Chapter One Health Summaries, Definitions, and Overview Notes Haley M. Kinsler College Health Block 4 August 24th, 2015 Summaries: LO 1.1: ​
Health is the process of fulfilling one’s potential in physical, social, emotional, spiritual, intellectual, and environmental dimensions of life. Wellness means achieving the best health possible in several dimensions. LO 1.2: ​
The goals of ​
Healthy People 2020​
are to increase lifespan and the quality of life and to reduce and eliminate health disparities. LO 1.3: ​
Health is influenced by determinants, which the Surgeon General’s health promotion plan, ​
Healthy People​
, classifies as individual biology and behavior, the social environment, the physical environment, access to quality health care, and policies and interventions. LO 1.4: ​
Models of behavior change include health belief, social cognitive, and transtheoretical (stages of change) models. You can increase the chance of changing a behavior by viewing change as a process. LO 1.5: ​
When contemplating change, examine current habits, learn about a target behavior, and assess readiness. LO 1.6: ​
When preparing to change, set incremental changes, anticipate barriers to change, enlist support, and sign a behavior change contract. LO 1.7: ​
When taking action, visualise, new behavior, practice countering, control the situation, change self­talk, reward yourself, and keep a log or journal. Definitions: Health: ​
The ever­changing process of achieving individual potential in the physical, social, emotional, mental, spiritual, and environmental dimensions. Medical Model of Health: ​
The medical model presupposes the existence of illness or disease. It therefore emphasizes clinical diagnosis and medical intervention in the treatment of disease or its symptoms. Under the medical model, health is defined as the absence of illness or disease. Ecological Model of Health: ​
The medical model presupposes the existence of illness or disease. It therefore emphasizes clinical diagnosis and medical intervention in the treatment of disease or its symptoms. Under the medical model, health is defined as the absence of illness or disease. Public Model of Health: ​
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A model that addresses health or social problems in a comprehensive way. It considers human factors, characteristics of the source of harm, and the environment, identifying causes and suggesting possible ways to intervene. Disease Prevention: ​
Activities designed to protect patients or other members of the public from actual or potential health threats and their harmful consequences. Health Promotion: ​
Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health. It moves beyond a focus on individual behaviour towards a wide range of social and environmental interventions. Risk Behaviors: ​
Actions that increase susceptibility to negative health outcomes. Wellness: ​
The achievement of the highest level of health possible in each of the several dimensions. Physical Health: ​
Includes characteristics such as body size and shape, sensory acuity, and responsiveness, susceptibility to disease and disorders, body functioning, physical fitness, and recuperative abilities. This includes the ability to perform normal activities of daily living. Social Health: ​
Social health is how you get along with other people, how other people react to you, and how you interact with society. It can be difficult for someone with autism to form relationships and make friends due to difficulties with social skills. Intellectual Health: ​
Typically people think of intellectual health as academic knowledge, but in fact, it also entails creativity, general knowledge, and common sense. Our thoughts are influenced by each of these factors, which in turn influence our decisions. Emotional Health: ​
A positive sense of wellbeing which enables an individual to be able to function in society and meet the demands of everyday life; people in good mental health have the ability to recover effectively from illness, change or misfortune. Spiritual Health: ​
Your religious faith, values, beliefs, principles, and morals define your spirituality. If you are a person engaged in the process of spiritual wellness, you are willing and able to transcend yourself in order to question the meaning and purpose in your life and the lives of others. Environmental Health: ​
Environmental health is the branch of public health that is concerned with all aspects of the natural and built environment that may affect human health. Other terms referring to or concerning environmental health are environmental public health, and public health protection / environmental health protection. Chronic Diseases: ​
A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more, by the definition of the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics. Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication, nor do they just disappear. Mortality Statistics: ​
These reflect the proportion of deaths within a population. Life Expectancy: ​
The average period that a person may expect to live. Healthy Life Expectancy: ​
The average equivalent number of years of full health that a. newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age­ specific death rates and ill­health rates of a given period. Determinants of Health: ​
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he complex, integrated, and overlapping social structures and economic systems that are responsible for most health inequities. These social structures and economic systems include the social environment, physical environment, health services, and structural and societal factors. Lack of Physical Activity: ​
Physical activity is defined as any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that requires energy expenditure. Physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally). Poor Nutrition: ​
Poor nutrition caused by an insufficient, over sufficient, or poorly balanced diet or by a medical condition, such as chronic diarrhea, resulting in inadequate digestion or utilization of foods. Excessive Alcohol Consumption: ​
SAMHSA defines heavy drinking as drinking 5 or more drinks on the same occasion on each of 5 or more days in the past 30 days. Low Risk for Developing an Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD): As defined by NIAAA, for women, low­risk drinking is no more than 3 drinks on any single day and no more than 7 drinks per week. Tobacco Use:​
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Tobacco use may be defined as any habitual use of the tobacco plant leaf and its products. The predominant use of tobacco is by smoke inhalation of cigarettes, pipes, and cigars. Smokeless tobacco refers to a variety of tobacco products that are either sniffed, sucked, or chewed. Health Disparities:​
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Health Disparities can be defined as inequalities that exist when members of certain population groups do not benefit from the same health status as other groups. This may be due to a group’s race or ethnicity, inadequate health insurance, sex or gender, economics and education, geographic orientation, sexual orientation or gender identity, or any disabilities. Belief: ​
Trust, faith, or confidence in someone or something. Health Belief Model (HBM): ​
The Health Belief Model (HBM) is a psychological model that attempts to explain and predict health behaviors. This is done by focusing on the attitudes and beliefs of individuals. The HBM was first developed in the 1950s by social psychologists Hochbaum, Rosenstock and Kegels working in the U.S. Public Health Services. Social Cognitive Model (SCM): ​
Social cognitive theory is the view that people learn by watching others. In psychology, it explains personality in terms of how a person thinks about and responds to one's social environment. Transtheoretical Model: ​
Uses the Stages of Change to integrate the most powerful principles and processes of change from leading theories of counseling and behavior change; other models of behavior change focus exclusively on certain dimensions of change (e.g. theories focusing mainly on social or biological influences), the TTM seeks to include and integrate key constructs from other theories into a comprehensive theory of change that can be applied to a variety of behaviors, populations, and settings (e.g. treatment settings, prevention and policy­making settings, etc.)—hence, the name “transtheoretical”. Motivation: ​
The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way. Self­Efficacy: ​
Self­efficacy refers to an individual's belief in his or her capacity to execute behaviors necessary to produce specific performance attainments (Bandura, 1977, 1986, 1997). Self­efficacy reflects confidence in the ability to exert control over one's own motivation, behavior, and social environment. Locus of Control: ​
In personality psychology, locus of control refers to the extent to which individuals believe they can control events affecting them. Understanding of the concept was developed by Julian B. Rotter in 1954, and has since become an aspect of personality studies. Shaping: ​
Shaping is a process of making a series of small changes. Imagined Rehearsal: ​
Imagined rehearsal is a mental process where behavioral scenarios are visualized in order to refine and reinforce them. The process requires that you mentally picture a particular behavior while simultaneously imagining all the sensory impressions that are associated with it. Countering: ​
A statement or action made to refute, oppose, or nullify another statement or action. Situational Inducement: ​
Situations and occasions are structured to exert control over the behavior. Self­Talk: ​
The act or practice of talking to oneself, either aloud or silently and mentally: positive self­talk. Positive Reinforcement: ​
Positive reinforcement is the addition of a reward following a desired behavior. Questions From The Text: ●
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How have definitions of health changed over time? What are the dimensions of health? Explain the differences among them. ●
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When you think of someone as being “healthy,” what comes to mind? Are your criteria consistent with modern definitions? What are four key health issues in the United States? How are national health objectives used to improve health among Americans? What are the determinants that affect health identified in this section? Give three examples of the connection between lifestyle and health outcomes. Compare and contrast models of behavior change. Which model of behavior change reflects most accurately your experiences? Why? What should I do before undertaking a behavior change? What are some common behavior change strategies? Name important factors that influence behavior and behavior change decisions. What is your behavior change goal? Does it fit the SMART system? What are some obstacles to change that you expect to face? What strategies will you employ to overcome them? Describe the behavior change strategies that you used. What were the benefits and disadvantages of each strategy?