Course Instructor
Dr. Amit Gefen
Department of Biomedical Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Tel Aviv University
Tel. 03-640(8093), Fax. 03-640(5845)
E-mail: gefen@eng.tau.ac.il
Room 407, Multidisciplinary Building
Office Hours: Tuesdays, 14:00 to 16:00
1
Textbook
Introduction to Biomedical Engineering,
John D. Enderle, Susan M. Blanchard, Joseph B. Bronzino,
Academic Press, 2000.
*Additional reading material will be distributed as needed.
2
Course Objectives
This course is an introduction to the central topics of
Biomedical Engineering (BME),
emphasizing the principles of
-problem definition (clinical need)
-development of the field of BME and important inventions
-information access and retrieval, scientific communication
-clinical engineering and industrial activity
-ethics and social responsibility of biomedical engineers
3
Course Objectives
(cont.)
The lecturers taking part in this course are
faculty members at the Department of
Biomedical Engineering, Senior Physicians or
Industrial Leaders in BME
Each of them will present a lecture on some of his
research topics or activities. By meeting the members of
the Dept. of BME, listening to them and reading the
lecture notes and relevant textbook material, you will get
an idea about their personal interests and achievements
4
Course Objectives
(cont.)
An important objective of this course is to let
you learn a little bit about what a bioengineer is
expected to do and to behave in the industry,
hospital and academia
Overall, you will get a feeling about
Biomedical Engineering as a DISCIPLINE
5
Specific Course Objectives
-define commonly used terms from Medicine and BME
-describe common mechanical, electrical and chemical signals that
emanate from the body
(e.g. ECG, BP, respiratory signals, biomechanical forces etc.) and how
they are measured
-describe the engineering principles of common medical devices
(e.g., artificial joints, limbs, organs, and valves, stents, CT scanners,
diagnostic ultrasound).
-provide skills for searching scientific literature and for retrieval of
articles on specific topics
-provide skills for searching the World Wide Web (WWW) for
articles, images, videos and other biomedical resources.
6
Contents of the Course
1.
Overview on the Fields of Biomedical Engineering (Dr. A. Gefen)
2.
Retrieval and Editing of Biomedical -Related Information (Dr. A. Gefen)
3.
Biological Signals: Origin, Measurement and Processing (Prof. O. Barnea)
4.
Medical Imaging (Prof. S. Abboud)
5.
Telemedicine and Home- Care (Prof. S. Abboud)
6.
Biomechanics of the Cardiovascular System (Prof. S. Einav)
7.
Musculoskeletal Biomechanics (Dr. A. Gefen)
8.
Biomechanics of the Respiratory System (Prof. D. Elad)
9.
Bio-nano-technology and Tissue Engineering (Prof. S. Einav)
10. Medical Optics (Dr. I. Gannot)
11. Medical Image Processing (Dr. H. Greenspan)
12. Biomedical Engineering in the Clinical Setting (Dr. P. Halpern)
13. Artificial Tissues and Organs (Prof. D. Elad)
14. The Israeli Biomedical Engineering Industry (Panel of Representatives)
7
Major Advances in BME
according to the Whitaker Foundation,
aimed to promote better human health through
advancements in medicine and rehabilitation
1. Hip Joint Replacement
surgical
procedure
8
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
2. Magnetic Resonance Imaging
MR imaging of the contractile
motion of the human heart
9
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
3. Heart Pacemaker
10
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
4. Arthroscopy
11
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
5. Heart-Lung Machine
1955, Mayo Clinic, USA
Modern Heart-Lung Machine
12
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
6. Angioplasty
13
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
7. Bioengineered Skin
14
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
8. Timed-Release Drug Capsules
15
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
9. Artificial Articulated Joint
surgical procedure
16
Major Advances in BME (cont.)
10. Kidney Dialysis
17
18
Early History of
Medicine and BME
Primitive healers drilled holes in skulls to gain
access to brain - patients (sometimes) survived.
Based on interrelationships between
supernatural and health.
Egypt, 3000 BC - concepts and practices
recorded on papyri and stored in tombs.
Recorded observations and results.
19
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Antiquity (650 BC - 200 AD)
Aesculapius - Greek god of healing. Son of
Apollo. May have been based on a real person.
By 1000 BC, Aesculapia, temples of the healing
cult, were among the first hospitals.
Hippocrates - 460?-370? BC. Collector of
remedies and techniques that existed up to his
time. Began to replace superstition with
diagnostic observation and clinical treatment.
Disease - natural process.
20
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Antiquity (650 BC - 200 AD)
Romans - contributed to public health with sewer
systems and aqueducts. Army medical service.
Galen - 130?-200? AD. A Greek who was the
greatest physician in the history of Rome. Wrote
more than 300 books of anatomical observations.
Misleading anatomy based on animal dissections.
Evolution of modern hospital began with rise of
Christianity. Major contribution of monasteries.
21
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Antiquity (650 BC - 200 AD) - Medieval Ages (200
1450)
Constantine I (335 AD) closed all pagan temples
of healing and established hospitals in every
cathedral city. Houses for travelers and sick.
Church became repository of medical information
when Roman Empire collapsed. Medical research
stagnated for almost 1000 years (Dark Ages: 476
AD - end of 10th century).
Hospital system spread during Crusades, end of
11th to end of 13th century. Most were custodial
institutions. Institution to be feared and shunned.
22
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Medieval Ages (200 1450)
scientific development decreased, as religious and spiritual
developments increased
Arab scholars the scientific investigations of antiquity from
disappearing by translating works from Greek to Arabic.
Capillary Blood Flow:
. . . the arteries of the whole body
Moses Maimonides
1135-1204
have openings communicating with
veins. They are taking blood and
spirits (oxygen) from each other
through narrow and hidden transits.
[J. Royal College of Physicians of London, 29: 361-3, 1995]
23
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Renaissance (1450 1600)
Renaissance and Reformation - 15th and 16th
centuries. Study of human anatomy advanced by
artists: Michelangelo, Durer, Vesalius and da Vinci.
Leonardo da Vinci
(1452- 1519)
24
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Italian Renaissance
25
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Italian Renaissance
26
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)
Italian Renaissance
27
Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564)
Italian Renaissance
28
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Renaissance (1450 1600)
Henry VIII - King of England, 1509-1547. Supported
establishment of the College of Physicians, oldest
purely medical institution in Europe.
New medical schools - Salerno, Bologna, Montpelier,
Padua, and Oxford. Embraced Hippocratic doctrine disease is a natural process.
Galileo - visited Padua in 1592 and lectured on
mathematics to medical students. Invented
thermometer in 1596.
Sanctorius - student of Galileo who made comparative
studies of human temperature and pulse
29
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Scientific Revolution
Early representation of skeletal structures using engineering terms
30
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Renaissance (1450 1600)
Urban centers began to expand.
Two major hospitals in London, St. Bartholomew s
(founded 1123, refounded in 1544) and St.
Thomas, began a policy of admitting and
attending to only those patients who could
possibly be cured.
31
Early History of Medicine (Cont.)
Scientific Revolution (1690-1730)
William Harvey - graduated from Padua and applied
Galileo s laws of motion and mechanics to problem
of blood circulation. Announced discovery of blood
circulation at St. Bartholomew s Hospital in London
in 1619.
Giovani Borelli applies structural engineering
concepts to the description of the
musculoskeletal system during different
human and animal postures and movements
32
Giovani A. Borelli (1608-1679)
Scientific Revolution
33
History of Medicine and BME
Enlightenment (1730
1800)
Development of the mechanical philosophy and specific
research areas after definition of Newton s Laws.
Focus on investigation of movement and motion.
The mechanical philosophers of this period also include:
Euler, d Alembert, Lagrange, Bernoulli.
Philosopher/Scientist
Dates
Subject of Investigation
Leonhard Euler
1707 -1783
Wave propagation in arteries
Thomas Young
1773 -1829
Young's modulus of elasticity
Jean Poiseuille
1799 -1869
Blood viscosity, Mercury manometer
34
History of Medicine and BME (Cont.)
The 19 th Century
Biology became diversified into specialized fields of study.
Development of sport and leisure
during the late 18th century renewed
the scientific interest in human and
animal locomotion.
35
History of Medicine and BME (Cont.)
The 19 th Century
Hospitals began to benefit patients in 1800s thanks
to Florence Nightingale who introduced hygienic
standards into military hospitals during Crimean War
(1855).
Imagine what would it have been like To have appendicitis before antibiotics and anesthesia?
To have a broken bone set before X-rays?
36
History of Medicine and BME (Cont.)
The 20 th Century
The 20th century is characterized by technological
developments resulting from two World Wars,
increased population, interest in sport, and support
of medical developments.
Development of interdisciplinary research in
Biomedical fields.
Biomechanics became an independent discipline.
Biomechanics lead to the development of
Biomedical Engineering as a university field and
academic degree.
37
History of Medicine and BME (Cont.)
cinematographic studies of human motion under different
environmental conditions, early 20th century
38
Changing Role of Hospitals
39
40
What is Biomedical Engineering?
Biomedical Engineers apply electrical,
chemical, optical, mechanical, and other
engineering principles to understand, modify,
or control biological systems.
Involves more than development of medical
devices.
Interdisciplinary branch of engineering that is
heavily based in both engineering and the life
sciences.
41
Examples for Specialty Areas in BME
Medical Instrumentation and Biosensors
Biomedical Computational Analysis
Biotechnology
Biological Signal Analysis
Medical Imaging
Physiological Modeling
Clinical Engineering
Rehabilitation Engineering and Prosthetic Devices
42
Who is a Clinical Engineer ?
An engineer who has graduated from an accredited
academic program in engineering and is engaged
in the application of scientific and technological
knowledge
developed
through
engineering
education and subsequent professional experience
within the health care environment in support of
-direct patient care
-maintenance and support of medical systems
-research in the clinical setting
-teaching in the clinical setting
-public service activities for enhancing patient care
43
What is Rehabilitation Engineering ?
The application of science and technology to
ameliorate the handicaps of individuals with
disabilities.
* Many individuals who say that they practice
rehabilitation engineering are not engineers by training.
Rehabilitation (assistive) technology
is the selection, design, or manufacture of
assistive devices that are appropriate for an
individual with a disability.
44
Rehabilitation Engineers (cont.)
Work in a team setting in collaboration with
physical and occupational therapists,
orthopedic surgeons, physical medicine
specialists, and/or neurologists.
Some are concerned with activities of daily living.
Others focus on mobility and limitations to
mobility within a home or office or in the public
arena.
Others deal with sensory disabilities, e.g. sight or
hearing, or with communications disorders.
45
Roles of Biomedical Engineers
Problem Solvers - work on solving problems
identified by life scientists, physicians, clinical
engineers or biomedical design engineers.
Must understand the biological situation.
Technological entrepreneur - examines some
portion of the medical or biological front and
identifies areas in which the application of
advanced technology can offer new solutions.
Biomedical design engineers in industry:
must market inventions to medical community
46
Roles of Biomedical Engineers (Cont.)
Engineering Science - applies engineering
concepts and techniques to the investigation and
exploration of biological processes.
Seeks new knowledge.
Develop models and simulations.
Usually found in industrial research labs and
academic institutions.
47
Professional Societies - Objectives
encourage international contacts amongst
scientists
promotes the distribution of knowledge by
publication of
-scientific peer reviewed journals
-scientific magazines
-proceedings of scientific meetings
forms contacts with national organizations
48
Professional Societies
IEEE EMBS
IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society.
Founded in 1952.
Web Site: http://www.eng.unsw.edu.au/embs/index.html
Publications
The Society publishes the following Transactions and Magazine:
-IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
-IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine
-IEEE Transactions on Rehabilitation Engineering
-IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine
In collaboration with other societies it also publishes:
-IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging
-IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
-IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence
An International Conference is also taking place annually
49
Professional Societies (cont.)
BMES
Biomedical Engineering Society
Founded in Illinois, 1968.
Web Site: http://www.bmes.org/
The purpose of the society is:
to promote the increase of biomedical
engineering knowledge and its utilization"
Publications
Proceedings of BMES Conferences
50
Professional Societies (cont.)
ISB
The International Society of Biomechanics
Founded in Penn State University, 1973
Web Site: http://www.isbweb.org/
The purpose of the society is:
promote the study of all areas of
biomechanics at the international level"
Publications
J.
Clinical
Biomech. Biomech.
J.
Electro
-myography
& Kinesiology
J.
Applied
Biomech.
Proc. of ISB biennial
Congresses
51