OVERVIEW OF CURRENT
SELF-REGULATORY
INITIATIVES IN
A SAFER
ONLINE ENVIRONMENT
USAID-ov PROGRAM JAČANJA NEZAVISNIH MEDIJA (SIM) PROJEKAT U
BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI koji implementira INTERNEWS.
2014 / Sarajevo
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Civic Media Fellowship Program
A SAFER ONLINE ENVIRONMENT
FOR CHILDREN IN BIH
Mrs. Suada Hadzovic holds MSc in Telecommunications from University of
Sarajevo Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Bosnia and Herzegovina. She
is currently pursuing her PhD at the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and
she has a research interest in green ICT. She has two years experience of
teaching in secondary school and more than eight years of experience
in telecommunications regulation. She is a professional member of the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).
She presented several papers on scientific conferences (some of
the presented paper titles being: Premium Rate Service Regulation;
Implementation of ENUM; Passive and Active Access Methods in NGA;
Regulatory ways to foster NGA deployment; Role of Infrastructure Atlas in
NGA deployment; Creating Regulatory Environment for Cloud Services).
Title A SAFER ONLINE ENVIRONMENT FOR CHILDREN IN BIH
Publisher INTERNEWS IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, Sarajevo
Hamdije Kreševljakovića 50, 71000 Sarajevo,
Bosnia and Herzegovina,
www.internews.ba
Author mr.sc. Suada Hadžović, dipl.ing.el.
Design Mersel BUJAK
Lay out Mensur MUZUROVIĆ
USAID’s Strengthening Independent Media (SIM) Project in Bosnia-Herzegovina
This paper is made possible by the support of the American people through the United States Agency for International
Development (USAID). The contents are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views
of Internews, USAID or the United States Government.
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A SAFER ONLINE ENVIRONMENT
FOR CHILDREN IN BIH
Protecting children from harm is just as important online as it is in the real world. Children are a vulnerable group of
Internet users because they are typically unaware of the dangers that exist online, particularly the dangers of child pornography. With the continued growth of the Internet, the importance of protecting children in online world is rising too.
This paper aims to provide an overview of the measures and activities taken to protect children who use the Internet in
Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) and to compare these with measures and activities in the European Union (EU). Accordingly, the main legal instruments, regulatory and self-regulatory measures and other relevant initiatives in terms of
child Internet safety in BiH and the EU are presented.
Desk research for this paper was based on a gathering and analyzing information on current main safer Internet activities in EU and BiH available on the Internet. Beside the fact that a comprehensive legal framework is an essential tool
for promoting a safer online environment for children, better protection of children on the Internet requires the active
involvement of Internet Service Providers (ISPs) too; therefore one part of research was conducted in order to provide
answers to the following questions:
•
Do ISPs in BiH have links on their websites to hotlines for child protection?
•
Do ISPs in BiH have provisions about minor protection in their General Terms and Conditions for subscribers?
•
Do ISPs in BiH belong to some self-regulatory associations regarding online children protection?
This paper is structured as follows. After this introduction, the second and third sections provide an overview of relevant self-regulatory, regulatory, legal and other relevant measures and activities for creating safer online environment
for children in the EU and BiH, respectively. The fourth section presents conclusion.
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CHILD ONLINE PROTECTION IN EU:
SELF REGULATORY AND REGULATORY ASPECTS
Generally, a self-regulatory body is a type of body which regulates itself without any external intervention. The Interinstitutional Agreement on Better Law-making defines self-regulation as possibility for economic operators, the social
partners, non-governmental organizations or associations to adopt amongst themselves and for themselves common
guidelines at European level (particularly codes of practice or sectors agreements). This definition was adopted on 16
December 2003 by the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission1.
In Internet area, self-regulation include developing and implementing of codes of conduct for ISPs, codes of conduct
for Internet Content Providers, co-regulatory structures imposing obligations on industry organizations under existing
laws, more informal rule-making such as netiquette (Internet etiquette indicating guidelines for interacting with people
online), suggestions on raising awareness of risks to children’s safety, and tips for monitoring child safety online using
extensive parental controls2.
In accordance with the Article 15 of EU Electronic Commerce Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of
the Council of 8 June 2000 E-Commerce Directive, ISPs are under no general obligation to monitor the information they
transmit or store, nor any requirement to actively seek evidence indicating illegal activity3.
The Council of the EU Conclusions on the Protection of Children in the Digital World of 2011, meanwhile, states that
a combination of policies is required to deliver a better Internet for children4. Legal regulation remains an option if
necessary, but it should be avoided in favour of more adaptable self-regulatory tools and proper education of children,
parents, teachers and others on how to to use the Internet and new technologies safely and responsibly.
On 13 September 2011, the European Commission adopted a report entitled Protecting Children in the Digital
World, which discussed the implementation and effectiveness of the measures specified in the 1998 and 2006 Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Protection of Minors. This report presented a survey
of EU member states, which showed that ISPs are increasingly involved in the protection of minors, despite their limited
responsibility under the E-Commerce Directive5. This was particularly true in the cases of self-regulatory agreements
signed by the major services providers active in Europe, which committed these providers to implementing measures
that ensure the safety of minors on these providers’ services. Compliance with these agreements, however, is generally only optional for members of such associations because ISP associations have no specific mandates regarding the
protection of minors. According to the report, only eight EU member states and Norway reported that consumers or
public authorities participated in the development of codes of conduct during the period under review, and only six EU
member states reported evaluation systems in place to assess the effectiveness of the codes. Overall, only eleven member states and Norway viewed the self-regulation system and ISPs’ codes of conduct as well-adapted to the new digital
environment. Additionally, the detailed assessment of the policy responses that member states have developed presented a landscape made of very diverse actions across Europe. This was particularly true in tackling illegal and harmful
content, making social networks safer places and streamlining content rating schemes. Quite often, the regulatory and
self-regulatory measures either lacked ambition and consistency with similar measures put in place in other member
states, or were simply not effectively implemented in practice. A patchwork of measures across Europe can only lead
to internal market fragmentation and to confusion for parents and teachers trying to protect children who go online.
In European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children of 2 May 2012, aimed to prevent market fragmentation and create a safer, enriching environment for all EU children, preference is given to self-regulation6.
Therefore, several self-regulation initiatives have been taken by the industry at European level, as follows:
•
Coalition to make the Internet a better place for kids, launched on 01 December 2011, is a cooperative voluntary intervention designed to respond to emerging challenges arising from the diverse ways in which young Europeans go
online. Company signatories to the Coalition have committed to take positive action in 2012 in five key areas: simple
tools for users to report harmful content and contact, age-appropriate privacy settings, wider use of content classification, wider availability and use of parental controls, and the effective takedown of child abuse material7.
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•
The Safer Social Networking Principles for EU is a self-regulatory agreement adopted by the industry in February
2009 that includes guidelines for children’s use of social networking sites. Developed by providers in consultation
with the European Commission as part of its Safer Internet Plus Programme, along a number of NGOs, the agreement provides recommendations for the providers of social networking and other user interactive sites on how
to enhance the safety of minors using their services8. •
The Mobile Alliance against Child Sexual Abuse Content was founded by an international group of mobile operators within the Groupe Speciale Mobile Association (GSMA) to work collectively on obstructing the use of the mobile environment by individuals or organizations wishing to consume or profit from child sexual abuse content. In
2007 mobile operators signed the European Framework for Safer Mobile use by Young Teenagers and Children9.
•
The Pan-European Games Information System (PEGI) age rating system was established to help European parents
make informed decisions on buying computer games. It was launched in spring of 2003 and replaced a number of
national age rating systems with a single system now used in 30 countries and throughout most of Europe. PEGI
Online is an addition to the PEGI system that aims to give young people in Europe improved protection against
unsuitable online gaming content and to educate parents on how to ensure safe online play10.
•
The ICT Coalition for the Safer Use of Connected Devices and Online Services by Children and Young People in
the EU aims to help younger Internet users across Europe make the most of the online world and deal with any
potential challenges and risks11.
•
European Internet Services Providers’ Association (EuroISPA) is the pan-European association of ISPs for the EU
and is the largest association of ISPs in the world. EuroISPA published a paper of September 2010 regarding online
child exploitation that contains three key points on effectively protecting victims while contributing to successful criminal prosecution, i.e. full support for a professionally operated hotline for victims; increased international
cooperation in the fight against child sexual abuse material and elimination of illegal content at their source12.
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A SAFER INTERNET PROGRAMME IN THE EU
Article 25 of Directive 2011/92/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography, states13:
•
Member states shall take the necessary measures to ensure the prompt removal of web pages containing or
disseminating child pornography hosted in their territory and endeavor to remove such pages hosted outside of
their territory.
•
Member states may take measures to block access to web pages containing or disseminating child pornography
to the Internet users within their territory. These measures must be implemented through transparent procedures and provide adequate safeguards to ensure that the restriction is limited to what is necessary.
Decision 1351/2008/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 established a multiannual
EU Community programme to promote safer use of the Internet and other communication technologies, particularly for
children, and to fight against illegal content and harmful conduct online. The programme is known as the Safer Internet
Programme14.
Under the framework of the European Commission’s Safer Internet Programme, INSAFE and the International Association of Internet Hotlines (INHOPE) work together to deliver a safer and better Internet. INSAFE is a European network
of Awareness Centers promoting safe, responsible use of the Internet and mobile devices to young people15. Founded
in 2004, the INSAFE network aims to empower children and young people to use the Internet, as well as other online
and mobile technologies, positively, safely, and effectively. The network, comprised of 30 national awareness centers
(the 27 EU member states, plus Iceland, Norway
and Russia), develops materials, organizes camThe Safer Internet Programme has the following objectives:
paigns and delivers information sessions for chil• Rising public awareness by distributing information (pardren, young people, parents, teachers and social
ticularly intended for children, parents and teachers)
workers to enable children and young people to
about online risks and ways to prevent such risks.
make positive use of online technologies and
develop their own strategies for staying safe on• Fighting against illegal content and harmful conduct online. Members of the INSAFE network also proline, with the aim of reducing the volume of illegal convide help lines where parents and children can
tent online, the distribution of child sexual abuse mateobtain advice and assistance on online safety isrial, and online bullying and grooming.
sues that may be causing them concern. INSAFE
• Promoting a safer online environment by encouraging
members work closely together to share best
self-regulatory and co-regulatory initiatives amongst
practices, information, and resources.
stakeholders.
INHOPE represents and coordinates a world• Establishing a base of knowledge about the use, risks, and
wide network of hotlines used to report child
consequences of the online environment by children.
16
abuse images, online sexual images, and abuse .
As of August 2011, there were 40 INHOPE mem• The Safer Internet Programme, which has a budget of
bers worldwide in Asia, Australia, Europe and
€55 million for 2009-2013, builds on the success of previNorth America, and 35 of those member counous programmes, namely Safer Internet Plus (2005-2008)
tries have hotlines. For those countries that do
and Early programmes (1999-2004). Participation in the
not have hotlines, reports of abuse are passed to
Safer Internet Programme is open to legal entities esthe relevant law enforcement agency.
tablished in the EU Member States, EFTA countries (the
European Free Trade Association - Iceland, Liechtenstein,
Norway and Switzerland), accession countries, candidate
countries, Western Balkans and European neighborhood
countries and third countries (the term used by the European Commission to define any country of the world that
is not one of the EU member States and EFTA states).
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INTERPOL ACTIVITIES
At the 2009 INTERPOL General Assembly, member states voted unanimously to adopt a Resolution (AG-2009-RES-05) to
limit the online distribution of child sexual abuse images. The Resolution encourages member countries to promote the
use of all the technical tools available, including blocking access to websites containing child sexual abuse images. Working in tandem with international police forces to construct a “Worst of”-list of domains INTERPOL is tasked with leading efforts and has taken responsibility for providing a list of domains containing child sexual abuse content to any ISP
willing to participate in reducing the availability of such material on the Web. INTERPOL’s “Worst of”-list includes those
domains that contain the most severe child sexual abuse material. Participation is free of charge and voluntary. In this
scenario Internet traffic is redirected away from child sexual abuse material to a “stop page” hosted on an ISP server.
The “stop page” will provide a mechanism for complaints referring to the blocking of a domain17.
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CHILD ONLINE PROTECTION IN BIH:
REGULATORY AND NGO INITIATIVES
The Law of Communications of Bosnia and Herzegovina (Official Gazette of BiH, No. 33/02 of 12 November 2002)
regulates the field of communications in BiH, and the establishment and activities of the Communications Regulatory
Agency (CRA) of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Law stipulates that the BiH Council of Ministers is responsible for policymaking and that the CRA is responsible for regulation.
The provision of communication services in BiH is subject to a licensing regime. Operators are required to apply
to CRA for a license, and Articles 5-11 of the Law of Communications of Bosnia and Herzegovina provide a clear
discipline concerning the licensing regime, including the licensing of all telecom services like Internet services. In
fact, the jurisdiction of the Communications Regulatory Agency regarding the Internet is limited to issuing licenses
for the provision of Internet and the monitoring of information technology in BiH in terms of Internet access by
end-users (an end-user is a person who uses a product or service). In its yearly survey of ISPs, the CRA reported
that there are 70 ISPs in BiH authorized for provision of Internet services under the conditions referred to in the
license issued by CRA18.
According to the article 8.2 of CRA Rule 60/2012 to perform the activity of Internet service provider ISP is obliged
to disable access to the Internet addresses for which is, by such special regulations or decisions of the competent
institutions in BiH determined to be harmful and unlawful. This particularly refers to dissemination ofchild pornography and similar harmful contents, illegal online gambling, dissemination of computer viruses or harmful programs,
unlawful obtaining of personal data, dangers to public safety, unlawful use of computer programs and applications,
as well as other dangers to safe use of the Internet)19. Therefore, if online content is declared to be harmful by the
court or other competent authority, CRA is committed to order ISPs to withdraw such content from webpages that
are stored on its servers.
Additionally, it is necessary to mention obligations imposed through the Law on Amendments to the Law on Communications (‘’Official Gazette BH’’, number 75/06), which states the following: “Legal and physical persons providing
telecommunications services, ensuring telecommunications networks and carrying out telecommunications activities
are obliged to self-finance maintenance of legal interception of the telecommunications services and/or activities they
provide, as well as keeping and securing of telecommunications records’’20.
Through Article 9.2 of CRA Rule 69/2013 about conditions for the provision of public telecommunication services and
end-user relations, CRA also obliges ISP to include minor protection provisions in their subscribers’ contracts and terms
and conditions. Additionally, CRA requires ISPs to take all necessary measures to protect minors through Article 36 of
CRA Rule 69/201321.
CRA does not have the jurisdiction to regulate the content that is available on the Internet. However, as an institution that is committed to the development of the media sector and the promotion of professional and responsible
provision of media services, CRA supports all activities related to media literacy and raising public awareness about
responsible and safe use of all media services, including the Internet. Consequently, the CRA’s activities include
conferences on the protection of children from inappropriate content, studies of the impact of television on children, and a campaign to promote a safer Internet. For example, CRA is a member of Safer Internet Day Committee
(SID Committee) formed in 2011 with the aim of implementing preventive and promotional activities for the protection of children and youth using technology22.
Together with representatives of CRA and Microsoft BiH, non-government organizations (International Forum of Solidarity MFS–EMMAUS, One World Platform for Southeast Europe and Save the Children) are members of SID Committee.
Non-government organization the International Forum of Solidarity MFS–EMMAUS, was established in BiH with the
aim of providing assistance to all vulnerable population groups who are in need of assistance. It became a member of
INHOPE in 201023. Additionally, since 2011, MFS-EMMAUS has been working on an initiative for the development of a
Safer Internet Center in BiH.
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Non-government organization One World Platform for Southeast Europe (OWPSEE) in BiH is protagonist of the Take Back
the Tech campaign which was launched to call on all users of information and communication technologies– especially
women and girls – to take control of technology and strategically use it for activism against gender-based violence24.
Save the Children is non-government organization for children in need and was the first to initiate the discussion
around online safety for children in BiH and supported the governments in the establishment of systems and mechanisms for prosecuting cases of online abuse and exploitation. Additionally, innovative models of support to children
victims of violence and exploitation were established and implemented by partner organizations with support of
Save the Children25.
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BIH LEGAL INSTRUMENTS
BiH is a compound state, which consists of two entities: Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH), Republika Srpska
(RS) and the Brčko District (BD). The Federation, which makes up 51 percent of BiH, consists of ten cantons. This territorial organization reflects an organization of legislative power, and as a result, these different entities have different
laws regarding protection of children online.
Domestic laws that combat the problem of child pornography include Criminal Laws of FBiH, RS and BD and the cantonal and district prosecutors’ offices in BiH and the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Brčko District are responsible for
enforcing them26.
BiH became a member of the Council of Europe Convention on Cyber Criminals in 2006, and in 2010, joined the
Council of Europe Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Abuse. On children’s rights, the first
State-level strategy to combat violence against children in Bosnia and Herzegovina was created to cover the period
from 2007 to 2010.
A revised, State–level strategy to combat violence against children in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been adopted and created to cover the period from 2012 to 2015. The new strategy identifies specific problems and recent trends in violence
against children, discusses deficiencies in the current legislation, and proposes recommendations for its improvement.
In order to implement the Convention on the Rights of the Child and to meet the UN Millennium Development Goals,
the Council of Ministers of BiH approved the Action Plan for Children of BiH 2002 – 2010 in July 2002, with a view on
strengthening the position of children in BiH children27.
The Council of Ministers of BiH adopted the Action Plan for Children of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period 2011
- 2014 in July 2011. The goal of this Action Plan was to define priority goals and measures that need to be taken
between 2011 and 2014 in order to create the most favorable living conditions for children and families, support
their healthy mental and physical development, and foster social inclusion and participation in decision-making
processes28.
Similar to the previous Action Plan for Children in BiH 2002 – 2010, the Action Plan for Children in BiH 2011 – 2014, advocates using a multidisciplinary approach and engaging all capacities within society to develop fleshed-out actions on
improving living conditions in the interest of child development – a prerequisite to improving the status of children in
BiH. Neither of these action plans, however, deals with creating a safer Internet.
Action Plan for the Improvement of Protection System in the area of Child Pornography and other forms of Sexual
Exploitation and Abuse of Children through Information and Communication Technologies in Bosnia and Herzegovina
2010 -2012 was adopted by Council of Ministers in December 200929. This plan covered initiatives on prevention, harmonization of domestic laws, strengthening of institutional capacities, cooperation with ISPs, and providing support to the
victims. Each of these actions is defined and respective institutions are mentioned, as follows:
Prevention meant the establishment of help lines, web portals and promotional spots. The Ministry of Human Rights,
the Ministries of Education and Ministries of Internal Affairs, media, ISPs and the Communications Regulatory Agency
was responsible for this action. In accordance with the Plan, a website was created, accompanied with promotional
video spots for the Safer Internet Day campaign.
Harmonization referred to Criminal Law, the Law on Criminal Procedure, initiating Agreement for cooperation between
institutions involved in combating child pornography. For this action, the Ministries of Justice, Internal Affairs and Human Rights were responsible.
The strengthening of institutional capacity involves increasing capacities of the police, establishing special units for
cyber crime, improving the cooperation of police agencies, and forming a single database for the black list (a list of
domains containing the websites that disseminate the most severe child abuse material worldwide). For this action, the
Ministry of Security, SIPA (State Investigation and Protection Agency), Interpol, police and the Ministry of Internal Affairs are responsible. Departments that deal with the rights of the child were created within respective institutions from
Ombudsmen and Social Service to the Police.
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Issued in September 2013, this report is a detailed evaluation of activities implemented from 2010 to 2012 regarding
the protection of children against child pornography and other forms of sexual abuse and exploitation through information and communication technologies in Bosnia and Herzegovina30.
In a session held on 4 April 2014, the Council of Ministers of BiH adopted the new Action Plan for Protection of Children
and Prevention of Abuse through Information and Communication Technologies in BiH for the period of 2014-2015,
which is an extension of the first 2010-2012 Action Plan31. This Action Plan is created in line with the Strategy to Counter
Trafficking in Human Beings in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 – 2015 and the Action Plan for implementation of Strategy
to Counter Trafficking in Human Beings in Bosnia and Herzegovina 2013 – 2015. The Action Plan includes more than
forty activities that relevant authorities in BiH will implement by the end to 2015 in order to ensure efficient mechanisms of protection of children against pornography and sexual exploitation through technology. Additionally, the Plan
defines the adoption of changes and amendments and harmonisation of the relevant bylaws, as well as the strengthening of institutional capacities and cooperation with international institutions, ISPs, schools and other.
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CONCLUSIONS
CRA annual Report on Internet Services show that number of Internet users in BiH doubled in the last five years. Consequently, concerns about child online protection in BiH are raised too. As seen through this paper, numerous instruments
relevant to the sexual exploitation and abuse of children in the online environment are in place in EU and BiH.
If we consider the regulatory role in BiH, just like regulators in EU, the CRA does not have the mandate to regulate the
content that is available on the Internet. Article 4 of the Law on Communications sets out CRA’s principal duties in carrying out its functions which are to protect the interests of all users of telecommunications services in respect of the
availability of such services, their quality and the prices charged for them. In carrying out these duties, CRA must have
particular regard, amongst other matters, to the vulnerability of children. Therefore, CRA has taken an active part in
drafting Action Plans to improve the system for combating child pornography and other forms of sexual exploitation
and abuse through IT technology in BiH.
If we consider self-regulatory role in BiH, ISPs in BiH like ISPs in EU generally have no specific mandate regarding the protection of minors. In EU self-regulation typically takes the form of signatures and compliance with codes of conduct for
the protection of minors, all of which are optional for ISP association members. There are many kinds of self-regulatory
activities in EU, but not in BiH. In fact, evidence of significant self-regulatory activity regarding children online protection in BiH was not found. According to information collected from BiH ISPs web sites, ISPs do not organize themselves
and do not belong to EU or international associations focused on online children protection. Consequently, they do not
have such kind of codes of conduct, but they have satisfactory terms and conditions for subscribers and subscriber’s
contracts that include minor protection provisions according to Article 36 of CRA Rule 69/2013. Additionally, there is
insufficient public awareness about existing INHOPE hotline in BiH, which is likely to restrict the effectiveness of this
form of child protection in BiH, since web sites of ISPs in BiH do not have links to hotlines. Therefore, it would be challenging to find a way to raise ISP awareness about their responsibilities for child safety online.
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(ENDNOTES)
The Inter-institutional Agreement on Better Law-making, 2003, at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/
ALL/?uri=CELEX:32003Q1231(01) (visited on 8 October 2014)
2
Programme in Comparative Media Law and Policy at Oxford University: Internet Self-Regulation: An Overview, 2005, at: http://www.law.
uni-sofia.bg/Kat/T/IP/T/PM/ DocLib/Internet%20Self-Regulation%20An%20Overview.htm (visited on 8 October 2014)
3
E-Commerce-Directive – Directive 2000/31/EC, 2000, at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:32000L0031:en:HTML (visited on 8 October 2014)
4
Council of EU Conclusions on the Protection of Children in the Digital World, 2011, at: http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_
data/docs/pressdata/en/educ/126399.pdf (visited on 8 October 2014)
5
Protecting Children in the Digital World, (COM/2011/0556 final), 2011, at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.
do?uri=CELEX:52011DC0556:EN:NOT (visited on 8 October 2014)
6
Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions,
European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children, 2013, at: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/communication-europeanstrategy-make-internet-better-place-kids (visited on 8 October 2014)
7
CEO coalition to make the Internet a better place for kids, Self-regulation for a Better Internet for Kids, 2012, at: http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/self-regulation-better-internet-kids (visited on 8 October 2014)
8
Ibid.
9
Ibid.
10
Pan European Game Information, at: http://www.pegionline.eu/en/index/ (visited on 10 October 2014)
11
ICT Coalition, at: http://www.ictcoalition.eu/ (visited on 10 October 2014)
12
European Internet Services Providers Association, at: http://www.euroispa.org/ (visited on 10 October 2014)
13
European Parliament, Directive 2011/92/EU on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography,
2011, at: http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2011:335:0001:0014:EN:PDF (visited on 10 October 2014)
14
European Strategy for a Better Internet for Children, http://ec.europa.eu/digital-agenda/en/news/communication-european-strategy-make-internet-better-place-kids (visited on 10 October 2014)
15
Safer internet, at: http://www.saferinternet.org/ (visited on 10 October 2014)
16
CEO coalition to make the Internet a better place for kids, Self-regulation for a Better Internet for Kids, 2012, at: http://ec.europa.eu/
digital-agenda/en/self-regulation-better-internet-kids (visited on 8 October 2014)
17
Interpol, at: http://www.interpol.int/Crime-areas/Crimes-against-children/Access-blocking/The-INTERPOL-%22Worst-of%22-list
(visited on 10 October 2014)
18
Communications Regulatory Agency website, www.rak.ba (visited on 10 October 2014)
19
Ibid.
20
Ibid.
21
Ibid.
22
Save the Children, Surf s@fely – Marking Safer Internet Day, 2014, at: http://nwb.savethechildren.net/news/surf-sfely-%E2%80%93marking-safer-internet-day-2014 (visited on 10 October 2014)
23
International Forum of Solidarity – EMMAUS, at: http://www.inhope.org/gns/our-members/BosniaandHerzegovina.aspx (visited on 10
October 2014)
24
Take Back the Tech, at: https://ba.takebackthetech.net/ (visited on 10 October 2014)
25
Save the Children, Surf s@fely – Marking Safer Internet Day, 2014, at: http://nwb.savethechildren.net/news/surf-sfely-%E2%80%93marking-safer-internet-day-2014 (visited on 10 October 2014)
26
Council of Europe, The Criminal Law Benchmarks of the Budapest and Lanzarote Conventions, at: www.coe.int/cybercrime (visited on 10
October 2014)
27
UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina, Action Plan for Children BiH 2011-2014, at: http://www.unicef.org/bih/protection_inclusion_18324.
html (visited on 10 October 2014)
28
Ibid.
29
Ministry of Human Rights and Refugees, at: www.mhrr.gov.ba (visited on 10 October 2014)
30
Criminal policy Research Center, Evaluation of activities implemented from 2010 to 2012, 2013, http://www.cprc.ba/en/biblioteka/
EvaluationofActionPlanENG.pdf (visited on 10 October 2014)
31
http://radiosarajevo.ba/novost/135210/akcioni-plan-za-zastitu-i-sprjecavanje-nasilja-nad-djecom-na-internetu (visited on 10
October 2014)
1