Mod 2
Driver Preparation Procedures
V hi l & O
Vehicle
Operating
i C
Controll D
Devices
i
Vehicle Balance
BGE Settings/Footprint
Reference Points/Lane Positions
Pre--Drive Tasks
Pre
Ch k around
Check
d the
th outside
t id off the
th vehicle
hi l ffor b
broken
k glass
l
((windows,
i d
lights,etc.), body damage, condition of tires, fluid leaks, direction of front tires,
or debris on the ground that could interfere with movement.
Check for small children or pets near vehicle.
Pre--Drive Tasks
Pre
St
Store
personall items
it
in
i trunk
t
k off vehicle
hi l
• Sliding books or book bags on seats when
slowing or stopping will distract the driver.
• Food or beverages also distract the driver
from the driving task.
• Valuables visible in the car may attract a thief.
When parked at the curb
• A
Approach
h vehicle
hi l from
f
the
h front
f
to monitor
i
oncoming traffic.
• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.
When parked in parking lot
• Approach vehicle from the rear to observe people
or objects near the car.
• Approach driver’s door with key in hand.
Seating in driver’s
driver s seat
• Driver should sit 10-12 inches
from the wheel
• Hand position should be at 8 &
4 for hand to hand steering
• Two hands for good control
• Head restraint – middle of the
back of the head
Rear--View Mirror Setting
Rear
Traditional and Contemporary
p
y ((BGE)) Mirror Setting
g
Rear-View Mirror
T – 4.21
BGE settings --15
degrees out (S
(S.V.)
V)
Right Side Mirror View
200 ft behind
Rear Mirror View
Left Side Mirror View
Starting Tasks (1-12)
(1 12)
2 Adjust mirrors
4 Chk p
parking
g brake
7 Gear in “P” or “N”
5 Foot on brake
8 Turn key “ON”
12 Chk warning lights
1 Adjust seat
6 Key
y in ignition
g
3 Adjust seat belt
9 Check alert lights
10 Start engine
11 Set accessories
Securing Tasks
 Stop
St iin a llegal,
l safe
f parking
ki space
Park an appropriate distance from a fire hydrant, intersection,
RR crossing, loading zone, etc.
Keep foot on service brake.
 Set Parking Brake
Recommended
R
d d in
i mostt new vehicle
hi l owner’s
’ manuals
l to
t protect
t t
transaxle and constant velocity joints.
 Place gear selector in (P)ark.
Or place in recommended gear (Reverse or First gear) for
manual shift transmission.
 Turn off any vehicle accessories
Check that all systems are functioning and ready to use next
time.
Under the Hood Checks
4
11
8
1. Engine Coolant
Reservoir
2. Windshield Washer Fluid
7
Reservoir
3. Engine Oil Filler Cap
4. Transmission Fluid
Dipstick (Automatic
6
Transmission)
5. Engine Oil Dipstick
10
6. Brake Fluid Reservoir
7. Clutch Fluid Reservoir
9
(Manual Transmission)
8. Battery
9. Power Steering Fluid
1
Reservoir
10. Drive Belts
2
11. Air Filter Assembly
5
3
T – 2.4
Topic 1 Lesson 2
Weekly Self-Checks
Tires
•
•
•
•
•
Tire pressure
– Check recommendation
in o
owner’s
ner’s man
manual
al
Tread wear, damage, or
bars showing
Cuffing (uneven wear on
inside or outside tread
areas)
Bald spots
Cuts, stones, metal
fragments, or other
damage
Vehicle Safety,
y,
Communication
& Accessories
•
•
•
•
•
•
Devices
Headlights, tail lights,
Headlights
lights and turn
signals
Emergency lights and markers
E
Emergency
kit
Windshield wiper blades,
operation, and washer fluid
HVAC
Safety warning lamps (brake,
ABS, air bag, safety belts)
Under the Hood Checks
Self--Check
Self
Professional Service
Check every 11-2 Months
Every 3,000 - 5,000 Miles
• All interior and exterior lights
• Engine oil level, brake fluid level, and
engine coolant level
• Lap/shoulder belts and seat latches for
wear and smooth function
• Oil change/filter replacement
• Tire rotation/balance
Check Twice Per Year
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Air pressure in spare tire
Power steering fluid level
Parking brake for proper operation
Hinges, latches, door weather strips, and
outside locks (check and lubricate)
Body and door drain holes (check and
clean)
Cooling system coolant strength
Battery connections (clean if necessary)
Transmission fluid level
Every 15,000 Miles
• Automatic transmission fluid level
• Brake pads/shoes/rotors/drums, brake lines,
hoses, and parking brake system
• Engine cooling system
• Steering linkage, suspension and, if
equipped, drive shaft and ball joints
• Cabin air filter replacement, if equipped
Every 30,000 Miles
•
•
•
•
Exhaust system and heat shield
Engine air filter and fuel filter replacement
Accessory drive belts
Automatic transmission/transaxle service, if
equipped
T – 2.4b
Alert/Warning Symbols and Controls
A.
F.
G.
Air Bag Functioning
C.
D. THEFT
H.
12 Volt Extension Outlet
Q.
M.
I.
Fuse / Fuse Box
R.
Seat Belt Reminder
N.
Vent and Air Flow
Control
J.
Fuel Indicator
Temperature Indicator
Safety Alert Symbol
Theft-Deterrent System
Activation
E.
L.
Brake Warning Light
Antilock Brake System
Functioning
P.
Low Oil Pressure
Warning Light
Battery/Alternator
Warning Light
Air Bag On/Off Switch
B.
K.
Emergency Flashers
S.
Fog Lamps
Turn Signal Wipers
Stalk
O.
Door Locks
Drive Wheel Selector
T – 2.11
Alert/Warning Symbols and Controls
T.
Y.
DD.
Headlights/High Beam
I di t
Indicator
U.
Lighter Indicator
Z.
Hood Release
V.
H
Horn
W.
F Speed
Fan
S
d IIndicator
di t
X.
Interior Light
Adjustment
Power Window Controls
EE.
O/D
OFF
Overdrive
O
di O
On/Off
/Off
Indicator
BB.
P ki L
Parking
Lamp IIndicator
di t
CC.
Adjust Left/Right Side
Mirror
Left/Right Signal
I di t
Indicator
JJ.
Rear
ea Defroster
e oste
Indicator
Exterior Lights
AA.
II.
FF.
Front
o t Windshield
ds e d
Defroster
KK.
C i C
Cruise
Control
t lD
Device
i
GG.
Wi d hi ld W
Windshield
Washer
h
LL.
Steering
St
i Wheel
Wh l H
Height
i ht
Adjustment
HH.
Wi d hi ld Wi
Windshield
Wipers
MM.
Trunk Release
ETS
OFF
Electronic Traction
Control System
T – 2.12
Control, Information, Comfort, and Safety Devices
Center Instrument Cluster
• Speedometer
(mph--km/h)
(mph
• Odometer
• Trip Odometer
• Gear Indicator
Location and description for all instruments and
features can be found in Vehicle’s Owner’s Manual
T – 2.14
How do you know the anti-lock
brakes air bags & traction control
brakes,
are working properly?
• The lights come on &
go off. The system
has been checked &
is working properly.
How do you know if lights are high
b
beam
or llow b
beam?
?
• The blue indicator light will be
illuminated when the high beams
are on.
What’ss the function?
What
• Alternator – electrical system
• Oil – engine lubricating system
• Temperature – engine
operating system
• Brakes – braking system
Operating Vehicle Control Devices
Brake Pedal
Used to stabilize, decrease,
and increase speed.
The driver can:
- cover the brake;
- trail brake;
- control squeeze
brake;
- threshold brake;
- lock the brakes;
- apply ABS;
- jjab (stab)
(
) brake;; or
- lift off the brake.
Accelerator Pedal
Used to stabilize,, increase,,
and decrease speed.
The driver can:
– cover the
accelerator;
– use progressive
acceleration;;
– use thrust
acceleration; or
– lift off the
accelerator.
T-2.19
Operating Vehicle Control Devices
G
Gear
Selector
S l t Lever
L
• Transmission Type and Location
• Overdrive and Drive gear use
Parking Brake
• Owner’s
Owner s Manual suggests
engaging parking brake before
placing in Park.
Cruise / Speed Control – Why and How
• To maintain a constant speed
speed.
• Never use in stop-and-go traffic or on slick surfaces.
I iti Switch
Ignition
S it h - Location
L
ti and
d Functions
F
ti
T – 2.20
Back to right?
• Turn the wheel to the…
• RIGHT
• Turn the wheel the way you want back up!
Gear shift selector
P
PARK – vehicle will not move
R
REVERSE – vehicle will move backwards
N
NEUTRAL - No pulling power but tires will roll
D
DRIVE – Forward in most situations
L1
LOW 1 – More power for hills or uneven terrain
L2
LOW 2 – Max power for steep hills or heavy loads
Controlling Vehicle Balance
Vehicle Balance (Roll, Pitch, and Yaw)
– Roll: vehicle’s weight shifts from side to side
– Pitch: vehicle’s weight shifts forward or backward
– Yaw: vehicle’s rear tire weight shifts to one side
– Note: These weight transfers occur when the amount of
weight or force pulling on each tire changes
– Optimum balance is achieved at rest with no movement
– Suspension and tire pressure also affect vehicle balance
Vehicle Movement on Crowned or Banked Roadway
– Can create dramatic changes to vehicle balance due to
suspension and weight shifts
Controlling Vehicle Balance
S ti
Seating
• Driver position/balance and safety belt/pedal use
Changing
Ch
i V
Vehicle
hi l Load
L d from
f
Side
Sid to
t Side
Sid (Roll)
(R ll)
•
Steering Wheel Movements
•
Brake Application and Steering Combinations
•
Slope of pavement
T – 2.26
Topic 4 Lesson 2
Vehicle Control
Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Changing Vehicle Load from Front to Rear (Pitch)
• Light accelerator pressure
• Releasing the brake
• Progressive accelerator pressure
• Thrust accelerator pressure
Changing
g g Vehicle Load from Rear to Front (Pitch)
(
)
• Releasing the accelerator
• Controlled braking (Squeeze on)
• Threshold braking
• Trail braking (Squeeze off)
T – 2.27
Vehicle Control
Front
DROPS
Weight Shifts Change
Vehicle Balanced
LIFTS
Rear
Accelerating, braking
Accelerating
braking, or steering shifts the vehicle’s
ehicle’s weight
eight
from tire to tire and affects vehicle balance and control.
T – 2.28
Vehicle Control
Vehicle Direction / Speed Requirements
Changing Vehicle Balance from Left to Right (Roll)
•
•
•
•
•
Sudden braking
g and steering
g
Sudden or excessive acceleration and steering
Sudden or excessive steering
Road tilted to right
Traction loss to right rear may cause
yaw motion
Changing Vehicle Load from Right
to Left (Roll)
• Sudden braking and steering
• Sudden or excessive acceleration
and steering
• Sudden or excessive steering
• Road tilted to left
• Traction loss to left rear may cause yaw motion
T – 2.29
Balanced seating position
• Steering
g wheel – 10-12 in from driver chest
• Backrest of driver seat – 90 degrees
• Left foot – on the “dead pedal”
• Right foot – on the floor
• Hands – 8 & 4
Max lock to lock steering?
• 2 1/2 – 3 turns
• In most modern
vehicles
• Due to power steering
Why use hand to hand steering?
• Better control
• Smaller weight
transfers
• Hard to oversteer
• It’s how you will be
tested!
Braking
• Cover the brake – foot over brake but
no pressure on the brake
• Controlled brake – slow vehicle &
maintain balance
• Threshold brake – just short of locking
up
• Trail brake – used to maintain speed
& balance
balance. Often used at end of
controlled or threshold braking.
Vehicle Control
When cornering, tires
tend to flex.
Actual Path
Intended Path
Inertia
RIM
Apex
Tires turning left
If the tires are underinflated,
y
the contact with the rim may
be lost. AIR LOSS WILL
OCCUR.
Excessive tire flexion
increases tire heat and may
result in a blowout.
Cornering
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual
Information
Focus Vision Area (Focal)
Includes 3 to 5 degrees of useful
information that is used when:
Targeting
Establishing a Visual Lead
Reading Signs and Interpreting Signals
Topic 2 Lesson 2
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual
Information
Central Vision Area (Inner Fringe)
30 to 36 degrees of useful information
that includes:
 Referencing Vehicle Position to
Roadway
 Viewing Path of Travel
 Viewing Line of Sight to Target Area
T – 3.11
Driver’s Useful Vision Areas
Gathering Useful Visual Information
Peripheral
Vision
so
Peripheral Vision
Peripheral Vision (Outer Fringe Area)
• 175-180 degrees of useful information that detects:
•Motion Changes
•Color Changes
T – 3.12
Traditional Mirror Views and Blind Spots
Right mirror blind
zone
Right side view mirror
Rear view mirror
(
)
Left side view mirror
Left mirror
blind zone
Notice the large blind zone areas and the
overlap between the side and rear mirrors
when using traditional mirror settings
settings.
Mirror Blind Spot and Glare Elimination (BGE)
Adjusting
djust g tthe
es
side
de mirror
o sett
setting
g 15
5 deg
degree
ee out
outward
a d ((BGE)
G )a
allows
o s you
to see the lanes to the sides and does not overlap as much with the
area you can already see in your rear view mirror
BGE RIGHT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
Peripheral
Vision Area
REAR MIRROR
VIEW
•Peripheral
Vision Area
BGE LEFT SIDE MIRROR VIEW
Reference: Blindzone & Glare Elimination (BGE) Mirror Settings (G. Platzer, 1996)
Determining Vehicle Operating Space
Markers represent edge of
sightlines
Outline of pavement area around
the car the driver cannot see from
the driver’s seat
Forward
*
*
Rear
Rectangles are the tire patches and
asterisks represent the vehicle’s
forward and rear turning axis
Referencing
P i t
Points:
**Parking
Parking,
turning, lane
position,
stopping
Hood
Provide visual cues to
establish
t bli h vehicle
hi l
position.
Relate part of the vehicle
to some part of the
roadway.
y
Allow the driver to
determine proper
placement within a lane.
Allow for reduced-risk
lane positions
Side
view
mirrors
windows
Front Limitation
Where are your visual reference points to
determine FRONT LIMITATION ?
Front Limitation Reference Points
• T
To stop
t 33-6 iinches
h ffrom th
the liline iin ffrontt off your b
bumper, stop
t
when your line of sight runs under the side view mirror
reference p
point to the line in front of yyour vehicle.
• Maintain a normal driving position when targeting your
reference p
point and do not lean forward or sideways.
sideways
y .
Reference point
Line of sight
Reference Point
Rear Limitation
You need to know where the rear of your
vehicle is when you are:
are:
• BACKING
• PARKING
Rear Limitation
To align the rear bumper three to six inches from a
line or curb, you need to stop when the line or curb
appears near the
th middle
iddl off the
th rear right
i ht window
i d
when looking over the right shoulder.
Reference
f
point
Reference point
Right Side Limitation
The right side limitation reference point to
position your vehicle 33-6 inches from the curb
or line is the middle of your vehicle
vehicle’s
s hood.
Reference point
Line of Sight
3-6 inches
The reference
Th
f
point
i t for
f 3 ffeett ffrom th
the curb
b or
line is the right 1/4 section of the hood.
Reference p
point
Line of Sight
3 feet
Left Side Limitation
Your left side limitation reference point is about
one foot from the left front corner of your car (it
may be the seam between your left fender and the
hood of your vehicle) to the curb.
R f
Reference
P
Point
i t
Line of Sight
Reference
Point
3-6 INCHES
Lane Position # 1
• VEHICLE IS CENTERED IN THE LANE
• CAR IS 3 FEET AWAY FROM THE LINES
ON YOUR RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
3 FEET
3 FEET
Lane
Position
ONE
( LP 1 )
Lane Position # 1
• Your left side reference point runs through the driver’s
side left fender to the line on the left side of the vehicle.
vehicle.
• Your right side reference point runs through the center of
passenger’s side right half of the hood to the line on the
right side of the vehicle
vehicle..
3 FEET
3 FEET
L
Lane
Position
ONE
(LP 1)
Note: Lane position #1 is the lane position used most often.
Lane Position # 2
• VEHICLE IS 3
3--6 INCHES AWAY FROM
LINE TO THE LEFT
3-6 INCHES
Lane
L
ane
Position
TWO
( LP 2 )
Lane Position # 2
Your lane position #2 reference point is about 1
foot from left side (it may be the crease between
the left fender and hood of the vehicle) to the curb.
curb.
3-6 INCHES
Lane
Position
TWO
6 FEET
(LP 2)
Lane Position # 3
CAR IS POSITIONED 33-6 INCHES
AWAY FROM EDGE OR LINE TO
THE RIGHT
Lane
Position
THREE
( LP 3 )
3-6 INCHES
Lane Position # 3
Your lane position #3 reference point
is through the center of your hood to
the right edge of the roadway.
Reference p
point
6 FEET
Line of Sight
Lane
Position
THREE
(LP 3)
3-6 INCHES
T – 2.53
Possible Lane Positions
The width of the lane allows drivers to make lane
position adjustments to minimize risk and create more
space between
b t
their
th i car and
d problem
bl
situations.
it ti
LP 4
LP 2
LP 1
OBSTACLE
LP 3
Lane Positions – 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5
LP 5