bitcoin. Many have lost money exploring it, making it more of a risk than a trend. However, more and more startups as well as online retail stores are beginning to accept bitcoins as payment. In fact, bitcoin ATM machines have been installed in Vancouver, New York and even here in Hong Kong since October 2013. While there are various unknowns related to bitcoins’ value and stability as a reliable form of currency and even more legalistic issues that require exploration, virtual currency is riding on the 21st century technological bloom. Bitcoin may be a prototype with an enormous untapped potential. 㮻䉠⹊䙫ẋ㗺Ḕ䄈柯忶朙ῲạ岮姱˛Ƌ⌦⏴ẋ㗺⏖Ọ㘖㉱曀⇪ 噂 㓓 岏 ⹊ 怀 ᷧ 㥩 婼 䔆 㖣 2 0 0 8 ⹛ 䙫 ᷧ䮮 ⅓ 敲 媽 㕮 敲⦲㎌⎾㮻䉠⹊ẋ㗺˛⏍⣽Ə凑2013⹛10㛯嵞Ə㮻䉠⹊㎷㬥㩆 Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System˛ㇽ娘 ⇭∌✏㺒Ⓦ取˚䳷䳫⎱榀㸖晟乳⇡䏥˛㱹挖Ə㮻䉠⹊䙫⃠‣⑳ 㘖⇡㖣⯴2008憸坴⍘㩆䙫⎴柦Ə媽㕮㎷⇡㛦Ị䙫㕟䢣ẋ㗺㨈 䩐⮁『Ọ⎱䛟旃䙫㲼⽲┶栳Ə恫㛰娘⤁Ⰱ㜑㗵䢡Ḳ嘼˛Ἥ暏吾 Əẋ㗺㖠ᷴ柯䵺怵ỢἼ憸坴㩆㦲⭰㍹ế㬥˛ 21᷽䳧䙫䦸㉧棂年Ə噂㓓岏⹊ḿ⋉俳嵞˛㮻䉠⹊ὃ䂡⎆❲Ə⏖ 㮻䉠⹊Ọ㕟⭟䂡⟡䣵Ə曢免姊䠛壮曃䙫㻻䭾㲼Ə㮶㉥∗ ᷧῲ䬻㠯ƏⰘ⏖Ọ态怵ᷧ䨕⏒⁁˥岏⹊㋽䤍˦䙫䧲Ə⽾∗Ɣ ≴Ə㘖⥤㘖⣅好ḵẋ㗺䛕䙫˛ƌ 㮻䉠⹊䰈▕㗺䔏˛䔏㈝⏑曧✏䶙ᷱ怊䷁Ə态怵㮻䉠⹊䙫䤍 ⷌ䧲ㇽỌ䏥憸峣岞Ə⎽⽾㮻䉠⹊Əⅴ㉥∗⏍ᷧ⏴栿ヶỌ㮻䉠 ⹊ẋ㗺䙫ὦ䔏俬ƏⰘ僤⤇怙堳ẋ㗺˛ẋ㗺怵䧲凮䏥㛰䙫䶙ᷱ㔖 ế䛟ἣ˛㮻䉠⹊䔏㈝㋮⮁乚ế㕟栴Ə䄝⽳⯮㕟栴弰⅌㔝㬥ạ䙫 ⏴ᷲⰘ⭳ㇷẋ㗺˛⛇䂡㮻䉠⹊ẋ㗺䄈曧ỢἼ憸坴㩆㦲䵺㈲Ə㈧ Ọẋ㗺ㇷ㜓㮻Paypal䶙ᷱ㔖ế⹚⏗奨Ὥ⽾ἵ˛ 㮻䉠⹊僤␍㋨乳⑉Ƣ㉼岮㮻䉠⹊䙫梏暑㥜檿Ə⃠㠣㳉⊼Ṇ 柾⤎Ə娘⤁∴㜆㉼岮俬咀⎾㏴⤘Əὦ⤎䜥㙕怴婴䂡㮻䉠⹊㘖梏 暑㉼岮俳杅㖗嶏⋉˛⍚ὦ⥩㭋Ə娘⤁㖗⅓⏟⑳曝┕堳㥔惤ⷙ 僤Ⰱ㛰⤎䙫㽂僤㛰⽬㋽㍿˛ 1 㞁㮻䉠⹊Ə㮶10 ⇭揿䳫⏖䔉䔆50 㞁岏⹊˛杅暭Ḕ⋽䙫㮻䉠⹊ 䳢䵘䵺怵娔⮁Ə∗ 2140 ⹛䂡㭉Ə⏑僤㎈暭∗⅘ 2,100 吓㞁㮻 䉠⹊Ə㈧Ọᾂㆰ㛰昷˛㜑䙣䏥䙫䬻㠯㕟䛕㭊✏㸂⯸Ə曊⺍忷㼟 2 ㎷檿Ə曢免䳢䵘ẍ奨㛛⼞˛㛰ạ㮻㓓Ə奨㉥∗ᷧῲ䬻㠯ƏⰘ巆 ✏✗䏪ᷱ㈧㛰䙫㲀䱹Ḕ⯲㉥ᷧ栭㲀䱹⏳㨊⛗曊 (Ken Shirriff, http://www.righto.com/2014/02/bitcoin-mining- hard-way-algorithms.html)˛㮻䉠⹊⥩⏳ᷧ刓┭⒨Ə⃠‣ 3 凮ⷩ⠛䙫ᾂㆰ曧㰩⮭⇮䛟旃˛ⷩ⠛曧㰩檿Ə㮻䉠⹊䙫⃠‣Ⱈ巆 4 吾ᷱ㼙˛㮻䉠⹊✏ 2014 ⹛ 6 㛯ᷧ⺍ᷱ㼙∗㮶⹊ 637 併K˛ Ọ㮻䉠⹊怙堳䙫ẋ㗺忶㗵⺍檿Əῄ㋨Ḕ『˛㮻䉠⹊䳢䵘䙫 ㈧㛰ẋ㗺惤姿拫✏ᷧ㜓㕟䢣两⸚ḔƏ⏖Ọ⯍㘩樾嬰㠟⯴⸚䛕˛ 5 A virtual medical procedure that help surgeons work on tiny surgical procedures on a larger scale. For more information, see http://www-kismet.iai.fzk.de/KISMET/ docs/UKMITAT.html It’s important to discern between “Bitcoin” and “bitcoin.” Bitcoin with a capitalized “B” refers to the entire system and is used in the same way as words like Spanish, Science, and Solar System. “bitcoins” refers to the actual virtual currency used in exchange. 0.0001BTC is the lowest transaction fee. For more information, see http://www.scmp.com/ news/hong-kong/article/1448009/three-companiesset-launch-bitcoin-atms-hong-kong-within-days. Economists have yet to acknowledge bitcoin as currency despite the fact that it portrays attributes of an economist’s definition a currency. References [1] Nakamoto, S. (2008) A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System. Retrieved from https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf Further Reading http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/technology/bitcoin-timeline.html?_r=0#/#time284_8165 https://www.khanacademy.org/economics-finance-domain/core-finance/money-and-banking/bitcoin/v/bitcoinoverview https://bitcoin.org/en/faq#who-created-bitcoin http://profit.ndtv.com/news/your-money/article-bitcoin-explained-in-laymans-terms-376029 9 M7=,6 /$67 0($/ By Flora Ng ⋱䯩䌚 On 19 September 1991, a 5,3 0 0 year old naturally preserved mummy was discovered in the Ötzial Alps, near the Similaun Mountain and Hauslabjoch on the Austrian-Italian border. The mummy was named Ötzi after the location of discover y and is the oldest and most wellpreserved prehistoric human ice mummy. Cold temperatures, strong sunlight as well as dry winds made sure that very little decomposition occurred. Fo r nea r ly t wo decades, basic compute r tomography (CT) scans and magnetic resonance i m a g i n g (M R I) we re t h e o n l y te c h n o l o g i e s available for the analysis of his stomach contents. Recently, however, scientists were able to learn much more by examining Ötzi’s gastric residue, now known as the “Iceman’s last meal”. Previous analyses of Ötzi’s stomach content revealed no storage of food, concluding that he had not eaten prior to his death. However, Albert Zink, along with fellows from the Institute f o r M u m m i e s a n d t h e I c e m a n i n B o l z a n o, Italy, conducted an axial CT scan of Ötzi and discovered that the organ originally thought to be his stomach was in fact his colon, and that the actual stomach was pushed beneath his rib [1]. The food residue samples taken from his stomach revealed critical information about the last few hours of Ötzi’s life. A large amount of Einkorn, a type of primitive w heat abundant i n the Neol ith ic E ra (ci rca 10,200 BC to 4,500 BC), was found in the sample that weighed on ly 0.0 0 4 ounces (1.13 4 mg). This is in line with the hypothesis that during the Neolithic Era, people lived in semi-permanent settlements and survived on plant and animal agriculture. The remnants of his last meal also contained muscle fibres and small fragments of burnt bones, identifiable under a light microscope [2]. Researchers determined that these muscle fibres most likely belonged to a wild mountain goat known as an ibex. Ötzi’s gastric residue also revealed the presence of pollen [3]. The implications of these findings confirm several hypotheses. Due to the finding of pollen in his stomach residue, Ötzi’s time of death was mapped to be around pollination season, between Ma rch and June. His last jour ney was made through a coniferous forest to his final destination. Additionally, contrary to previous beliefs, Ötzi’s rich stomach contents revealed that his demise was not preceded by an empty stomach indicating starvation. In fact, he met his death in the form of an arrow to the shoulder, just 30 – 120 minutes after consuming his last meal. The exciting discoveries of Ötzi’s stomach content b r idge the d i sci pl i nes of science and histor y. These findings aid to por tray the environment in which the Iceman lived and died. While many facts may never be any more than pure speculation, science and technology has provided a better understanding of what life may have been like for our ancestors in the Neolithic Period. Please join our mailing list to receive future electronic versions of Science Focus. Members will be entered into a lucky draw for a chance to win an Apple iPad mini! Registration on the Science Focus homepage! ܻᆩΰิձޟႫӴ֭Ȃ։џёܪዩȂԤᐠོថ ڥłűűŭŦġŪőŢťġŮŪůŪġΙഋȄҳ։ȶऋِȷкॲຝыȊ http://sciencefocus.ust.hk ӕΡ ޟശࡣΙᓡ ✏ᷧṄṄᷧ⹛Ṅ㛯⌨Ṅ㗌Əᷧ⅞巄ằ嶚㛰ṻ⟩ᷰ䙥 ⹛Əῄ⬿剖⥤䙫↗⯨㜏Ḫự✏⥎✗∐⑳侐⤎∐ẋ䔳䙫昦䈥⌸ 㖖ⱘ僯Ə⥎匏⠻䈥ⱘ↗ⷄ⇡✆˛↗ạ㜏ḪựỌ⇡✆✗䂡⏴Ə墒 䨘ὃ˥⥎匏˦˛⛇䕝✗㥜䂡⮹↞Ə⊇ᷱ䌂䂯晤ℰ⑳ṥ梏ƏỌ凛 ⇭姊䷐ㅉƏị⥎匏ㇷ䂡徫ằ㛧⏋俨˚ῄ⬿⽾㛧⭳⥤䙫⏙∴ạ 桅㜏Ḫự˛㛰徸⹛㘩敺Ə䦸⭟⮝⏑僤Ọ曢免;⯫䷁㍪㎶⑳ 䢨⊂⅘㌖㍪㎶㉧堺Ə⇭㝷⥎匏䙫傪ⅎ⮠䉐˛䛛凚㛧徸Ə䦸⭟ ⮝⯴㵯⋽䉐㭿㸊怙堳䟻䩝⽳Ə㛰ṭ㛛⤁䙣䏥˛ 䟻䩝䴷㞃 嬰⯍ṭ柬 娔˛䔘㖣✏傪ⅎ 䙣䏥劘䱰Ə↗ạ䙫 㭢Ẉ㘩敺⏖䢡婴䂡㍯ 䱰⭊䮧Ə⍚㘖ᷰ㛯凚⅔ 怵⽧⥎匏傪惏⇭㝷㱹㛰䙣䏥傪墶ℙ⬿棆䉐Ə䔘㭋⽾∗ 㛯敺˛⅝㛧⽳䙫㖬䧲㘖态 䙫䴷媽㘖ẽ✏⎢᷽Ḳ∴㱹㛰䔏棷˛ ᷴ怵Ə$OEHUW =LQN 凮⅝ 怵ᷧ䈮懄吰㝾∗ẽ㛧䴩䙫 ẽĄ剥Ỵ㊰Ⅎ㜏Ḫự⎱↗ạ䟻䩝㈧ą䟻䩝Ⓢ䔏㖞ⱋ㍪㎶㉧堺 䛕䙫✗˛⏍⣽Ə凮Ọ⽧䙫㎏媽 䙣䏥Ə⎆Ọ䂡㘖傪惏䙫♏⭿⅝⯍㘖⥎匏䙫䴷兟Ə俳䜆㭊䙫傪 䛟⎴Ə⥎匏䙫傪ⅎ⮠䉐㏔䤡ẽ 墒㎏⏸偲檏ᷲ㖠>@˛⎽⇡Ὥ䙫棆䉐㭿㸊㏔䤡⥎匏✏᷽䙫㛧 㭢ẈḲ∴ᷴ㘖䩡吾傁⬷䙫˛Ṳ ⽳ῲ⯶㘩䙫ガ㲨˛ ⯍ᷱƏ↗ạ㘖✏怙棆㛧⽳ᷧ棷⽳䙫 ⇭㝷桖䤡✏⭰⣒ 㯒Ⅎ 䙫㨊㜓ḔƏ␒㛰⤎ 憶䟚♏㘩Ị⽳㜆Ƌ䳫奦KƏ凚⹛ƌ䙫ᷧ䨕⸟奲 凚⇭揿ⅎƏ墒䮔㒱Ḕ傐共⯵凛 㭢Ẉ˛ 俼㣴⯶溌˛怀ῲ䴷㞃䬍⏯ᷧ䛛ỌὭ䙫娔Ɲ䟚♏㘩Ị䙫⏋ạ 旃㖣↗ạ傪ⅎ⮠䉐䙫䨕䨕䙣䏥Ə 桅ἶ✏⌱㰟Ḭ『䙫偁吤ƏḍỌ徙㥔⑳⛯棱⊼䉐ὃ䂡棆䉐Ὥ ⯮䦸⭟⑳㭞⏙怊㎌嵞Ὥ˛䟻䩝䴷㞃 㹷˛㨊㜓恫␒㛰偳偰乽䶔⑳⯶⠱䆹䄍䙫檏䈮Ə✏桖⾕揈ᷲ㷬 㛰⊐㎶乑↗ạ䔆㴢⑳㭢Ẉ䙫䒗⡪˛ 㙗⏖奲>@˛䟻䩝Ⓢ㸓⮁偳乽䶔㛧㛰⏖僤㘖Ὥ凑ᷧ䨕憵䔆ⱘ 暽䄝㛰ẂṲ⯍Ṇ娘䄈㲼嬰㗵ƏἭ䦸㉧ 佱⏒⁁侘佱˛晋㭋Ḳ⣽Ə䟻䩝Ⓢ恫✏傪ⅎ㭿㸊Ḕ䙣䏥ṭ劘 Ẵ㘖⌻⊐ㇸῸ㛛䞔姊ạ桅䤽ℯ✏䟚♏ 䱰㨊㜓>@˛ 㘩Ị⽳㜆䙫䔆㴢˛ References [1] Paul G., Patrizia P., Giampietro B., Angela G., & Albert R. Zink (2011), New radiological insights into the life and death of the Tyrolean Iceman, Journal of Archaeological Science 38:3425-3431. [2] Brenda F. (2011), The Iceman’s Last Meal, Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/iceman-lastmeal.html [3] Rollo, F. et al. (2002), Ötzi’s last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps. 99:12594-12599. Retrieved from http://www.pnas.org/content/99/20/12594.long Photo permission from © South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology Why Humans Are Unable to Synthesise Vitamin C In 1602, A Spanish fleet began their expedition to the New World. During the long voyage across the Atlantic Ocean, the entire crew of the ship developed symptoms of bleeding gums and spotting of the skin, with many cases leading to death. Nearly two decades later, a British military surgeon John Woodall suggested the consumption of lemons, limes or oranges as a cure for this mysterious disease. However, for more than three centuries, the cause of this fatal disease was unknown. It was eventually discovered to be a disease known as scurvy, which is caused by a vitamin C deficiency. Vitamin C is abundantly present in citric fruits. We, as humans, are unable to synthesise our own vitamin C. Consumption of vitamin C is thus necessary for human survival. During the prolonged voyage, the fleet did not have access to fresh foods containing essential vitamins and thus resulted in such tragedy. To attempt to answer the question of why we are unable to synthesise vitamin C, we must examine the mechanism of Vitamin C synthesis in organisms that are able to do this. Vitamin C synthesis in vertebrates involves a complex pathway. Specific protein factors are required, and the absence of any single protein will result in the failure of the entire pathway. In the human genome, a mutation at the coding region of a gene known as L-gulonolactone oxidase (GULO) renders this pathway dysfunctional. Thus, humans are unable to synthesise vitamin C on their own. Interestingly, similar defects were found in guinea pigs, gorillas, chimpanzees and other primates, none of which are able to self-synthesise vitamin C. It has been shown that ancestral mammals, living some 100 million years ago, were actually able to synthesise vitamin C. Therefore, the hypothesis is that humans have lost the ability to produce vitamin C for evolutionary reasons. Yet, natural selection should highlight the traits that positively contribute to survivability and individuals possessing the gene mutation should have a lower chance of surviving and reproducing. Why then, would natural selection continue to include the gene mutation, blocking such a vital biosynthesis capability? One school of thought suggests that the reason may be attributed to the fact that humans have included vitamin C-rich By Yi Qi ヘ䖈 ࣏դΡᡝฒݲՌӫԙᆰтڼC@! foods in our diet for a ver y long time and that the mutation in vitamin C synthesis related genes have not proven to be a lethal or severe functional defect in most cases. After all, fruits with readily available vitamin C have been part of the human diet for as long as anyone can remember. This led to the mutated genotype being passed on to future generations, resulting in permanent loss of vitamin C biosynthesis in humans. T he h uman body i s a com p l ex b i o l og i ca l environment in which accidental mutations are common but only those that are innocuous are likely to remain. This does not mean that seemingly ha r m l es s m utat i o n s such a s th e i nca pa b i l it y to p ro d u ce v i ta m i n C m a y n ot p rove to b e problematic when unpredictable circumstances take place. The deaths of some crew members on the Spanish fleet represented one of such unfortunate circumstances. 㛰⏯ㇷ僤⊂䙫僱㣵⊼䉐檻ⅎ䙫䛟旃㩆∝杅⸟壮曃Ə曧奨⤎憶 䙫嚲䙤峑⎪凮⅝ḔƏ伡ᷧᷴ⏖˛俳ạ檻ⅎ㈧ῄ䕀䙫⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤ &㈧曧䙫嫟⤁⟡⛇ḔƏ䔆䔉ᷧ䨕⏴䂡 /⏋㴂䲽慟ⅎ慖㰎⋽慝 Ƌ/JXORQRODFWRQH R[LGDVHƌ䙫嚲䙤峑䙫⟡⛇䙣䔆ṭ䩨孱Ə ⯵凛婙嚲䙤峑✏ạ檻ⅎ䙫伡⤘˛凮ạ桅⏳䖬䛟ㅷ䙫恫㛰⅝ẽ 术敞桅⊼䉐Ọ⎱屁漇Ə怀Ẃ⊼䉐Ṇ⏳㨊㘖⛇䂡/⏋㴂䲽慟ⅎ 慖㰎⋽慝⟡⛇䙫䩨孱俳䄈㲼壤怇䶔ẽ⑤&˛ ⥩勌ᷱ㺖⃫ᷧ⹛Ə䕝㘩䔆㴢✏✗䏪ᷱ䙫ạ桅䙫ⓡṚ⊼䉐 䤽ℯ䢡⯍㒨㛰凑堳⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤ & 䙫僤⊂Əḍ⾅ᷴ⎾⣅堧䖬䙫 ⛗㓥˛㖣㘖ㇸῸ⏖Ọ㎷⇡ᷧῲ娔Ɲạ桅ㇽ娘㘖✏㼒敞䙫怙 ⋽怵䧲Ḕ忷㼟░⤘ṭ⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤ & 䙫僤⊂˛Ἥ㘖伡Ḷ壤怇䶔 ẽ⑤&䙫僤⊂ἣḵㆰ婙˥∱⼘˦ṭạ桅✏怀ῲ㘆䏪ᷱ䙫䔆⬿僤 ⊂Ə悊䈙ầ溤⯵凛怀䨕⽳㞃䙫⟡⛇䩨孱㱹㛰墒凑䄝㶿㱗㍰Ə⎴ 俳䕀⬿✏ṭạ桅䙫⟡⛇䴫壈⑉Ƣ 怀ㇽ娘㘖⛇䂡ạ桅䙫术敞桅䤽ℯ㗐Ⱈ敲⦲Ọ㣴䉐䙫吰䈮 㞃⯍䂡棆˛敞㘩敺何庒㖣僤⤇廼㗺䍙⎽䶔ẽ⑤ &䙫䒗⡪Ḕὦ ⹛Əᷧ㔖奦䏔䉀删晱㏁ⷭ嵞刑槂⏸恀恇䙫併 ⽾檻ⅎ䙫⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤ &㩆∝ⅴ䄈䔏㭍Ḳ✗Ə⅝䛟旃⟡⛇䙫䩨 㴙⤎晟˛✏㼒敞䙫刑堳怵䧲ḔƏ娘⤁删Ⓢ晟乳㞺ᷱṭᷧ䨕˥】 䕀ᷲὭ䙫⏖僤『˛暏吾怀䨕䩨孱䙫ỊỊ䛟ₚƏạ檻Ḕ⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ 䖬˦ƝẽῸ㸥庒䖣䗂Ə䉀潍⇡堧Ə庒ᷱ⇡䏥⏖⿽䙫㕸滅Ə䔁凚䗂 ⑤&䙫䛟旃⟡⛇䴩㖣⭳⅏忧⋽Əạ桅ṆⰘ㰟Ḭ⤘⎢ṭ⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ 勍✗嵗⏸㭢Ẉ˛䛛∗⯮徸ṳ⌨⹛⽳Ə勘⛲庴憒 -RKQ :RRGDOO ⑤ &䙫僤⊂˛怀✏⤎刑㵞㘩Ị敲⦲Ḳ∴ἣḵ恫ḍᷴ㘖⧨僬䔆 ㈴䙣䏥㪟㪓˚慟㩀䬰㰛㞃僤⤇㲢䘹怀䨕⏖⿼䙫】䖬ƏἭḲ⽳ᷰ ⬿䙫孱⋽ƏἭ暏吾ạῸ䔆㴢㖠䙫㔠孱Ə⣅堧䖬䴩㖣恫㘖ㇷ䈙 ῲ⤁᷽䳧ⅎạ桅⍢䄈㲼㉥⇡䢡⇮䙫䖬⛇˛⽳ὭạῸ䙣䏥Ə怀䨕 ṭịạ栔䗂䙫┶栳˛ ⏖⿼䙫䖥䖬㘖䔘删ᷱ棙棆伡Ḷ✏㖗殕唓㞃Ḕ␒憶廪檿䙫䶔ẽ ⑤&俳嵞䙫⣅堧䖬˛㖣㘖Ə┶栳Ⱈ㭋䔉䔆Ɲ䂡Ἴạ檻䄈㲼凑 堳⏯ㇷ䶔ẽ⑤&Ƣ 孱䛟ㆰ✗Ṇᷴ㛪⯵凛㭢ẈḲ桅䙫⚛憴⽳㞃Ə⛇㭋⢅⊇ṭ墒ῄ 怀ὦㇸῸ敲⦲憴㖗⯐好凑庒ⅎ惏ᷴ㖞䙣䔆䙫孱⋽Ɲ⟡⛇ 䩨孱暏㘩暏✗惤㛰⏖僤䙣䔆Ə䏥ᷲ䛲Ὥㇽ娘䄈旃䶱奨䙫孱⋽ ㇽ娘㛪墒ῄ䕀ᷲὭƏṆㇽ娘㛪✏⯮Ὥ䙫⟩吓⹛ⅎ暏吾ạ桅䔆 怀ῲ┶栳䙫䢡⇮姊䬻Ẵ䄝㛰⽬䟻䩝ƏἭⷙ㛰⤁䨕媑婍 㴢㖠䙫ᷴ⏖柷䟌䙫孱⋽俳⯵凛㖗䙫┶栳䙫⇡䏥ƏⰘ₶⤎刑 ⛽䂡婙䏥屈㎷ᾂ姊憲˛凑䶔ẽ⑤ & ⏯ㇷ㩆䏭䙫妹⺍Ὥ䛲Ə㒨 㵞㘩Ị䙫⣅堧䖬⯴⃫ᷧ⹛∴ㇸῸ悊䙣䔆⟡⛇䩨孱䙫䤽ℯὭ媑 㘖ᷴ⏖ペ₶䙫ᷧ㨊˛ Further Reading Tullio, M et al. (2010). The Mystery of Vitamin C http://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/ the-mystery-of-vitamin-c-14167861 Do You have feedback or suggestion? Let us know on our website! ձ֏Ԥཎَ࡚ܖដ ŀ ᠍ߔձӵᆩॲِ http://sciencefocus.ust.hk 13 Hair-Raising Effects of Lightning ࿐Ὠἐᚻፆ᱑᱒᠑ᩒ Being afraid of thunder and lightning is a relatively common fear. Loud claps of thunder and blinding flashes of lightning amidst a backdrop of darkness can be understandably intimidating. Being struck by lightning is perhaps not an often occurrence, in fact, the statistics indicate that the chances of being struck is close to one in a million. However, unfortunate victims can suffer serious injuries and potentially fatal consequences. The good news is that lightning sometimes gives us warnings before it strikes, allowing time to seek cover. One such precursor is a bone-chilling effect that causes a lighting strike victim’s hair to stand on end (Figure 1). The 1975 photograph shows two brothers on a family trip at Sequoia National Park, California, seemingly amused at this strange phenomenon and oblivious to the danger of the situation. Shortly after the photograph was taken, the younger boy (left) was struck and suffered third-degree burns on his back and elbows. In a report after the incident, the older brother on the right explained the urgent situation at the time, “[He] collapsed and huddled on his knees. Smoke was pouring from his back. I rushed over to him and checked his pulse and breathing… He was still alive. I put out the embers on his back and elbows and carried him down the path towards the parking lot, with the rest of the group following.” The frightening phenomenon can be better understood with an explanation of lightning itself. A By Sunjung Lim 㙕⩡ⶵ lightning strike is a naturally occurring electrostatic discharge. Tiny ice particles in the air, forced by warm air currents, collide with each other, causing charges and creating electric potentials within the thundercloud. With a sufficient charge separation, the positive charges and the negative charges try to neutralise. The existence of opposite charges on the ground strengthens the electric field, which is strongest on objects nearest to the thundercloud. These objects are often trees and sky scrapers. A pathway of least resistance is formed, led by ‘streamers’ and charge is neutralized once the pathway is complete, creating lightning. But someti mes the closest ‘object’ to th i s pathway of least resistance is a pe r son. The precursor to an imminent lightning bolt is exactly the effect of hair standing on end. The principle is similar to the familiar experiment of rubbing a balloon on fabric and placing it next to someone’s head allowing their hair to defy gravity. The ions in hair respond to the electrical potential difference between the thundercloud and the Earth, making the victim part of the discharge path of thousands of volts, when the ions eventually neutralise. Hong Kong’s tall concrete j ung l e l a r g e l y p r ote c t s us from being struck by lightning since those objects This article may be useful for classes learning about “Electrostatics” based on the DSE physics syllabus. 㠠㓁 DSE 䉐䏭䦸䛕Ə怀䮮㕮䫇㛰⊐⭟侹旃㖣˥权曢˦䙫媙䧲˛ are closer than we are. However, Hong Kong’s mountainous regions and summits are also perfect areas for lightning to strike. The best action to take if your hair starts standing on end is to evacuate indoors. Standing under natural lightning rods such as trees or metal umbrellas is equally dangerous because you can still be part of the discharge pathway. In the case that you are completely isolated, crouch low and hope that you are not that one in a million! Figure 1 ⛽1 Photo permission obtained from Copyright © 1975 by Michael McQuilken. ⮚⿼曞曢㘖ᷧ䨕⸟奲䙫〷㇣˛⼞俳㛰⊂䙫曞偙⑳俧䜣䙫 怇ㇷ曞曙ⅎ䙫曢⋉˛㛰ṭ嶚⤇䙫曢卞⇭曉Ə㭊曢卞⎱岇曢卞⯮ 敪曢✏溸㙾䕝ḔṆ㘖ịạ䔆䔶˛䵘姯㕟㓁塏㗵ạ墒曞≯䙫㩆 㛪娔㲼Ḕ⑳˛✗杉㭊岇曢卞䙫⬿✏⯵凛曢⠛⢅⼞Ə俳㛧⼞䙫曢 㛪ḍᷴ檿Ə㎌徸㖣䙥吓⇭Ḳᷧ˛⏖㘖Əᷧ㗍䙣䔆ṭƏᷴ䙫⎾⮚ ⠛Ⱈ✏曉曞曙㛧徸䙫䉐檻˛怀Ẃ䉐檻⸟⸟㘖檿㧺ㇽ㨠˛✏敪㴨 俬⏖恔怮∗⚛憴⎾Ə䔁凚凛⑤⽳㞃˛‣⽾ㅝ䙫㘖Ə曞㒱⽧ ⸝柿怊ㇷ昢⊂㛧⯶䙫忻⽸⽳Ə曢卞⽾ỌḔ⑳Əḍ䙣⇡敪曢˛ ⽧㛪㛰ℯℭƏ⮠娘恦曊䙫㘩敺˛ Ἥ✏㛰Ẃガ㲨Əạㇷ䂡巄曉㛧徸䙫䉐檻˛㯂櫕尵嵞䙫㔯㞃 ᷧ䨕曞≯䙫∴ℭⰘ㘖䛟Ḕ䙫㯂櫕尵嵞䙫䏥屈(⛽1)˛怀⼜ ⅝⯍Ⱈ㘖曞㒱䙫ℯℭ˛⎆䏭Ⱈ⑳䆆ば䙫⯍樾䛟⏳Ɲ㰊䏪凮ⷪ 䅎䈮㘖✏⹛⊇ⷅ䙫䳬㜰⛲⮝⅓⛹壈㊴䙫Ə䛟䈮Ḕ䙫ᷧ⯴ 䣏㓍⽳Ə㔥㖣栔⁛⏖ị∗㯂櫕尵嵞˛栔櫕䙫曉⬷⯴曞曙凮✗杉 Å⼆⽞⽦⯴怀䏥屈ㄆ∗⌨⇭㖗⤮˛ẽῸ⯴凑ⷘ䙫⍘暑⡪✗⭳ Ḳ敺䙫曢⋉ⷕ∌ὃ⇡⎴ㆰƏạⰘ嘼㖣㔥曢䙫巖⽸Ə⎾∗㕟⟩Ỷ ⅏㸥䄝ᷴ妡˛ᷴḬḲ⽳䛟Ḕⷍ恱䙫⼆⼆Ⱈ墒曞曢㒱Ḕ⯵凛傳 䉠䙫曞㒱˛ 惏⑳㈲偿ᷰ䴁䆹˛ⓌⓌ㆝志䕝㘩ガ㲨⌨⇭䶱⼜Ɲ˥(ẽ)Όᷲ ὭƏ㊘吾凑ⷘ䙫冄咲˛ẽ䙫傳ᷱⅹ⇡䅀Ὥ˛ㇸ嶸怵⎢ḍ㪉㟌ẽ 䙫僯㏶⑳⾪巚…ẽ恫㴢吾˛ㇸ㉱ẽ傳惏⑳㈲偿ᷱ䙫䁗䇣⻫嵗Ə ⸝吾ẽ㲦⯶巖⤻∗⁃庱⠛Ə⅝ẽạ巆暏✏⽳˛˦ 䏭姊怀ῲ䏥屈Ⱈ奨ℯㆩ⽾敪曢傳⽳䙫䦸⭟˛曞㒱㘖ᷧ䨕 凑䄝䔉䔆䙫权曢㔥曢˛䩡㰊墶䙫⾕⯶↗䱹⛇㙽㰊㴨ṹ䛟䢗㒅Ə 榀㸖䙫檿㧺⤎⺯㮻ㇸῸ㛛㎌徸曞曙Ə⏖ῄ孞ㇸῸℴ墒曞 㒱˛ᷴ怵Ə榀㸖Ṇ㛰嫟⤁䙫檿ⱘ柩ⳗ⌧ƏṆ㘖㛰墒曞㒱䙫⍘ 暑˛勌䙣䏥㯂櫕尵嵞䙫䏥屈Ə⮋ⅎ恦曊Ⱈ㘖㛧䙫ᷱ䬽˛ 䫀✏⤐䄝䙫恦曞懄⥩㨠ㇽ憸ⱓ曏ⁿḲᷲƏṆ㛰⍘暑『Ə⛇䂡 Ẵ䄝㛰⏖僤䴫ㇷ㔥曢䙫忻⽸˛勌✏⭳⅏䄈恕咲䙫ガ㲨ᷲƏ 䪲∢ᷲ幙ƏỌ⎱ⷳ㜂ᷴ㘖悊䙥吓⇭ḲᷧƄ 15 It may sound audacious to state that the fate of humankind is closely intertwined with bees, and yet there might be a certain amount of truth to this statement. Over a third of the world’s food production depends on pollinators, and the honey bee is a key player. Wild bees alone contribute at least $57 billion US dollars per year to America by plant pollination [1]. Industr ial agr icultural farms often supplement the wild bee’s work with bumblebees or honeybees reared by commercial bee-keepers. However, over the past few decades both entomologists (scientists who study insects) and bee-keepers have reported a significant decline in bee populations. Bee-keepers in the US and Europe have reported up to 50% lost in bee hives over a matter of days, a phenomenon known as Colony Collapse Disorder [2]. This rapid decline in global bee population could threaten food production. The alarming decline in bee populations could be attributed to multiple causes including parasites, diseases, changes in habits and food sources, and the use of pesticide [3]. In 2013, the European Commission enacted a ban on neonicotinoids pesticides. Early use of this pesticide was linked with being harmful to bee health. For example, in Oregon, USA, neonictinoids was used on trees to control the population of aphids; instead 50,000 bees were killed in the process, which is the largest mass bee poisoning to-date. In this gloomy scene, pheromones, a chemical s i g n a l s e c rete d by b e e s m a y s a ve t h e d a y. Pheromones are secreted by organisms to influence the physiologies or behaviors of their conspecifics. In an active bee hive, several types of pheromones are secreted by different members to maintain the health of the colony. The queen mandibular pheromone (QMP) is, perhaps, one of the most wellknown set of pheromones. Composed of carboxylic acids and aromatic compounds, it is secreted by the queen bee, the only bee in the entire hive BEE PHEROMONES ạ桅䙫⑤怲⑳圃囩䨕例㘖␍㛰吾⮭⇮䙫偖乒Ƣ✏ 㞷䧲⺍ᷱƏ⅐俬䢡⯍㘖ざざ䛟旃˛嵬怵ᷰ⇭Ḳᷧ䙫᷽䔳 This article was written by Hong Kong secondary school students enrolled in The HKUST Dual Programme 2014. To learn more about this programme, please visit http://www.cdgt.ust.hk/eng/Program/ Dual_Program/dual_program_ overview.php 㗪㑅䏯桗㳭䢏ㄾ⟥⨶ ᳫ⨶/⟥⨶斗Ậ奰䣉䕂桗㳭 ᳫ⨶䏝ヾ⪩ 䳎棆䔆䔉㘖ᾄ杇吾ₚ䱰俬Ə俳憵䔆圃囩㒻䕝吾ᷧῲ旃捜 妹剙˛✏併⛲Ə▕㘖憵䔆圃囩态怵ₚ㒔劘䱰Ə㮶⹛Ⱈ凚 ⯸岉䍢ṭ ⃫併K >@˛ⷌ㥔徙⠛⸟⸟柯奨∐䔏棣棱䙫 䅱囩⑳圃囩Ὥ壃嶚憵圃囩䙫ⷌὃ˛Ἥ㘖Ə✏怵⎢䙫⌨ ⹛ⅎ㗭埙⭟俬⑳棱囩ạ惤㛥⠘圃囩䨕例䙫桖䄝ᷲ昴˛ 併⛲⑳㬷㴙䙫棱囩ạ䔁凚⠘⯵✏⤐ḲⅎⰘ⤘⎢ṭ䙥⇭ Ḳ䙫囩䪐˛怀ῲ䏥屈⏒⁁囩例塗䫔⤘媦 >@˛徬怆ᷲ 昴䙫圃囩䨕例⏖Ọ⧨僬∗䳎棆䔆䔉憶˛ 囩䨕例橁ạ䙫ᷲ昴㘖⟡㖣ῲ⎆⛇Ə⋬㋓⮫䔆埙˚ 䖥䖬˚侹ㅊ⑳棆䉐Ὥ㹷䙫㔠孱⑳徙嗌 >@˛✏ ⹛Ə 㬷䛆⦻Ⓢ㛪∝⮁ṭ㖗叟湣桅㮡埙≸䙫䥨ị˛㗐∴ὦ䔏㖗 叟湣桅㮡埙≸Ə䵺ⷙ嬰⯍㛪⍘⮚圃囩⁌⺞˛凰ὲὭ媑Ə ✏併⛲䙫ᾫ⊹ⲈⷅƏỌ㖗叟湣桅㎎∝嚃埙䨕例Ə⍢⛇㭋 俳㮡㭢ṭṻ吓⏑圃囩Ə怀㘖凚ằ㛧⚛憴䙫圃囩㮹㮡Ṳ ờ˛ ㋖㔸圃囩䨕例ƏṆ娘姊㱡Ḳ怺✏㖣圃囩岢㴂咀˛䔘 䔆䉐⇭㲳⇡Ὥ䙫岢㴂咀⏖⽘柦⏳䨕䙫䔆䏭㩆僤⑳堳䂡˛ 䈙ṭ䶔㋨例檻⁌⺞Əᷴ⏳䙫圃囩ㇷⓈ㛪⇭㲳⇡ᷴ⏳桅❲ capable of reproduction. QMP affects behaviors, including hive maintenance, swarming, mating, and even the ovary development of worker bees. Another t ype of pheromone that can significantly affect hive dynamics is the brood pheromones produced by larvae. This pheromone assists nurse bees in recognizing the gender, type, and needs of larvae, so that the most appropriate food and care can be provided. A recent study suggested by adding a low concentration of brood pheromone to a hive, the “division of labour” can be altered such that worker bees spend more time foraging and be enlisted in the “work force” at an earlier age. Increase in foraging effort, in turn, boosts colony growth [3]. Brood pheromone is not used in commercial bee-keeping yet, however, it could potentially be a new tool to combat the decline in bee populations. Can pheromones alone be the solution to the decline o f t h e b e e p o p u l a t i o n? Probably not. Though, the engineering of pheromones m a y b e a b l e to h e l p t h e d i re situation, along w ith responsible and proper use of pesticides. The exponential growth of the human population has caused exceeding distu r bance to the ecosystem in many aspects. An estimated 100,000 species become extinct each year, affecting food chains and causing turbulence in intricately balanced biological systems. It is high time that we learn to leave room for other animal species, especially, bees. By Fung Wai Kit 桬ἇ (La Salle College, F5) Heung Yat Hei 忇延䁗(St Mark’s SchooO, F5) Tang Yu Kiu Yuki 忥⩅⑪ (SKH Kui Ming Choi Secondary School, F5) Yam Yan Kiu ᶹ⼧亷 (Pui Ching Middle School, F4) ᇙြາࣄᇌ 䙫岢㴂咀˛⥚䍲ᷲ栃岢㴂咀 403 㘖㛧䂡ạ䆆䟌䙫岢 ˥⋅⊼晱Ỵ˦˛怀⅐柬⛇䴇㛰∐囩例⢅敞 >@˛棱囩㥔䛕 㴂咀˛403 䔘侎慟⑳劚榀㖶⋽⏯䉐䴫ㇷƏ䔘囩⏵⇭㲳˛ ∴恫㜑㛥ὦ䔏備曂岢㴂咀ƏἭ怀ㇽ⏖⊐∝㭉圃囩䨕例ᷲ 囩⏵㘖⅏囩䪐墶┖ᷧ㛰䔆備僤⊂䙫圃囩˛403 ⽘柦∗囩 昴˛ 例䙫堳䂡Ə⋬㋓囩ⷉ䶔孞˚囩㒨˚ẋ愴Ə䔁凚㖣ⷌ囩䙫 ⍜ⷉ䙣備˛ ▕杇岢㴂咀〷⿼ᷴ僤昢㭉圃囩䨕例ᷲ昴䙫䏥屈˛Ἥ 㘖岢㴂咀䙫敲䙣Əⅴ⊇ᷱỌ岇岓Ợ䙫ㄲ⺍㭊䢡ὦ䔏徙 備曂岢㴂咀㘖⏍ᷧ䨕⏖桖吾⽘柦囩ⷉ⊼ㄲ䙫岢㴂 嗌Əㆰ⏖㛰⊐姊㱡怀⚛憴┶栳˛ạ桅例檻㭊ỌἼ䴁㕟 咀Ə䔘圃囩埙⇭㲳˛備曂岢㴂咀㛰⊐備囩徏嬿圃囩 ⢅敞Ə㼟㼟✏⤁㖠杉⹙㓥䔆ㄲ䳢䵘˛ㇸῸ㮶⹛杉⯴䳫 埙䙫『∌˚䨕桅Ọ⎱曧㰩Əị∗圃囩埙僤⽾∗㛧恐 吓䉐䨕㏴⤘Ə⽘柦棆䉐掯Ə䠛⣅䔆ㄲ䳢䵘⹚塈˛䕝ᷲㇸ 䕝䙫棆䉐⑳䅎桎˛徸㜆䙫䟻䩝䴷㞃⻡字㷢⊇⯸憶䙫備曂 Ὸ⾬柯奨⭟㛪⥩Ἴ䂡⅝ẽ䉐䨕 Ⰻ⅝㘖㘖圃囩 䕀ᷲ䩡 岢㴂咀ƏⰘ⏖Ọịⷌ囩⻝敞奺棆㘩敺ƏỌ⎱廪㗐⊇⅌ 敺˛ References [1] Losey, Vaughan (2006). The Economic Value of Ecological Services Provided by Insects. Retrieved from http://www.xerces.org/wpcontent/uploads/2008/09/economic_value_insects.pdf [2] Cox-Foster et al. (2007). A Metagenomic Survey of Microbes in Honey Bee Colony Collapse Disorder. Retrieved from http://www. sciencemag.org/content/318/5848/283.full [3] Sagili RR, Pankiw T, Metz BN (2011) Division of Labor Associated with Brood Rearing in the Honey Bee: How Does It Translate to Colony Fitness? PLoS ONE 6(2): e16785. Retrieved from http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0016785 17 A Gamble with Life Peptic ulcer is a fairly co m m on d i g es t i ve co n d it i o n, a n d wa s widely accepted to be caused by stress and poor diet. This was disproved in 1982, when Prof. Barry James Marshall and his collaborator, Dr. John Robin War ren successfully identified the true cause for peptic ulcers and cancer - Helicobacter Pylori, for which they were awarded the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physiology. P ro f. M a r s h a l l wa s e x p o s e d to a n a to my, physiology and biology dur ing his childhood, being influenced by his mother, a nurse. In 1975, he obtained his Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery from the University of Western Australia, and began his internship and residencies in internal medicine at the Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre shortly after ward. He began his training as a specialist physician in 1978, and was appointed as a registrar in medicine at the Royal Perth Hospital in 1979. In his third year of training, Prof. Marshall was encouraged to perform a clinical research project, and it was during this time that he met and collaborated with Dr. Robin Warren, a pathologist at the time. Together, they began their research on helical microorganisms. Prof. Marshall took an interest in understanding the role of bacteria in stomach diseases after meeting D r. War ren, who had al ready begun studying curved stomach bacteria. Together they scrutinised the medical literature for any mention of s tomach bacte r ia. N ume rous at tem pt s to culture spiral gastric bacteria were unsuccessful. Fortunately, they struck gold one Easter weekend, in 1982, when the slow-growing bacteria were left to incubate in their Petri dishes. The pathogen is now known as Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) - curved bacteria closely related to a bacterium called Wollinella succinoges, which survives in one of the four stomachs of cows. Despite this finding, much of Prof. Marshall’s work was met with criticism a n d d i s b e l i ef a m o n g s t t h e s c i e nt i f i c community. There was pressure to recreate his results by infecting an animal model with bacteria and attempts were unsuccessful; H. pylori is welladapted to the stomach environment of humans and animal stomach environments are different. Desperate to demonstrate the causative role of H. pylori, Prof. Marshall drank a beaker of the culture himself. Within the next few days, he fell seriously ill with symptoms of nausea, vomiting and exhaustion, precursors to a peptic ulcer. His stomach biopsies confirmed that he had successfully infected himself with a peptic ulcer, and perhaps more significantly, he was able to cure himself with antibiotics. Although the ground-breaking discovery caused great reverberation, his hypotheses were still met with scattered doubt. Much of it stemmed from the disbelief that bacteria could survive in the strong acidic environment of the stomach and the deeprooted theory that stomach ulcers were caused by stress. Prof. Marshall explained that normal day-today stress has little to do with ulcers but some ulcers such as ‘stress ulcers’ are caused by severe trauma ‘stress’ such as injuries sustained from motor vehicle accidents. Nevertheless, Prof. Marshall was able to cure all peptic ulcer patients simply with antibiotics. With the suppo r t of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the medical community was finally convinced; the discovery revolutionised the entire treatment process of peptic ulcers. Aside from the discover y of H. pylor i, Prof. Marshall has since devised the Helicobacter breath test for diagnosis. He now devotes his time on investigating the epidemiology, genomics, and ΙൟΡҡ፰ി!.!Б٨/ၝρ/ྐᅭఀ௲! - Prof. Barry James Marshall treatment of Helicobacter pylori in the Helicobacter Research Laboratory, with the hopes of involving H. pylori as possible carriers for vaccines. His incredible story of self-belief and determination against a tide of doubt has not only transformed the way peptic ulcers are treated but has also impacted the scientific community to be more receptive to novel ideas. 㵯 ⋽『㽗䗴㘖䨕⸟奲䙫㵯⋽『䖥䖬ƏỌ∴ƏạῸ㙕 怴婴䂡䖬⛇Ὥ凑⢺⊂⑳ᷴ剖䙫棙棆侹ㅊ˛⏖㘖✏ 1982 ⹛Ə By Kwan Shu Tse姛惜㹋 暽䄝㛰㭋䙣䏥ƏἭ榓㬮䈥㕀㍯䙫䟻䩝✏䦸⭟䔳怮∗䄈㕟 䙫㉠娼⑳㇞䕸˛⢺⊂忒ὦẽ∐䔏ㄆ㞺⊼䉐Ὥ嬰㗵ẽ䙫䏭媽㭊 䢡Ə⏖㘖⤁㬈◾婍Ṇḍ㜑ㇷ⊆˛怀㘖⛇䂡敧垡㖲㡦厳ⷙ䵺 ⭳⅏恐ㆰṭạ桅傪惏䙫䔆㴢䒗⡪Ə俳ᷴ⏳⊼䉐䙫傪惏㘖ᷴᷧ 㨊䙫˛榓㬮䈥㕀㍯䫔⊂奨嬰㗵敧垡㖲㡦厳䙫凛䖬ὃ䔏Ə┖㛰 凑ⷘ▄ᷲ⟠備䙫敧垡㡦厳˛Ḳ⽳㗌Əẽㄆ∗䖬ガ⚛憴Ə⇡ 䏥☨⾪˚◻⏷⑳䖙ㅱ䬰䖮䊧Ə俳᷻㛰㵯⋽『㽗䗴䙫∄㜆䖬⾜˛ ẽ䙫傪惏㴢䴫主㪉㟌䢡婴ẽㇷ⊆ㄆ㞺凑ⷘḍ⽾∗ṭ㵯⋽『㽗 䗴˛㛛憴奨䙫㘖Əẽ僤⤇∐䔏㉾䔆䴇Ὥ㲢䘹凑ⷘ˛ ⷛ憳婠⣒榓㬮䈥㕀㍯⑳ẽ䙫⏳ṲƏ佬岺㱪‒憒䔆嬰㗵怀㘖 丘ὦ怀ῲ橁ạ䙫䙣䏥嵞㥜⤎忛柦ƏẴ䄝㛰ạ⯴㭋⬿䕸Ə 挖媋䙫Əḍㇷ⊆嬿∌⇡㵯⋽『㽗䗴⑳傪䘳䙫䜆㭊䖬⛇ă敧 ᷴ䛟Ὲ䴗厳僤✏傪惏⥩㭋㥜⺍慟『䙫䒗⡪ᷲ䔆⬿Ə⊇ᷱ⢺⊂ 垡㖲㡦厳Ə䂡㭋ƏẽῸ㦕䍙2005⹛嫥岄䈥䔆䏭⭟䌵˛ Ḫ傪㽗䗴䙫䙣䖬ㇷ⛇䙫䏭媽㠠㷘呩⛡Əὦ⽾ẽ䙫䏭媽恔∗峑 ⎾∗嬉⣒㮴妑䙫喗晝Ə榓㬮䈥㕀㍯✏䫌⹛䙫㘩 ⷙ䵺⯴ 䕸˛榓㬮䈥㕀㍯姊憲Ə㮶㗌䢗∗䙫⹚⸟⢺⊂⯴㽗䗴䙫⽘柦㥜 姊∽⭟Ə䔆䏭⭟⑳䔆䉐⭟㛰㈧㎌姟˛1975 ⹛Əẽ✏奦㾚⤎⭟ ⾕Ə⏑㛰≜『⢺⊂Əὲ⥩⛇ẋ态Ṳ㔬㈧怇ㇷ⚛憴⎾Ə㈴僤 ⎽⽾憒⭟⑳⣽䦸⭟⣒⭟ἴ⽳Əᾦ✏ự湾卵䙤ṳ᷽憒䘩Ḕ⾪䙫 嵞ᷧẂ˥⢺⊂『㽗䗴˦˛䮈⥩㭋Ə榓㬮䈥㕀㍯嘼㖠㉾䔆䴇 㟌䏭㖖咲䈥⾞䳴憒晉敲⦲⯍侹⑳Ợ偞ⅎ䦸䙫ἶ晉憒䔆˛ẽ✏ ⽳Ə⍢僤廼㗺㲢䘩㈧㛰㵯⋽『㽗䗴り俬˛䛛凚⽾∗併⛲⛲⮝塅 1978 ⹛敲ⰼ⅝⯯䦸憒䔆姺䷛ḍ㖣1979 ⹛䍙⦻㴥∗䙮⮝䎧㖖 䔆䟻䩝晉䙫㔖㋨Ə憒⭟䔳㈴䴩㖣墒媑㛴ṭƏẽ䙫䟻䩝⾠㔠材 憒晉Ợ偞⯯䦸ἶ晉憒䔆˛✏榓㬮䈥㕀㍯⎾姺䙫䬓ᷰ⹛Ə✏怙 ṭ㕛ῲ㲢䘩㵯⋽『㽗䗴䙫怵䧲˛ 堳减䟻䩝柬䛕䙫㘩 䴷嬿ṭ䕝㘩䂡䖬䏭⭟⮝䙫佬岺 㱪‒憒 䔆ƏẽῸ敲⦲⅘⏳䟻䩝垡㖲⽉⾕䔆䉐˛ 䕝榓㬮䈥㕀㍯婴嬿ṭᷧ䛛惤✏䟻䩝傪惏䙫⼵㛙䴗厳䙫 佬岺㱪‒憒䔆⽳Əᾦ⯴䴗厳✏傪惏䖥䖬Ḕ䙫ὃ䔏䔉䔆凯嶊˛ ẽῸ俢㟌ṭ㎷∗傪惏䴗厳䙫憒⭟㕮䍢Ə⤁㬈⟠備傪惏垡㖲⽉ 䴗厳Ə⍢㮶㮶⤘㔾俳⛅˛⥤Ə✏1982⹛⾐㴢䮧怘㜒䙫㘩 Ə ẽῸ偤Ợ䴗厳䕀✏⟠棱䚦ḔƏ䴩㖣ㇷ⊆⽾∗ṭ䔆敞䷐ㅉ䙫傪 惏垡㖲⽉䴗厳˛㭋䖬⎆檻䏥✏墒䨘䂡敧垡㖲㡦厳Ə㘖ᷧ䨕 ⑳䔉䐌䎧慟㱪⺰厳㛰⮭⇮旃ᾩ䙫⼵㛙䴗厳Ə俳䔉䐌䎧慟㱪⺰ 厳∮䔆⬿✏⛂ῲ䉂傪ḲḔ䙫⅝Ḕᷧῲ傪˛ 晋ṭ䙣䏥ṭ敧垡㖲㡦厳⣽Ə榓㬮䈥㕀㍯Ṇ吾㈲䙣ⰼ敧 垡㡦厳④㰊㸓婍Ọᾂ娡㖞Ḳ䔏˛ẽ䏥✏㭊✏敧垡㡦厳䟻䩝 ⯍樾⮋凛⊂䟻䩝敧垡㡦厳䙫㴨堳䖬⭟˚⟡⛇䴫⭟⑳⅝娡㖞 䘩㲼Əḍⷳ㜂∐䔏敧垡㖲㡦厳ὃ䖒劾廰檻˛榓㬮䈥㕀㍯ㅸ吾 Ὲ⑳㱡⾪⊂㍹䜥字Əẽ䙫㔬ṲᷴἭ㔠孱ṭ᷽ạ⥩Ἴ㲢䘩㵯 ⋽『㽗䗴Ə恫㔠孱ṭạῸᷧ岒䦰㋨凱㛰〄ペ䙫ㄲ⺍Əὦ䦸⭟䔳 㛛⮠㗺㎌⎾㖗䙫ペ㲼˛ 䦸⭟Ⱈ㘖奨㊘㋨吾㇞䕸䙫ㄲ⺍ᷴ⁃⎴〄 Full interview with Prof Marshall available on our website.ӵרঈޟᆩમᎧׇᐌ௴ޟȄ http://sciencefocus.ust.hk/interview 19 Failure – The Essential Stage to Becoming an Outstanding Scientist: Henry Tye By Kwan Shu Tse姛惜㹋 The most important quality of success is the ability to face failure courageously and learn from it. A piece of inspiring and enlightening wisdom imparted to me by Prof. Henry Tye, Director of HKUST Jockey Club Institute for Advanced Study (IAS). His heartfelt enthusiasm and optimism in the promotion of scientific research in Hong Kong and Asia was apparent throughout the interview. Prof. Henry Tye was born in Shanghai, raised in Hong Kong, and completed his secondary school studies in La Salle College. He developed a keen interest in physics in secondary school, and decided to further his studies in physics after graduation. During this period, Hong Kong was still a British colony and he felt that the social development of Hong Kong was hindered. Subsequently, he went on to obtain a bachelor’s degree in science from the California Institute of Technology in 1970, and received his PhD in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT) in 1974. Before joining HKUST as the Director of IAS in 2011, he held the position of Horace White Professor of Physics at Cornell University since 1987. His research interest includes theoretical particle physics, string theory and cosmology. Modeled on the inter national ly renowned Institute for Advanced Study at Princeton, the IAS was founded in 2005 by the former president of HKUST, Prof. Paul Chu. The mission of IAS is to promote scientific research in HKUST, Hong Kong and Asia, and become a premier research center. Currently, there are four directions of development: recruiting international outstanding scientists to lead research teams; promoting interdisciplinary collaboration of local, national and international re s e a rch e r s; h o l d i n g d i s t i n g u i s h e d l e ct u re s , workshops, programs and conferences regularly, and in-depth study of specific research topics. When it comes to the current status and future prospects of scientific research in Hong Kong, Prof. Tye unabashedly admits that government funding is inadequate. Singapore, for instance, dedicates much higher GDP per capita to research funding when compared with Hong Kong. While the three economic pillars in Hong Kong, finance, logistics and tourism, are easily influenced by external factors, scientific research is less so, making it a safe avenue for government resource investment. Hong Kong’s relatively conservative society may also be a factor that contributes to the lack of adventurous spirit in research. If there were companies willing to support Charles Kao in the research on optical fiber, Hong Kong may have been dubbed the original birth place of optical fibre. Prof. Tye believes that this dearth in enthusiasm may also suppress students’ passion toward and scientific research, with the stigmatism that a career path in research may be unfruitful or uncertain. The negative opinion associated with scientific research is largely untrue, because as with any career path, success does not come easily and the ability to face hardships and failures are essential qualities. Prof. Tye advocates that possessing and maintaining a positive attitude can be developed through experience. That is not to say that failure should be embraced. A successful researcher, as much as possible, should weigh out all the factors that may affect project completion before m a k i ng a g o o r n o - g o deci s i o n. H oweve r, a professional decision can only be made when one possesses strong observation skills, creativity and a broadened horizon, none of which are acquirable alone through books or lessons. “You can search the web if you don’t know the materials written on the books, but critical thinking and analytical power can only be cultivated through experience.” It is vital to maintain a positive and healthy attitude towards failure. ѶఁĮԙ൷ᓺؾऋᏰড়Ϟၯġ ᔜՌఀ௲ ġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġġ 僤⤇⊮㖣杉⯴⤘㔾Əㆩ⽾⾅ ⤘㔾Ḕ⭟侹㈴㘖㛧憴奨䙫Ƅ 偤∗㈛凑㵞晉敞⏊Ḕ怀⏌婘Ə⏖嫩ịạ勬⡅柺敲Ə㛰⥩ 䕝栔㢹▄˛ㇸῸ杅⸟㦕⏖Ọ恧媲∗榀㸖䦸㉧⤎⭟峤榓㛪檿 䬰䟻䩝晉Ƌᷲ䨘䦸⤎檿䟻晉ƌ晉敞㈛凑㵞㕀㍯妑凑㎌⎾娑┶˛ 姧媮敺⏖Ọㄆ妡∗ẽ⯴榀㸖䦸䟻䙣ⰼ㊘吾㧩妧䙫ㄲ⺍Ə⏳㘩 ⷳ㜂僤⤇䂡㎏⊼榀㸖⑳ẅ㴙䙫䦸䟻䙣ⰼ⇡ᷧ⇭⊂˛ ㈛凑㵞㕀㍯⇡䔆㖣ᷱ㵞ƏḲ⽳䧢Ⱜ榀㸖Ə⅌孧╮㲀㛟晉˛ Ḕ⭟㘩㜆䙫ẽⷙ䵺⯴䉐䏭⭟䔉䔆㾪⎁凯嶊Əⷳ㜂䕉㥔⽳⏖Ọ 乣乳孧䉐䏭˛⏖㘖Ə䔘㖣榀㸖䕝㘩ⱓ㖣勘⛲㭽㯸✗Ə㈛凑㵞 㕀㍯㷘ㄆ䤥㛪䙣ⰼ⎾∗䩹䤀Ə⛇㭋䕉㥔⽳ᾦ㮬䄝曉敲榀㸖Ə ∗併⛲⌮⭟˛ẽ㖣⹛✏併⛲⊇ⷅ䏭ⷌ⭟晉⎽⽾䏭⭟⣒⭟ ἴƏḍ㖣⹛✏併⛲溢䛨䏭ⷌ⭟晉⭳ㇷ䉐䏭⭟⍁⣒媙䧲˛ ῄ⭯䙫⾪ㄲὦ⽯⤁⭟䔆婴䂡孧䦸⭟⑳⁁䟻䩝㱹㛰∴忻Ə ⢺㉸ṭẽῸ⯴䦸䟻䙫䆘˛ 凑⹛嵞⇡Ợ併⛲⺞Ḫ䈥⤎⭟岧䑅㖖Ƒ䶔䉠䉐䏭⭟㕀㍯Ə ⥩䕝⹛㛰⅓⏟㉼岮檿拼 䟻䩝ℰ乽Ə榀㸖䏥✏ⷙ䵺ㇷ䂡 ℰ乽Ḳ惤ṭ˛ 䛛凚⹛⊇⅌䦸⤎檿䟻晉⇡Ợ晉敞Ə䟻䩝柿⟆⋬㋓䱹⬷䉐 䏭˚⼍䏭媽⑳⭮⮀⭟˛ 䦸⤎檿䟻晉䔘∴㠈敞㜘䵺㭍㕀㍯㖣⹛≜䪲Ə⽞㔯併 ⛲㙕㝾㖖柺䟻䩝晉Əⷳ㜂㎷⌮䦸⤎˚榀㸖˚䔁凚ẅ㴙䙫䦸䟻㰛 㹽Əㇷ䂡ẅ㴙䦸䟻Ḕ⾪˛䏥㘩䦸⤎檿䟻晉㛰⛂⤎䙣ⰼ㖠⏸Ɲ恧 媲⣽⛲檿㰛㹽䦸⭟⮝⸝柿䟻䩝ƞᾪ怙㜓✗˚⛲ⅎ⑳⛲⣽䟻䩝 ạⓈὃ巏⭟䦸⏯ὃƞ⮁㜆凰徍嬂⺎˚ⷌὃ✱˚媽⢮˚㛪字⑳Ⱈ䉠 ⮁媙栳ὃ㷘⅌䟻侹˛ ⅝⯍㛰娘⤁凮䦸䟻䛟旃䙫岇杉ヶ奲㘖ᷴ䢡䙫˛⾅Ṳ䦸䟻 凮⅝ẽ堳㥔ᷧ㨊Əᷴ㗺⎽⽾ㇷ⊆Ə㈧Ọ⾬柯奨ㆩ⽾杉⯴⤘㔾˛ ẽ婴䂡奨忶怵䣏䷛⑳⤘㔾Ə㈴僤⟠備㭊䢡䙫⾪ㄲƏ怀ḍᷴ㘖媑 媮∗榀㸖䙫䦸䟻䊧㲨⑳∴㙖Ə㈛凑㵞㕀㍯婴䂡䛟㮻⅝ẽ 奨∢ヶ㰩㔾˛ᷧῲㇷ⊆䙫䟻䩝Ⓢ奨ㆩ⽾娼㈧㛰⯴柬䛕怙⺍ ẅ㴙⛲⮝Ə㔦⺃㉼岮✏䦸䟻䙫䵺岢⤑⯸˛Ọ㖗⊇❈䂡ὲƏ㉼岮 㛰⽘柦䙫⛇䴇Ə䄝⽳㱡⮁ㆰ␍敲ⰼ柬䛕˛奨∋㖞㹽䢡Ə⾬柯奨 ✏䦸䟻䙫岮憸Ἳạ✮㜓✗䔆䔉两‣䙫㮻䍮恇檿㖣榀㸖˛俳᷻ 㛰ᷧ⮁妧⯆⊂˚≜怇⊂⑳奲嬿Ə怀ẂK䴇惤ᷴ僤✏㛟㜓⑳媙 榀㸖䙫ᷰ⤎䵺㿆㔖㟘Ə憸坴˚䉐㴨⑳㖬怱惤㥜⎾⣽⛴⛇䴇⽘ ⟩ᷱ⭟∗˛㭊⥩㈛凑㵞㕀㍯㈧姧Ɲ˥⥩䛲ᷴㆩ媙㜓ᷱ䙫㝘奦 柦ƞ䦸䟻⎾怀㖠杉⽘柦廪⯸Ə⭰⅏『廪檿Ə恐⏯㔦⺃㉼㔥岮 ⏖Ọ∗䶙ᷱ㐃⯲ƏἭ〄俪⊂⑳⇭㝷⊂∮曧奨䵺怵㭞䷛㈴僤⤇ 㹷˛ẽ⎯㋮⇡榀㸖䤥㛪䛟⯴ῄ⭯Əᷴ㕉ⅹ暑Ə⛇俳⤘⎢ṭ⽯⤁ ⟠棱˛˦ᷲ㬈Ə䕝怮∗㌒㔾㘩ƏἼᷴ㊘吾㭊杉ㄲ⺍Ə⾅⮠杉⯴ 㩆怮˛ ⑉Ƣ The Institute of Advanced Studies spearheads collaborative projects across disciplines and institutions, establishing relationships within the academic, business and government communities. 桗㳭䢏ㄾ⟥⨶榖䨇䛒䤴攠 ⫅椃↓岦⨶䢏僅岦攠㛟䕂−Ḛ曃䖬濕僅…◉⨶䐊Ʊⲣ␄䐊Ʊ 䟼㗁◖榒⊈㏽ⵚ㤝㢉ⶸ䦉䲈⪄䕂ᷗᷲ撚䮹Ʋ 21 Test Yourself!㳪Ჾ㳪 Which of the following materials exhibits the strongest tensile strength? ᶣ⎨Ჾ䣬㘎㑗‵㗇㖾榖䕂ㅕㆇⷵⵤ濨 a. Spider silk 嗖喙䰰 Which of the following types of cells have no nucleus? ᶣ⎨Ჾ朜䯮侜⋩㗇䯮侜㛶濨 a. Mature Red blood cells ノ䁝䕂䯃图䋁 b. Nerve cells 䠜䱑䯮侜 b. Human hair ᵸ朜曫榬 c. Epithelial (skin) cells 䕬䯮侜 c. Piano wire 憺䋲䲘 d. Adipocyte (fat) cells 俀佨䯮侜 d. bamboo 䦷 The rarest element in the world is known to be Astatine. How many grams of Astatine are currently estimated to be present on Earth? ᳔䐊㖾䢾㗇䕂⇔⨶ 䯞㓭䛷Ʋ⟥䯂◦◮䋁ᷮ䩕㗇⟘⫏ 䕂䛷濨 What are the values of *** based on the pattern? 㛷㎘ᶣ㐶⨕㣟ⷍ濕*** ᶡ圦匕ᵾ浻㐶⨕濨 72898438 37419071 21102717 203 * * * 16 a. 10 grams 10 b. 28 grams 28 c. 57 grams 57 d. 122 grams 122 Interested in science and writing? Submit a science article for a chance to win an Apple iPad AND have it published in our next issue! For more competition details, please visit: http://sciencefocus.ust.hk For detailed answers and explanations, please visit our website. ペṭ姊㛛⤁Ə媲⎪妧ㇸῸ䙫䶙䫀 http://sciencefocus.ust.hk ᄇऋᏰڷቸհԤᑹ፸ȉġ ඪҺоऋᏰ࣏ᚠޟМണȂձԤᐠོថுគݎġ iPad ΚഋȊுዩհོࠢӵήȶऋِȷϛิюȄġ భΟ၌ӻШᗉ၏Ȃᘲ។ȶऋِȷޟᆩમȄ Answers䬻㠯 a, b, a, 0 9 1 Acknowledgements 䄷⃣傲姛 Financial Support孟㏽宅Ⅷ Hong Kong Science and Technology Parks 桗㳭䢏ㄾ◐ Special Thanks to 䄷⃣姛 Michael McQuilken Dr. Maurice Ho ḓ塸ᳫ∘➩ Dr. Melody Leung 㜿Ⓡ劭 Miss Catherine Wong 䉉⺕㸒 © Published by School of Science, HKUST 榀㸖䦸㉧⤎⭟䏭⭟晉⇡䈯 Not for sale 杅峊⒨ G15826 Print Advising ∮妬夠 HKUST Publishing Technology Center 桗㳭䢏ㄾ⟥⨶₸䄆ㄾ圑ᳫ⺁
