Create a page in your booklet
for each of the following:
• Three Governor’s Episode
• Brown v. Board of Education
• Sibley Commission
• The March on Washington D.C.
• The Civil Rights Act
• Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
• Albany Movement
• Georgia’s 1956 flag change
SS8H8 The student will analyze the important events that occurred after World War I and their impact on Georgia.
c. Discuss the impact of the political career of Eugene Talmadge.
SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-­‐World War II developments of Georgia from 1945 to 1970. c. Discuss the impact of Ellis Arnall.
EUGENE TALMADGE
EUGENE TALMADGE
Elected to three consecutive terms as State Agriculture
Commissioner 1926, 1928, 1930
Elected Governor in 1932, 1934, and 1940
Was a White Supremacist.
Fired college professors who wanted to integrate state
colleges, which caused the state universities to lose
their accreditation.
He lost the 1942 election because of this.
How did Governor Ellis Arnall impact GA?
• He was the first GA governor to serve a 4 year term.
• He was able to get GA Universities and Colleges accredited by moving the Board of Regents out from under the control of the governors office.
• He also removed the prison system out from under the control of the governors office and established a board of corrections to oversee, pardons and parole
• He fought for uniform railroad shipping rates, which made Southern products more affordable in other parts of the country.
How did Governor Ellis Arnall impact GA?
• He created a state system of civil service for state employees, which meant that a person would be hired based on qualifications, not political connections. • He abolished the poll tax and led in the adoption of a new state constitution in 1945
• He is best known for leading GA to become the first state to allow 18 year olds the right to vote
• Helped end the state’s whites only primary, thus giving black Georgians more political influence
The return of the wild man
of sugar creek
the three governors episode
the three governors episode
In 1946 Ellis Arnall could not run for reelection as
governor
Eugene Talmadge would run again promising that he
would bring back the whites only primary saying that
allowing blacks to vote threatened white supremacy
Eugene Talmadge was able to win the election because
of county unit system
Died before he was sworn into office
the three governors episode
Eugene’s son Herman Talmadge claimed he was governor because of write-­‐in votes for him. Some of those write-­‐ins were “found” after the election in Herman’s home county.
The Georgia General Assembly recognized Herman Talmadge as governor
The lieutenant governor, Melvin Thompson claimed the state Constitution stated he should be the governor
Ellis Arnall, the sitting governor refused to leave office until the issue was settled
The State Supreme court ruled that Thompson would be governor until a special election could be held
In 1948 Herman Talmadge would win the special election and become governor
the three governors episode
Civil Rights Movement in Georgia
Brown v. the Board of Education
Family sued because daughter could
not attend the white school that was
closer to her home.
Law suite was filed in 1950, Supreme
ruled on it in 1954
Supreme Court ruled that you could
not have segregated schools.
Brown v. BOE
• Led to “massive resistance” in GA and other southern states
The Sibley Commission
• 1960
• Was a legislative committee made up of members from
Georgia’s General Assembly
• John Sibley was the head of the commission - he was a
segregationist, but resistance to the court order was
futile
• Held 10 public hearing around the state - these hearings
were designed to gather public opinion, but also were an
attempt to reduce public resistance to integration of the
schools
• recommended that the closing of schools or integrating
of schools be left up to local school boards.
The March on Washington
• For equal access to Jobs and Freedom
• Took place in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963.
• Attended by 250,000 people, it was the largest
demonstration ever seen in the nation's capital
• One of the first public demonstrations to have
extensive television coverage.
• MLK gave his “I Have A Dream” speech
• The march may have helped important civil rights laws
pass: Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of
1965
Civil Rights Act
• President Kennedy first suggested the bill
to Congress in 1963, but was assassinated
before it was passed into law
• President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
• Made segregation and discrimination in
public places illegal
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee (SNCC)
• Included white and black college students.
• The SNCC worked effectively to desegregate public
places. Many faced arrest for their efforts, such as
staging sit-ins.
• “Freedom rides” began in the summer of 1961, in
which buses of black and white students rode
together through the South to lead sit-ins and other
peaceful protests.
• The SNCC’s peaceful protests were often meet with
a violent response
1. What was the Albany Movement?
2. How did the Civil Rights
Movement impact Atlanta?
3. Who were the important
Georgians involved in the Civil
Rights movement?
4. Why was the Civil Rights
Movement in Atlanta less violent.
Chapters 12 and 13:
SS8H11!The student will evaluate the role of
Georgia in the modern civil rights movement.
a. Describe major developments in civil
rights and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and
1950s to include the roles of Herman Talmadge,
Benjamin Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and
the end of the white primary, Brown v. Board of
Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956
state
1956 flag.
state flag.
Georgia’s
Flag
18??-1879
Unofficial State Flag
First National Flag of the Confederacy
("Stars and Bars")
1879-1901
First Official State Flag
1902-1920’s
1920’s-1956
How was the state flag
changed in 1956?
• The flag was changed to incorporate the St. Andrew’s
cross, the Confederate battle emblem.
Why was the state flag
changed in 1956?
• To mark the upcoming centennial of the Civil War.
• To protest Brown v. BOE
• Was GA General Assembly’s way of saying they
would fight desegregation
Confederate Battle Flag
(1861-1865)
1956-2001
How was the state flag
changed in 2001?
• The flag was changed to incorporate all of Georgia’s
past flags.
Why was the state flag
changed in 2001?
• The prominent use of the Confederate Battle flag,
connected with the original reason for placing it on
the state flag, was racist and offensive to a large
number of Georgians.
2001-2003
How was the state flag
changed in 2004?
• Georgians chose a flag similar to the 1902 flag.
Why was the state flag
changed in 2004?
• Most Georgians did not like the look of the 2001
flag and many did not like the method used to
change it. Sonny Purdue made a campaign
promise to allow Georgians to vote on the flag.
The 1956 flag was not on the Ballot.
2004-Present
2004-Present
First National Flag of
the Confederacy
("Stars and Bars")
"I pledge allegiance to the Georgia flag
and to the principles for which it stands;
Wisdom, Justice, and Moderation."
1945Chapter 12: Baby Boomers, Rebellion, and Wars:
SS8H10 The student will evaluate key post-World
War II developments of Georgia from 1945 to 1970.
b. Explain how the development of Atlanta
including the roles of mayors William B. Hartsfield
and Ivan Allen, Jr., and major league sports,
contributed to the growth of Georgia
How did Atlanta develope under mayor
William B. Hartsfield?
• He help with a peaceful transition between the races long before the Civil Rights Act of 1965.
• He serve six terms as mayor (1937-­‐1941; 1942-­‐1961)
• He led in making Atlanta the aviation hub of the Southeast.
• Helped Dr. King Sr. and others in organizing African American voter registration drives.
• In 1948 he hired 8 African American policeman.
• In 1958 he asked the state to allow Atlantans to decided if it would integrate schools.
How did Atlanta develope under
mayor Ivan Allen, Jr?
• The day he took office in 1962 he ordered immediate removal of all “Colored” and “White” signs on entrances to City Hall..
• He removed restriction of African American policeman and integrated the Fire Department.
• He worked tirelessly to bring the Braves to Atlanta. • On April 12, 1966, the Braves played their first regular season game in Atlanta Stadium before a sellout crowd of more than 50,000 enthusiastic fans. • The mayor was also instrumental in establishing a National Football League team, the Atlanta Falcons, in 1966, and a professional basketball team, the Hawks, in 1968.
• MARTA, the city's rapid transit system, was proposed and mapped during the Allen years but was voted down. What were the major developments in civil rights and
Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s?
Herman Talmadge’s Role in GA
• Restructured the highway department
• Created the Georgia Forestry Commission
• Made improvements in county health department and the state prison system
• Legacy was the Minimum Foundation Program for Education Act
‣ Lengthen the school year to 9 months
‣ Raised standards for buildings, equipment, transportation, and school curriculum
‣ 3 % sales taxes was passed in 1951 to pay for the changes.
• Would be elected to the US Senate in 1956 and server until 1980
Lester Maddox
• Georgia’s Governor from 1967-­‐1971
• Georgia’s Lieutenant Governor from 1971-­‐1975
• Another confusing election
• Appointed more African Americans to state boards and commissions than all prior governors combined.
• Reformed prisons and integrated the GA State patrol
• Increased spending on teachers salaries and higher education
• Had “People Days” twice a month where people could visit him at the governor’s mansion and ask him questions
Chapters 12 and 13:
SS8H11 The student will evaluate the role of Georgia in the modern civil
rights movement.
a. Describe major developments in civil rights and Georgia’s role during
the 1940s and 1950s to include the roles of Herman Talmadge, Benjamin
Mays, the 1946 governor’s race and the end of the white primary, Brown v.
Board of Education, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the 1956 state flag.
b. Analyze the role Georgia and prominent Georgians played in the Civil
Rights Movement of the 1960s and 1970s including such events as the
founding of the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC),
Sibley Commission, admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter
to the University of Georgia, Albany Movement, March on Washington,
Civil Rights Act, the election of Maynard Jackson as mayor of Atlanta, and
the role of Lester Maddox.
c. Discuss the impact of Andrew Young on Georgia.
...admission of Hamilton Holmes and Charlayne Hunter
to the University of Georgia...
• They were the first African American students admitted to
UGA.
MLK
What were the major developments in civil rights
and Georgia’s role during the 1940s and 1950s?
Martin Luther King, Jr.
3rd generation minister
Graduated from Booker T. Washington
HS in Atlanta at age 15 and began
Morehouse College in 1944
1947 ordained as a minister and
enrolled in Crozer Theological
Seminary in PA
1948 he earned a Doctorate in
Theology at Boston College
Married Coretta Scott
Martin Luther King, Jr. believed in a
four pronged approach for gaining
civil right for all Americans:
1. Direct, nonviolent actions
2. Legal remedies
3. Ballots
4. Economic boycotts
Markers in Martin Luther King, Jr. legacy:
Montgomery bus boycott- 1953 (Rosa Parks)
Helped found the SCLC – 1957
Head of the SCLC – 1960
Sit-ins at department stores – 1960
The FBI began wiretapping King in 1961,
fearing that Communists were trying to
infiltrate the Civil Rights Movement
Arrested in Albany GA – 1961
Arrested in Birmingham AL – 1963
Markers in Martin Luther King, Jr. legacy:
The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
took place in Washington, D.C., on August 28,
1963. Attended by 250,000 people, it was the
largest demonstration ever seen in the nation's
capital, and one of the first to have extensive
television coverage. (“I Have A Dream” speech)
On October 14, 1964, King became the youngest
recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize, which was
awarded to him for leading non-violent resistance
to end racial prejudice in the United States.
King and the SCLC joined forces with the Student
Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) in
Selma, Alabama, in December 1964
King was assassinated at 6:01 p.m. April 4, 1968,
on the balcony of the Lorraine Motel in Memphis,
Tennessee by James Earl Ray
Maynard Jackson
Served as the mayor of Atlanta for three
terms: 1974-82 and 1990-94
Atlanta’s first African American mayor.
He was followed by: Andrew Young, Bill
Campbell, Shirley Franklin, and Kasim
Reed.
Helped Improve Atlanta’s airport (it is
partly named in his honor)
Helped bring the Olympics to Atlanta
Benjamin Mays
Was the president of Morehouse college for 27
years
Worked with the NAACP, YMCA, the United
Negro College Fund, the Urban League, and the
Peace Corps Advisory Committee, etc...
At Moorehouse he mentored MLK, Jr.
Was a member of the Atlanta Board of Education
and was the president of the board
What was the role Georgia and prominent
Georgians played in the Civil Rights Movement
of the 1960’s and 1970’s?
The impact of Andrew Young on
Georgia.
American civil rights activist
Former mayor of Atlanta, Georgia
United States' first African American
ambassador to the United Nations
instrumental in the success of the
Atlanta bid for the 1996 Summer
Olympics
Chapter 12 & 13 Terms
1.Suburbs
2.Baby Boom
3.Cold War
4.Korean War
5.National School Lunch Act
6.Sit-in
7.MARTA
How did Georgia’s economy change after WWII?
• GA Shifted from a wartime economy to a
prosperous peacetime economy.
• Agriculture was no longer dominant.
• The introduction of farm technology
meant that fewer Georgians made a living
from agriculture.
• The introduction of manufacturing and
industry brought growth to the state’s
cities.
Why did industry move to GA?
• Mild climate lured Northern industry to GA to
escape cold winters, high heating cost, and
slow moving transportation.
• GA had low business and individual tax rates
• Growth in aviation (Lockheed was GA largest
employer by the end of the ‘50’s)
• CDC (Centers for Disease Control) moved to
Atlanta