Becoming What We Behold The Sacred Icons of Saint Nicholas Themistoklis Petrou Iconography Sponsorship Program “Phase I - East” Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church of Ann Arbor, MI Becoming What We Behold “Faith and Tradition, the Holy Sacraments, Iconography, the Holy Canons, Hagiography, and the practices and important customs of the Greek Orthodox Church are expressly meant to be transformative. They are meant to bring us out of our current state of existence and lead us to the highest spiritual reality: union with God and communion with our brothers and sisters in Christ.” Father Nicolaos H. Kotsis “During the Liturgy and all other Services, joyful and sorrowful, our eyes are on the icons before us. The countenance of our Lord and Panaghia elicit compunction, repentance and prayer. Icons are a reminder to all of us of the events in the Life of our Lord, the Panaghia, the Saints and events, which inspire and transfigure the world. These icons, always before our eyes, are part of the ladder whereby we ascend from the earthly to the heavenly. Icons are a guide for us all, especially for our children, and for the generations to come, who will pray in our Church.” Iconography Committee Report to the Parish Council, December 2005 Themistoklis Petrou 2 Our Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Parish was established in 1933, building its first Church on North Main Street, and holding its first Divine Liturgy in December 1935. The Church was consecrated in October 1939. Iconography was comprised of icons on the iconostasis and stained glass windows. The Parish relocated to the present site on Scio Church Road in early 2003; the Lagos Family had donated 10 acres of land for this purpose. The new Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church was officially opened in February 2004 with a special service called “Thyranoixia”, that is “Opening of the Doors”, officiated by His Eminence Metropolitan Nicholas of Detroit. The Church building has a traditional design, providing for placement of icons of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, The Most Holy Theotokos, Angels, Holy Prophets and Saints, and Old and New Testament scenes – in the dome, in the eastern apse, in the altar, and on walls and ceilings of the entire Church. With the Blessing of Metropolitan Nicholas, an Iconography Committee progressed under direction of Father John Paul of Blessed Memory, during construction of the Church. The Committee’s work continued under the direction Father Nicolaos H. Kotsis, and concluded its work in October 2005 with selection of Iconographer Mr. Themistoklis Petrou of Athens, Greece. Iconography is an Orthodox Church Holy Tradition, and consecration of the present Church will take place after all iconography has been completed. Over the past eight years, the Parish Council undertook significant efforts to reduce the Church mortgage to its current acceptable level. The Parish Council recently deemed this is an appropriate time to initiate the Church’s iconography program, eventually leading to completing the original Church building task with its consecration. Iconography for Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church Mr. Petrou’s Iconography is in traditional Byzantine style. Some icon examples included in this brochure are by the hand of Mr. Petrou; others are copied from the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese web site and from other sources as examples only. Icons to be placed in Saint Nicholas Church will be ecclesiastically approved. While the subject of new icons will be the same as the examples, the style and details of Mr. Petrou’s iconography may differ from these examples. Each and every icon is unique. To view additional inspirational examples of iconography written by Mr. Petrou for Greek Orthodox Churches, visit his web site at http://www.themispetrou.gr Since Iconography is the visual representation of Holy Scripture, it is important to place only the name of the Saint or Scene on an Icon. Names or explanations on iconography should be in both Greek and English, if in one language, then in English. For further explanations of iconography for Phase I – East, a separate Iconography Reference Booklet is available. Included in the booklet are examples of Icons, together with descriptions, Biblical texts, hymns and historical explanations for each icon, and it lists Biblical, liturgical and iconography reference sources. Icons are: “of our Lord God and Saviour Jesus Christ, of our Spotless Lady the Theotokos, of the honourable Angels, and of all Saints and Holy People. For the more continually they are seen in iconic form, the more are the beholders lifted up to the memory of the prototype and to an aspiration of them.” (From the Seventh Ecumenical Synod (787 AD) of Nicaea) 3 Included herein are two lists of icons for Phase I – East, with each icon identified by a number (1 to 41). The first list, on pages 6 and 7, is accompanied with a photograph and a diagram to indicate respective icon locations. The second list, on pages 8 to 13, includes icon examples, location diagrams, icon descriptions, and a corresponding sponsorship amount for each icon. Subsequent iconography will be undertaken in future phases, generally described on page 14. Included is a Sponsorship Offering Form, page 15 and insert, for parishioner families and individuals, separately or in combination, to sponsor one or more icons, to indicate their preferences, and to provide sponsor names and contact information. Also included are Iconography Sponsorship Guidelines for Phase I – East, page 5, describing sponsorship objectives, and guidelines for icon selection and payment. In recognition, names of sponsors for iconography will be displayed on the Donor Board, now located near our fellowship hall, and eventually in a commemorative book when all iconography has been completed. Themistoklis Petrou Iconography Program Brochure and Icon Sponsorship for Phase I – East The First Phase of Iconography will commence in the Eastern part of the Church, identified as Phase I – East. This brochure is provided for parishioners to consider and select icons to be sponsored in this phase. After a waiting period of 2 months (60 days minimum), sponsorship requests will be accepted by the Church starting on November 29, 2012. At this time a minimum of 25% Initial Payment is to be submitted for each icon sponsored. The Balance Payment is required before January 29, 2013, allowing parishioners to choose fiscal year 2012 and/or 2013. 4 Themistoklis Petrou Iconography Sponsorship Guidelines 1. Iconography Sponsorship Objectives a. To accommodate Sponsors’ wishes with fairness and privacy. b. To encourage as many Parishioners as possible to participate. c. To allow alternative preferences for icon sponsorship. d. Provide details of offering and timing of payments. e. Specify a waiting period of not less than 60 days before accepting sponsorships. f. To allow shared Sponsorships and shared recognition. g. Icon sponsorships may be submitted, not requesting a particular icon. h. All donations will be gratefully accepted, including contributions to the Church Iconography Fund. i. All donations will be recognized. 2. Icon Sponsorship a. Individuals and/or families may sponsor one or more icons. b. Individuals and/or families may combine to sponsor one or more icons. c. A Church group or Groups may sponsor one or more icons. 3. Selection of Requested Icon(s) a. The Church will make every effort to accommodate icon requests and preferences. b. Father Nicolaos Kotsis will reconcile selection of requested icons, should more than one Sponsor requests a particular icon. Final icon selection will be decided by Father Nicolaos on Pastoral/Ecclesiastical considerations. 4. The Church is unable to assume any financial risks, consequently: a. Sponsorships are necessary to be acquired for all icons in Phase I - East. b. Necessary funding for all icons in Phase I – East is essential before the Church may authorize the Iconographer to proceed. c. The Church is unable to accept less than the full Sponsorship Amount for a requested icon. d. To assure all icons in Phase I – East are fully sponsored, Sponsors are asked for an understanding and to assist should their requested icons not be available by helping the Church to apply or transfer sponsorships to another icon within the current Phase; recognition for the Sponsor is retained. Alternatively, a Sponsor may consider requesting a refund. 5. Sponsorship Payments and Evaluation a. Sponsorship Requests for Phase I – East begin to be accepted on November 29, 2012, to be accompanied with an Initial Payment, which may be: 1) Up to the Full Sponsorship Amount for the highest value of requested icon(s). 2) Or, not less than a minimum of 25% of Sponsorship Amount for the highest value of requested icon(s). b. On November 29, 2012, the Church will begin to record Sponsorship offerings, to identify requested icons and payment schedules. c. Balance Payment of Sponsorship Amount is required to be paid on or before one of the following: 1) Sponsorship Request period concludes on 29 January 2013. 2) Or, upon finalizing icon selection, by acknowledgement from the Church. d. Except in extenuating circumstance, should a Balance Payment not be forthcoming, the Church will add the Initial Payment to the Church Iconography Fund, retaining recognition for the Sponsor, and the requested icon will be available for another Sponsor. 6. Published Sponsorship Amount a. Only total Sponsorship Amounts are shown for each icon or grouped icons in publications. b. Sponsorship Amounts for Phase I – East include costs for the Iconographer per his Contract (58%); Church direct costs for scaffolding and preparation work (20%); contingency allowance (8%); and Church mortgage reduction allowance (14%). c. Note: the Iconographer has maintained his pricing structure as first proposed in 2005 d. Note: the Parish Council has deemed it necessary to include a reasonable mortgage reduction component (14%) as a Parish contribution. 5 Icons of Phase I - East 30 31 12 11 13 10 8 34 39 1 40 41 26 37 5 33 4 9 36 6 3 35 7 32 38 27 32 And God has set some in the Church, first Apostles, second Prophets, third Teachers, after that Miracles, then Gifts of Healings, Helpers, Administrators, Speakers in various kinds of tongues. (I Corinthians Ch 12, v 28, King James Version) SOVEREIGN ICONS HOLY EVANGELISTS AND HOLY APOSTLES 1 8 2 3 Holy Mandylion (Holy Cloth) – Image of Christ, Not-Made-By-Hands, with two Angels Christ as High Priest, Enthroned – In Sanctuary, central to eight Great Hierarchs The Most Holy Theotokos as Platytera Ton Ouranon, Enthroned with two Angels HOLY PROPHETS 4 5 6 7 6 Holy Prophet King David Holy Prophet King Solomon Holy Prophet Isaiah Holy Prophet Micah (Michaeas) 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew – and his symbol the likeness of a Man Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian – and his symbol like a flying Eagle Holy Apostle Peter Holy Apostle Paul Holy Apostle Andrew, First Called Holy Apostle Thomas Holy Apostle Stephen of the Seventy, Protomartyr and Archdeacon Holy Apostle Philip of the Seventy and Bishop of Tralles 30 31 8 39 10 12 13 11 40 41 1 36 9 37 38 3 26 27 20 21 2223 28 19 2 24 17 29 14 16 18 25 15 ICONS IN THE SANCTUARY/ALTAR SCENES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT 16 28 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ Preparation Table North – Prothesis Christ in Extreme Humility, also called “Christ the Bridegroom” – PreparationTable South – Prothesis Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan Saint James (Iakovos), Brother of the Lord Saint Gregory the Theologian Saint Basil the Great Saint John Chrysostom Saint Athanasios the Great of Alexandria Saint Cyril the Patriarch of Alexandria Saint Gregory of Nyssa HOLY RIGHTEOUS SAINTS 26 27 The Holy Righteous Ancestors of God Joachim and Anna, Parents of The Most Holy Theotokos Holy Prophet Zacharias and Righteous Elizabeth, Parents of Saint John the Forerunner and Baptist 29 30 31 Sacrifice of Abraham – Next to Northern Preparation Table Hospitality of Abraham – Next to Southern Preparation Table Abraham meets Holy Prophet Melchisedec (or Melchizedek) Vision of Holy Prophet Ezekiel of the Glory of God and the Four Evangelists ICONS OF THE TWELVE GREAT FEASTS 32 33 34 35 The Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ Ascension of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ Holy Pentecost, Descent of The Holy Spirit SCENES AND SAINTS FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT 36 37 38 39 40 41 The Apokathelosis, The Taking Down from the Cross Saint Joseph of Arimathea Saint Nicodemos The Angel appears to the Women carrying Spices and Announces the Resurrection – The Myrrh-Bearing Women Saint Susanna the Myrrh-Bearer Saint Martha the Myrrh-Bearer, Sister of Saint Lazaros 7 Iconography Program with Sponsorship Amounts for Phase I – East SOVEREIGN ICONS Icon Example Location 1 2 3 Sponsorship Description Amount Holy Mandylion (Holy Cloth) Image of Christ, Not-Made-By-Hands with two Angels, one on each side $7,500 (August 16) Location – Top central of East small arch wall Christ as High Priest, Enthroned Location – Sanctuary curved wall in the central position between eight Great Hierarchs, four on each side $6,500 The Most Holy Theotokos as Platytera Ton Ouranon, Enthroned with Two Angels, one each on side Location – Conch of Eastern Apse $65,500 HOLY PROPHETS Selected for their prophecies on the Incarnation of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, four icons of Holy Prophets are placed above the Icon of The Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos 4 5 6 7 8 Holy Prophet King David (December 26) (Medallion icon) Location – North above icon of Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos $2,400 Holy Prophet King Solomon (December 26) (Medallion icon) Location – North above icon of Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos $2,400 Holy Prophet Isaiah (May 9) (Medallion icon) Location – South above icon of Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos $2,400 Holy Prophet Micah (Michaeas) (August 14) (Medallion icon) Location – South above icon of Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos $2,400 HOLY EVANGELISTS AND HOLY APOSTLES Icon Example Location Description 8 9 Sponsorship Amount Holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew (November 16) Symbol of Saint Matthew the likeness of a man – on the flat ceiling above Location – North East pendentive Holy Apostle and Evangelist John the Theologian (September 26 and May 8) Symbol of Saint John like a flying eagle – on the flat ceiling above Location – South East pendentive $17,000 $17,000 10 Holy Apostle Peter (June 29) (Full figure) Location – East arch wall, top level and north of circular window $4,500 11 Holy Apostle Paul (June 29) (Full figure) Location – East arch wall, top level and north of circular window $4,500 12 Holy Apostle Andrew, First Called (November 30) (Full figure) Location – East arch wall, top level and south of circular window $4,500 13 Holy Apostle Thomas (October 6) (Full figure) Location – East arch wall, top level and south of circular window $4,500 14 Holy Apostle Stephen of the Seventy, Protomartyr and Archdeacon (December 27) (Full figure) Location – Base of small arch wall, left of North Deacon door $4,250 15 Holy Apostle Philip of the Seventy and Bishop of Tralles (October 11) (Full figure) Location – Base of small arch wall, right of South Deacon door $4,250 9 ICONS IN THE SANCTUARY – PROTHESES – Icons above Preparation Tables Icon Example Location Description Sponsorship Amount 16 Nativity of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (December 25) Location – Prothesis Sanctuary/Altar North Preparation Table 17 ”Christ in Extreme Humility”, also called “Christ the Bridegroom” Location – Prothesis Sanctuary/Altar South Preparation Table $10,750 $10,750 ICONS IN THE SANCTUARY/ALTAR – EIGHT GREAT HIERARCHS 18 Saint Ambrose, Bishop of Milan (December 7) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) 19 Saint James (Iakovos), Brother of the Lord (October 23) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) 20 21 22 10 Saint Gregory the Theologian (January 25) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) Saint Basil the Great (January 1) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) Saint John Chrysostom (November 13) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 ICONS IN THE SANCTUARY/ALTAR – EIGHT GREAT HIERARCHS – Cont. Icon Example Location Description Sponsorship Amount 23 Saint Athanasios the Great of Alexandria (January 18) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) 24 Saint Cyril the Patriarch of Alexandria (January 18 and June 9) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) 25 Saint Gregory of Nyssa (January 10) Location – Sanctuary/Altar curved wall (Full figure) $5,000 $5,000 $5,000 HOLY RIGHTEOUS SAINTS 26 The Holy Righteous Ancestors of God Joachim and Anna, Parents of The Most Holy Theotokos (September 9) Location – Lower East arch wall – North Holy Prophet Zacharias and Righteous Elizabeth, Parents of Saint John the Forerunner and Baptist Commemorations: Holy Prophet Zacharias on September 5 and Righteous Elizabeth on June 24 Location – Lower East arch wall – South SCENES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT $7,500 27 $7,500 28 Sacrifice of Abraham (October 9) Location – Sanctuary/Altar Next to North Preparation Table $17,000 29 Hospitality of Abraham and Sarah Location – Sanctuary/Altar Next to South Preparation Table $17,000 11 SCENES FROM THE OLD TESTAMENT – Continued Icon Example Location Mr. Themistoklis Petrou Proposal drawing Icon Example: Mosaic in Sanctuary of the Osios David Church at Latomos Monastery, in the old town of Thessaloniki, Greece (Late 5th to Early 6th Centuries) Description Sponsorship Amount 30 Abraham Meets Holy Prophet Melchisedec (or Melchizedek) Location – North East octagon wall above pendentive $18,000 31 Vision of Holy Prophet Ezekiel of the Glory of God and the Four Evangelists Location – South East octagon wall above pendentive $18,000 ICONS OF THE TWELVE GREAT FEASTS 32 33 34 Annunciation of the Most Holy Theotokos (March 25) Location – in two parts on the small arch wall above the Sanctuary $12,000 Nativity of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (December 25) Location – East arch ceiling – North $20,250 Ascension of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ (40 days after Pascha) Location – East arch ceiling – Top central Occupies two spaces $40,500 35 Holy Pentecost, Descent of The Holy Spirit (50 days after Pascha) Location – East arch ceiling – South 12 $20,250 SCENES FROM THE NEW TESTAMENT AND ASSOCIATED SAINTS Icon Example Location Description Sponsorship Amount 36 The Apokathelosis The Taking Down from the Cross (Commemorated Holy Friday) Location – East arch wall – Upper South $14,000 37 Saint Joseph of Arimathea (Commemorated on July 22 and on the 3rd Sunday of Pascha) Location – East arch wall – South Below Icon of The Taking Down from the Cross (Medallion icon) $2,500 38 Saint Nicodemos (Commemorated on August 2 and on the 3rd Sunday of Pascha) Location – East arch wall – South Below Icon of The Taking Down from the Cross (Medallion icon) $2,500 39 The Angel appears to the Women carrying Spices and Announces the Resurrection The Myrrh-Bearing Women (Commemorated on the Third Sunday of Pascha) Location –East arch wall – Upper North Mr. Themistoklis Petrou Part of proposal drawing $14,000 Saint Susanna the Myrrh-Bearer (Commemorated on June 27 and on the 3rd Sunday of Pascha) Location – East arch wall – North Below Icon of The Myrrh-Bearing Women (Medallion icon) $2,500 41 Saint Martha the Myrrh-Bearer, Sister of Saint Lazaros (Commemorated on June 4 and on the 3rd Sunday of Pascha) Location – East arch wall – North Below Icon of The Myrrh-Bearing Women (Medallion icon) $2,500 40 13 Iconography in Future Phases Additional proposed Iconography in the Church building will be undertaken in Phases and sequences will be determined in due time. CHURCH DOME Christ as Pantocrator – Center of dome The Most Holy Theotokos, Saint John the Baptist and Forerunner, and Ten Angels – Twelve medallion figures surrounding Christ as Pantocrator Twelve Holy Prophets (full figure) NORTH Most Holy Theotokos with Christ Child – Top of North window wall The Akathist Hymn – North window wall “Rejoice, O Heavenly Ladder, by which God descended” – Upper West “Rejoice, O Bridge that conveys those from earth to Heaven” – Upper East “Rejoice, O Sea, which drowned the symbolic Pharaoh.” “Rejoice! O fiery Pillar, leading the earthly to the Heavenly life” “Rejoice, O Pillar of fire, guiding those in darkness” – Lower West & between windows “Rejoice, O Rock, refreshing those who thirst for Life” – Between East windows “Rejoice, O Bush Un-burning, Cloud ever-shining, incessantly shading the faithful” – Lower East North Window Wall Twelve (12) Saints (full figure) – Eye Level North Arch Ceiling Theophany – Baptism of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ – Lower East The Presentation of Our Lord Jesus Christ in the Temple – Upper East Entry of Our Lord Jesus Christ into Jerusalem – Palm Sunday – Lower West Christ in Prayer on Mount of Olives – Upper West North Arch Wall Four Holy Apostles Two Scenes from the Life of Christ Four Saints (medallion) Four Saints – Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles (full figure) SOUTH Life of Saint Nicholas– South window wall Saving from Danger at Sea – Upper East and West Ordination of Saint Nicholas – Lower East Saint Nicholas Sharing Wealth with the Poor – Lower central between windows Dormition of Saint Nicholas – Lower West South Window Wall Twelve Saints (full figure) – Eye Level South Arch Ceiling Crucifixion of Our Lord Jesus Christ – Lower East Resurrection of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ – Upper East The Raising of Lazaros – Lower West Transfiguration of Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ – Upper West North Arch Wall Four Holy Apostles Two Scenes from the Life of Christ Four Saints (medallion) Four Saints – Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles (full figure) WEST Choir Balcony Face Infant Jesus, with Saints Joachim and Anna Six Saints (medallion) Two Saints – Hermits and/or Stylite Saints (half figure) West Arch Ceiling Nativity of The Most Holy Theotokos – Lower South Entry of The Most Holy Theotokos into the Temple – Upper South Falling Asleep, The Dormition of The Most Holy Theotokos – Lower North Exaltation of the Life Giving Cross – Upper North West Arch Wall Four Holy Apostles Two Scenes from the Life of Christ Four Saints (medallion) Four Saints – Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles (full figure) Pendentives Holy Apostle and Evangelist Mark – North West pendentive Holy Apostle and Evangelist Luke – South West pendentive Octagon Walls above Pendentives Holy Prophet Elias ascending to Heaven on the Chariot – North West octagon Holy Prophet Jonah and the Whale – South West octagon ICONOSTASIS – Panel icons Prescribed icons: Our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ; The Most Holy Theotokos; Saint John The Baptist and Forerunner; Saint Nicholas Wonder-Worker, Bishop of Myra in Lycia: Archangels Gabriel and Michael. Four Saints – Lower tier Twelve Great Feast Days, the Mystical Supper, and icons of the Crucifixion and Resurrection of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ – Upper tier. CRY ROOM The Twelve Year Old Christ in the Temple Christ Blessing the Children Noah’s Ark Creation Themistoklis Petrou 14 Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church 3109 Scio Church Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 SPONSOR OFFER FORM – ICONOGRAPHY PHASE I – EAST Sponsorship Submittals begin November 29, 2012 and conclude 29 January 2013 I (we) wish to sponsor Iconography for Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church. I (we) request to sponsor one two or three icon(s), with the following preference: Preference Icon No. Icon Name Sponsorship Amount First ________ ________________________________ $ ___________________ Second ________ _______________________________ $ ___________________ Third ________ _______________________________ $ ___________________ I (we) enclose a voluntary donation towards the Church Iconography fund of $ ____________ Submitted by: (Name of Sponsor or Sponsors): _________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Contact Name: ______________________________________________________________ Contact Address: ______________________________________________________________ Telephone _____________________ Cell: _________________ Email _____________________ I (we) have read and agree with the Iconography Sponsorship Guidelines _______ Yes I (we) enclose Initial Payment of $__________for each icon requested: one two or three (If one icon, minimum 25% of highest Sponsorship Amount of preferred icons listed above) I (we) will submit Balance Payment of $ _____________ by ___________ (Date), or, not later than January 29, 2013 _________ Yes Payment to Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church by: Check Payment by Credit Card: VISA Master Card Money Order Cash Name on Card ________________________ Credit Card Number ____________________________________ Expiration Date ____________ Signature(s): _______________________________________________ Date: ____________ Signature(s): _______________________________________________ Date: ____________ Notes: 1. Complete and forward your sponsorship request to: Saint Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church, 3109 Scio Church Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48103 2. Or, place your sponsorship request in a drop box in the Church Office 3. Please mark your envelope Iconography Sponsorship 4. The Church will be pleased to confirm acceptance and selection of your icon(s) sponsorship by First Class mail and by telephone call. 15