Dust Bowl
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl, or the Dirty Thirties, was a
period of severe dust storms causing major
ecological and agricultural damage to
American and Canadian prairie lands in the
1930s, particularly in 1934 and 1936. The
phenomenon was caused by severe drought
coupled with decades of extensive farming
without crop rotation, fallow fields, cover
crops or other techniques to prevent wind
erosion.[1] Deep plowing of the virgin
topsoil of the Great Plains had displaced the
natural deep-rooted grasses that normally
kept the soil in place and trapped moisture
even during periods of drought and high
winds.
During the drought of the 1930s, without
natural anchors to keep the soil in place, it
dried, turned to dust, and blew away
A farmer and his two sons during a dust storm in Cimarron County, Oklahoma,
eastward and southward in large dark
1936, Photo: Arthur Rothstein
clouds. At times, the clouds blackened the
sky, reaching all the way to East Coast cities such as New York and Washington, D.C. Much of the soil ended up
deposited in the Atlantic Ocean, carried by prevailing winds. These immense dust storms—given names such as
"black blizzards" and "black rollers"—often reduced visibility to a few feet (a meter or less). The Dust Bowl affected
100000000 acres (400000 km2), centered on the panhandles of Texas and Oklahoma, and adjacent parts of New
Mexico, Colorado, and Kansas.[2]
Millions of acres of farmland were damaged, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to leave their homes;
many of these families (often known as "Okies", since so many came from Oklahoma) migrated to California and
other states, where they found economic conditions little better during the Great Depression than those they had left.
Owning no land, many became migrant workers who traveled from farm to farm to pick fruit and other crops at
starvation wages. Author John Steinbeck later wrote The Grapes of Wrath, which won the Pulitzer Prize, and Of
Mice and Men, about such people.
Causes
During early European and American exploration of the Great Plains, the region in which the Dust Bowl occurred
was thought unsuitable for European-style agriculture; the region was known as the Great American Desert. The lack
of surface water and timber made the region less attractive than other areas for pioneer settlement and agriculture.
Following the Civil War, settlement was encouraged by the Homestead Act, the transcontinental railroad, and waves
of new immigrants, and cultivation increased.[3][4] An unusually wet period in the Great Plains mistakenly led
settlers and the federal government to believe that "rain follows the plow" (a popular phrase among real estate
promoters) and that the climate of the region had changed permanently.[5] The initial agricultural endeavors were
primarily cattle ranching, with some cultivation; however, a series of harsh winters beginning in 1886, coupled with
overgrazing followed by a short drought in 1890, led to an expansion of land under cultivation.
1
Dust Bowl
2
Continued waves of immigration from Europe brought settlers to the plains at the beginning of the 20th century. A
return of unusually wet weather confirmed a previously held opinion that the "formerly" semiarid area could support
large-scale agriculture. Technological improvements led to increase of mechanized plowing, which allowed for
cultivation on a greater scale. World War I increased agricultural prices, which also encouraged farmers to
dramatically increase cultivation. In the Llano Estacado, the area of farmland doubled between 1900 and 1920, and
land under cultivation more than tripled between 1925 and 1930.[6]
The favored agricultural methods of farmers during this period created the conditions for large scale erosion under
certain environmental conditions.[1] The widespread conversion of the land by deep plowing and other soil
preparation methods to enable agriculture virtually eliminated the native grasses which held the soil in place and
helped retain moisture, even during dry periods. Furthermore, cotton farmers left fields bare over winter months,
when winds in the High Plains are highest, and burned the stubble as a means to control weeds prior to planting, thus
depriving the soil of organic nutrients and surface vegetation.
The environmental conditions created when severe drought struck the Great Plains region in the 1930s exposed the
increased risk for erosion that was created by the farming practices in use at the time. The drought dried the topsoil
and over time it became friable, reduced to a powdery consistency in some places. Then, without the indigenous
grasses in place, during the drought, the high winds that commonly occur on the plains created the massive
duststorms that marked the Dust Bowl period.
Geographic characteristics
The Dust Bowl area lies principally west of the 100th
meridian on the High Plains, characterized by plains
which vary from rolling in the north to flat in the Llano
Estacado. Elevation ranges from 2500 feet (760 m) in
the east to 6000 feet (1800 m) at the base of the Rocky
Mountains. The area is semiarid, receiving less than 20
inches (510 mm) of rain annually; this rainfall supports
the shortgrass prairie biome originally present in the
area. The region is also prone to extended drought,
alternating with unusual wetness of equivalent
duration.[7] During wet years, the rich soil provides
bountiful agricultural output, but crops fail during dry
years. The region is also subject to high winds.[8]
A dust storm approaches Stratford, Texas, in 1935.
Dust Bowl
Drought and dust storms
The unusually wet period, which encouraged increased
settlement and cultivation in the Great Plains, ended in
1930. This was the year in which an extended and
severe drought began which caused crops to fail,
leaving the plowed fields exposed to wind erosion. The
fine soil of the Great Plains was easily eroded and
carried east by strong continental winds.
On November 11, 1933, a very strong dust storm
stripped topsoil from desiccated South Dakota
farmlands in just one of a series of bad dust storms that
year. Then, beginning on May 9, 1934, a strong,
two-day dust storm removed massive amounts of Great
A dust storm; Spearman, Texas, April 14, 1935
Plains topsoil in one of the worst such storms of the
Dust Bowl. The dust clouds blew all the way to
Chicago, where they deposited 12 million pounds of dust.[9] Two days later, the same storm reached cities in the
east, such as Buffalo, Boston, Cleveland, New York City, and Washington, D.C.[10] That winter (1934–1935), red
snow fell on New England.
On April 14, 1935, known as "Black Sunday", 20 of the worst "black blizzards" occurred throughout the Dust Bowl,
causing extensive damage and turning the day to night; witnesses reported they could not see five feet in front of
them at certain points.
Human displacement
This catastrophe intensified the economic impact of the Great Depression in the region. The Dust Bowl has been
identified as the "most extreme natural event in 350 years".[11]
U.S.
In 1935, many families were forced to leave their farms
and travel to other areas seeking work due to the
drought (which at that time had lasted four years).[12]
Dust Bowl conditions fomented an exodus of the
displaced from Texas, Oklahoma, and the surrounding
Great Plains to adjacent regions. More than 500,000
Americans were left homeless. Over 350 houses had to
be torn down after one storm alone.[13] The severe
drought and dust storms had left many homeless, others
had their mortgages foreclosed by banks, and others
felt they were left no other choice than to abandon their
farms in search of work.[14] Many Americans migrated
Buried machinery in a barn lot; Dallas, South Dakota, May 1936
west looking for work. Parents were forced to pack up
“jalopies” with their families and a few personal
belongings, and head in search of work.[15] Some residents of the Plains, especially in Kansas and Oklahoma, fell ill
and died of dust pneumonia or malnutrition.[9]
3
Dust Bowl
The Dust Bowl exodus was the largest migration in American history within a short period of time. By 1940,
2.5 million people had moved out of the Plains states; of those, 200,000 moved to California.[16] In just over a year,
over 86,000 people migrated to California. This number is more than the number of migrants to that area during the
1849 Gold Rush.[17] With their land barren and homes seized in foreclosure, many farm families were forced to
leave. Migrants left farms in Oklahoma, Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, Colorado and New
Mexico, but were often generally referred to as "Okies", "Arkies" or "Texies".[13] Terms such as “Okies” and
“Arkies” came to be known in the 1930s as the standard terms for those who had lost everything and were struggling
the most during the Great Depression.[18]
However, migrants did not always travel long distances; many would simply travel to the next town or county. No
matter the distance, the Dust Bowl caused the proportion between migrants and residents to be nearly equal in the
Great Plains states due to the high number of families which left their farms.[19]
Characteristics of migrants
When James N. Gregory examined the Census Bureau statistics, as well as other surveys, he discovered some
surprising percentages. For example, in 1939, the Bureau of Agricultural Economics surveyed the occupations of
about 116,000 families who had arrived in California in the 1930s. It showed that only 43 percent of southwesterners
were doing farm work immediately before they migrated. Nearly one-third of all migrants were professional or white
collar workers.[20] The poor economy brought more than just farmers as refugees to California; many teachers,
lawyers, and small business owners moved west with their families during this time. After the Great Depression
ended, some moved back to their original states, but many remained where they had started their new lives. In fact,
around one-eighth of California's population is from Okie heritage.[21]
U.S. Government response
During President Franklin D. Roosevelt's first 100 days
in office in 1933, governmental programs designed to
conserve soil and restore the ecological balance of the
nation were implemented. Interior Secretary Harold L.
Ickes established the Soil Erosion Service in August
1933 under Hugh Hammond Bennett. In 1935, it was
transferred and reorganized under the Department of
Agriculture and renamed the Soil Conservation
Service. More recently, it has been renamed the Natural
Resources Conservation Service (NRCS).[22]
Additionally, the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation
(FSRC) was created after more than six million pigs
were slaughtered to stabilize prices. The pigs were sent
An Oklahoman boy during a dust storm, 1936
to slaughterhouses and the meat packed and distributed
to the poor and hungry. FDR in an Address on the
AAA commented, "Let me make one other point clear for the benefit of the millions in cities who have to buy meats.
Last year the Nation suffered a drought of unparalleled intensity. If there had been no Government program, if the
old order had obtained in 1933 and 1934, that drought on the cattle ranges of America and in the corn belt would
have resulted in the marketing of thin cattle, immature hogs and the death of these animals on the range and on the
farm, and if the old order had been in effect those years, we would have had a vastly greater shortage than we face
today. Our program -- we can prove it -- saved the lives of millions of head of livestock. They are still on the range,
and other millions of heads are today canned and ready for this country to eat."
4
Dust Bowl
The FSRC diverted agricultural commodities to relief organizations. Apples, beans, canned beef, flour and pork
products were distributed through local relief channels. Cotton goods were later included, to clothe the needy.[23]
In 1935, the federal government formed a Drought Relief Service (DRS) to coordinate relief activities. The DRS
bought cattle in counties which were designated emergency areas, for $14 to $20 a head. Animals unfit for human
consumption – more than 50 percent at the beginning of the program – were killed. The remaining cattle were given
to the Federal Surplus Relief Corporation (FSRC) to be used in food distribution to families nationwide. Although it
was difficult for farmers to give up their herds, the cattle slaughter program helped many of them avoid bankruptcy.
"The government cattle buying program was a blessing to many farmers, as they could not afford to keep their cattle,
and the government paid a better price than they could obtain in local markets."[24]
President Roosevelt ordered the Civilian Conservation Corps to plant a huge belt of more than 200 million trees from
Canada to Abilene, Texas to break the wind, hold water in the soil, and hold the soil itself in place. The
administration also began to educate farmers on soil conservation and antierosion techniques, including crop
rotation, strip farming, contour plowing, terracing, and other improved farming practices.[25][26] In 1937, the federal
government began an aggressive campaign to encourage Dust Bowlers to adopt planting and plowing methods that
conserved the soil. The government paid the reluctant farmers a dollar an acre to practice one of the new methods.
By 1938, the massive conservation effort had reduced the amount of blowing soil by 65%. Nevertheless, the land
failed to yield a decent living. In the fall of 1939, after nearly a decade of dirt and dust, the nearly decade-long
drought ended, as regular rainfall finally returned to the region.
At the end of the drought, the programs which were implemented during these tough times helped to sustain a
positive relationship between America’s farmers and the federal government.[27]
A 1935 report by the President's Drought Committee, covering the government's assistance to agriculture during
1934 through mid 1935, discusses conditions, measures of relief, organization, finances, operations, and results of
the government's assistance.[28] Numerous exhibits are included in this report.
Long-term economic impact
In many regions, over 75% of the topsoil was blown away by the end of the 1930s, but there was wide variation in
the degree to which the land was degraded. Aside from the short-term economic consequences caused by erosion,
there were severe long-term economic consequences of the Dust Bowl.
By 1940, counties that had experienced the most significant levels of erosion saw a greater decline in agricultural
land values. The per-acre value of farmland declined by 28% in high-erosion counties and 17% in medium-erosion
counties, relative to land value changes in low-erosion counties.[29] Even over the long-term, the full agricultural
value of the land often failed to recover. In highly eroded areas, less than 25% of the original agricultural losses were
recovered. The economy adjusted predominantly through large relative population declines in more-eroded counties,
both during the 1930s and through the 1950s.
The economic effects persisted, in part, because of farmers' failure to switch to more appropriate crops for highly
eroded areas. Because the amount of topsoil had been reduced, it would have been more productive to shift from
crops and wheat to animals and hay. During the Depression and through at least the 1950s, there was limited relative
adjustment of farmland away from activities that became less productive in more-eroded counties.
Some of the failure to shift to more productive agricultural products may be related to ignorance about the benefits of
changing land use. A second explanation is a lack of availability of credit, caused by the high rate of failure of banks
in the plains states. Because banks failed in the Dust Bowl region with a higher rate of frequency than in the rest of
the country, it was harder for farmers to gain access to the credit they needed to buy capital to shift crop
production.[30] Another reason is that profit margins to shift from a previously farmed crop to either animals or hay
increased only slightly. Therefore, even if they knew about the benefits of changing land usage, the incentive to
switch immediately was relatively small.
5
Dust Bowl
Influence on the arts
The crisis was documented by photographers, musicians, and authors. Many were hired by various U.S. federal
agencies during the Great Depression. The Farm Security Administration hired numerous photographers to
document the crisis. This helped the careers of many notable artists, including Dorothea Lange. She captured iconic
images of the storms and migrant families, the most famous of which was a photograph entitled Migrant Mother,
which depicted a gaunt-looking woman, Florence Owens Thompson, holding her three children. This picture
captured the horrors of the Dust Bowl and caused more people to be aware of the crisis of the country.
The work of independent artists, such as American novelist John Steinbeck's novels Of Mice and Men (1937) and
The Grapes of Wrath (1939), and the music of folk singer Woody Guthrie, was also influenced by the crises of the
Dust Bowl and the Depression.
Migrants leaving the Plains states took their music with them. Oklahoma migrants, in particular, were descended
from rural Southerners and transplanted country music to California. Today, the "Bakersfield Sound" describes this
blend, which developed after the migrants brought country music to the city. Their new music inspired a
proliferation of country dance halls as far south as Los Angeles.
References
[1] "Drought: A Paleo Perspective – 20th Century Drought" (http:/ / www. ncdc. noaa. gov/ paleo/ drought/ drght_history. html). National
Climatic Data Center. . Retrieved 2009-04-05.
[2] Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz (http:/ / books. google. ca/ books?id=kwke_hhx8Z8C& lpg=PP1& dq=. A
History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz& pg=PP1#v=onepage& q& f=true). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6. .
[3] "The Great Plains: from dust to dust" (http:/ / web. archive. org/ web/ 20071006015832/ http:/ / www. planning. org/ 25anniversary/ planning/
1987dec. htm). Planning Magazine. 1987-12. Archived from the original (http:/ / www. planning. org/ 25anniversary/ planning/ 1987dec. htm)
on October 6, 2007. . Retrieved December 6, 2007.
[4] Regions at Risk: a comparison of threatened environments (http:/ / www. unu. edu/ unupress/ unupbooks/ uu14re/ uu14re00. htm). United
Nations University Press. 1995. . Retrieved December 6, 2007.
[5] Drought in the Dust Bowl Years (http:/ / drought. unl. edu/ DroughtBasics/ DustBowl/ DroughtintheDustBowlYears. aspx). USA: National
Drought Mitigation Center. 2006. . Retrieved December 6, 2007.
[6] Regions at Risk: a comparison of threatened environments (http:/ / www. unu. edu/ unupress/ unupbooks/ uu14re/ uu14re0n. htm#6. the ilano
estacado of the american southern high plains). United Nations University Press. 1995. . Retrieved December 6, 2008.
[7] "A History of Drought in Colorado: lessons learned and what lies ahead" (http:/ / ccc. atmos. colostate. edu/ pdfs/ ahistoryofdrought. pdf)
(PDF). Colorado Water Resources Research Institute. February 2000. . Retrieved December 6, 2007.
[8] "A Report of the Great Plains Area Drought Committee" (http:/ / newdeal. feri. org/ hopkins/ hop27. htm). Hopkins Papers, Franklin D.
Roosevelt Library. August 27, 1936. . Retrieved December 6, 2007.
[9] "Surviving the Dust Bowl" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ americanexperience/ features/ transcript/ dustbowl-transcript/ ). 1998. . Retrieved
September 19, 2011.
[10] Stock, Catherine McNicol (1992). Main Street in Crisis: The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains, p. 24.
University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4689-9.
[11] Dewing, Rolland. "Regions in Transition". Landham, Maryland: University Press of America, 2006, p. v.
[12] "A Cultural Hisotry of the United States - The 1930s". San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1999, p. 39.
[13] "First Measured Century: Interview:James Gregory" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ fmc/ interviews/ gregory. htm). PBS. . Retrieved 2007-03-11.
[14] Babb, Sanora, Dorothy Babb, and Douglas Wixson. "On the Dirty Plate Trail". Edited by Douglas Wixson. Autin, Texas: University of
Texas Press, 2007, p. 20.
[15] "A Cultural Hisotry of the United States - The 1930s". San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1999, p.19.
[16] Worster, Donald (1979). Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s. Oxford University Press.
[17] Worster, Donald. "Dust Bowl - The Southern Plains in the 1930s". 25. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 50,
[18] Worster, Donald. "Dust Bowl - The Southern Plains in the 1930s". 25. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 45,
[19] Worster, Donald. "Dust Bowl - The Southern Plains in the 1930s". 25. New York City, New York: Oxford University Press, 2004, p. 49,
[20] Gregory, N. James. 1991. American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California. Oxford University Press.
[21] Babb, Sanora, Dorothy Babb, and Douglas Wixson. "On the Dirty Plate Trail". Edited by Douglas Wixson. Autin, Texas: University of
Texas Press, 2007, p. 13,
[22] Steiner, Frederick (2008). The Living Landscape, Second Edition: An Ecological Approach to Landscape Planning, p. 188. Island Press.
ISBN 1-59726-396-6.
[23] "The American Experience / Surviving the Dust Bowl / Timeline" (http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wgbh/ amex/ dustbowl/ timeline/ ). .
6
Dust Bowl
[24] Monthly Catalog, United States Public Documents, By United States Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing
Office, Published by G.P.O., 1938
[25] Federal Writers' Project. Texas. Writers' Program (Tex.): Writers' Program Texas. p. 16.
[26] Buchanan, James Shannon. Chronicles of Oklahoma. Oklahoma Historical Society. p. 224.
[27] "A Cultural Hisotry of the United States - The 1930s". San Diego, California: Lucent Books, Inc., 1999, p.45.
[28] United States. Agricultural Adjustment Administration and Murphy, Philip G., (1935), Drought of 1934: The Federal Government's
Assistance to Agriculture (http:/ / fraser. stlouisfed. org/ publication-series/ ?id=834)". Accessed August 10, 2012.
[29] Hornbeck, Richard (December 2009). "The Enduring Impact of the American Dust Bowl: Short and Long-run Adjustments to
Environmental Catastrophe" (http:/ / www. nber. org/ papers/ w15605. pdf) (PDF). USA: National Bureau of Economic Research. p. 3. .
Retrieved March 1, 2011.
[30] Landon-Lane, John; Hugh Rockoff and Richard Steckel (December 2009). "Droughts, Floods, and Financial Distress in the United States"
(http:/ / www. nber. org/ papers/ w15596. pdf) (PDF). National Bureau of Economic Research. p. 6. . Retrieved March 1, 2011.
Bibliography
• Allison Lassieur, (2009) The Dust Bowl: An Interactive History Adventure (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=wnUYNCMvf8wC&lpg=PA2&dq=Dust Bowl&pg=PA2#v=onepage&q&f=true) Capstone Press,
ISBN 1-4296-3455-3
• Ronald A. Reis (2008) The Dust Bowl (http://books.google.ca/books?id=DQ9ZoUJ1hWQC&pg=PA120&
dq=Survival+in+the+Storm:+The+Dust+Bowl+Diary+of+Grace+Edwards&hl=en&
ei=U3VbTbKuFIus8Aax55CNDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&
ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=true) Chelsea House ISBN 978-0-7910-9737-3
• Donald Worster, 2004 (1979) Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=8fM-ZWXPe_QC&lpg=PP1&dq=Dust Bowl: The Southern Plains in the 1930s&
pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true) (25. anniversary ed) Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517489-5
• Woody Guthrie, (1963) The (Nearly) Complete Collection of Woody Guthrie Folk Songs, Ludlow Music, New
York.
• Alan Lomax, Woody Guthrie, Pete Seeger, (1967) Hard-Hitting Songs for Hard-Hit People, Oak Publications,
New York.
• C. Vann Woodward, (1967) The Origins of the New South (http://books.google.ca/
books?id=rTK1N6owT1YC&lpg=PP1&dq=The Origins of the New South&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true),
Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0019-6
• Timothy Egan (2006) The Worst Hard Time (http://books.google.ca/books?id=np1RwDQfpjsC&lpg=PP1&
dq=The Untold Story of Those Who Survived the Great American Dust Bowl&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=true),
Houghton Mifflin Company, New York, hardcover. ISBN 0-618-34697-X.
• Katelan Janke, (1935) Survival in the Storm: The Dust Bowl Diary of Grace Edwards, Dalhart, Texas, Scholastic
(September 2002). ISBN 0-439-21599-4.
• Karen Hesse (paperback January 1999) Out of the Dust, Scholastic Signature. New York First Edition, 1997,
hardcover . ISBN 0-590-37125-8.
7
Dust Bowl
External links
• NASA Explains "Dust Bowl" Drought (http://www.gsfc.nasa.gov/topstory/2004/0319dustbowl.html)
• The Dust Bowl photo collection (http://www.weru.ksu.edu/new_weru/multimedia/dustbowl/dustbowlpics.
html)
• The Dust Bowl (http://eh.net/encyclopedia/?article=Cunfer.DustBowl) (EH.Net Encyclopedia)
• Black Sunday, April 14, 1935, Dodge City, KS (http://www.kansashistory.us/dustbowl.html)
• The Bibliography of Aeolian Research (http://www.lbk.ars.usda.gov/wewc/biblio/bar.htm)
• Surviving the Dust Bowl, Black Sunday (April 14, 1935) (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/dustbowl/
peopleevents/pandeAMEX07.html)
• Voices from the Dust Bowl: The Charles L. Todd and Robert Sonkin Migrant Worker Collection, 1940–1941
(http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.afc/collafc.af000011) Library of Congress, American Folklife Center Online
collection of archival sound recordings, photographs, and manuscripts
• YouTube Video: "The Great Depression, Displaced Mountaineers in Shenandoah National Park, and the Civilian
Conservation Corps (C.C.C.)" (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2jvbTwxdbvE)
• Farming in the 1930s (http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe30s/water_02.html) (Wessels Living
History Farm)
• Flash: Out of the Dust (http://www.modbee.com/outofthedust) (The Modesto Bee)
• Africa Data Dissemination Service (http://earlywarning.usgs.gov/adds/), part of the Famine Early Warning
Systems Network, U.S. Geological Service
• Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture – Dust Bowl (http://digital.library.okstate.edu/encyclopedia/
entries/D/DU011.html)
• Oklahoma Digital Maps: Digital Collections of Oklahoma and Indian Territory (http://www.library.okstate.
edu/okmaps/)
8
Article Sources and Contributors
Article Sources and Contributors
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Image Sources, Licenses and Contributors
File:Farmer walking in dust storm Cimarron County Oklahoma2.jpg Source:
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Farmer_walking_in_dust_storm_Cimarron_County_Oklahoma2.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Arthur Rothstein, for the Farm Security
Administration
Image:Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dust-storm-Texas-1935.png License: Public Domain Contributors: Bidgee, Epimethius,
Infrogmation, Jaymocky, Leaflet, Saperaud, 4 anonymous edits
Image:Wea01422.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wea01422.jpg License: unknown Contributors: Original uploader was Bevo at en.wikipedia
Image:Dust Bowl - Dallas, South Dakota 1936.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Dust_Bowl_-_Dallas,_South_Dakota_1936.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Sloan (?)
File:Oklahoman boy during the Dust Bowl era.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Oklahoman_boy_during_the_Dust_Bowl_era.jpg License: Public Domain
Contributors: Arthur Rothstein, for the Farm Security Administration. Original uploader was AgnosticPreachersKid at en.wikipedia
License
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