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CHAPTER 3
ANALYSIS
The previous chapter explains the way to characterize a character. It is
used to explain Sydney Carton as character in this study. This chapter also
explains that the way to know the moral development of character based on
Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory. It aims to know what moral development happenns
in each stage in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory and his afford to create what he
wants.
This chapter contains the analysis by detail about Sydney Carton’s
character and his moral development experience. This study is going to divide this
chapter into three parts. The first part is explaining Sydney Carton’s character and
characterization to know who Sydney Carton is. The second is explaining the
moral development on Sydney Carton based on Lawrence kohlberg’s theory. It
aims to explain the moral development procees of Sydney Carton when in the
beginning he was a bad person who become a better one. The moral of
development finally makes him become altruistic person who sacrifices himself to
help others. The last explains the effect of altruism sacrifices on Sydney Carton in
his pesonal life. It aims to explain what the effect of his altruism sacrifices based
on his thought during his choice to sacrifices himself to help other, in addition
from this discuss is also talk about altruism in islamic point of view.
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3.1 Character and Characterization of Sydney Carton in ‘A Tale
Of Two Cities’

Character of Sydney Carton
Sydney Carton is the most dynamic character in Charles Dickens, 'A Tale
of Two Cities’. He is the main character that makes the story interesting. He
begins with his first worst moral appearance. He also shows his existence as a
supreme waste of life and takes every opportunity to declare that he cares for
nothing and no one. When Sydney feels falling in love with Lucy, he begins to
change his moral to be a better person and in the end of story he becomes a hero
that save Darnay from the execution even though he must sacrifice himself as
substitution of Darnay.
At the first time, Carton presents himself as attorney who is drunk and
lazy and he also feels the entire of his life has no meaning. Sydney Carton’s first
appearance is introduced when he works as attorney to provide Charles Darnay, a
young Frenchman to whom he bears a strong resemblance. Carton defends Darnay
against charges of treason towards the English government. Such in explaination
of narrator about Sydney :
And nearly opposite another wigged gentleman with his hands in
his pockets, whose whole attention, when Mr. Cruncher looked at him then
or afterwards, seemed to be concentrated on the ceiling of the court.
(Dickens 85)
Sydney Carton’s physical appearance is not explained directly in the text
but he is described have similar appearance in face and physical with Carles
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Darnay. Their physical resemblance described when the trial begins with the
Attorney-General's long and often-times digressive statement of the treason
charges against Darnay. Darnay's counsel, Mr. Stryver, attempted to discredit the
prosecution's two main witnesses John Barsad and Roger Cly but the turning point
in the trial comes when Stryver's associate, Sydney Carton alerted him to the
remarkable physical resemblance between Carton and Darnay. Stryver
dramatically calls attention to the resemblance during the questioning of another
witness for the prosecution, casting doubt onto the man's testimony that he see
Darnay waiting for someone in a hotel. Stryver then concludes the case with
witnesses and the accused that Barsad as the spy and traitor and also Cly as his
accomplice. Darnay stated that he was innocent victim who confidential family
affairs caused him to travel between the two countries. After an hour and a half,
the jury returns with a verdict Darnay is innocent. It can be proven in the
quotation below :
‘You say again you are quite sure that it was the prisoner?’
The witness was quite sure.
‘Did you ever see anybody very like the prisoner?’
Not so like (the witness said) as that he could be mistaken.
‘Look well upon that gentleman, my learned friend there,’ pointing to him
who had tossed the paper over, ‘and then look well upon the prisoner.
How say you? Are they very like each other?’
Allowing for my learned friend’s appearance being careless and
slovenly if not debauched, they were sufficiently like each other to
surprise, not only the witness, but everybody present, when they were thus
brought into comparison. My Lord being prayed to bid my learned friend
lay aside his wig, and giving no very gracious consent, the likeness
became much more remarkable. My Lord inquired of Mr. Stryver (the
prisoner’s counsel), whether they were next to try Mr. Carton (name of my
learned friend) for treason? But, Mr. Stryver replied to my Lord, no; but he
would ask the witness to tell him whether what happened once, might
happen twice; whether he would have been so confident if he had seen this
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illustration of his rashness sooner, whether he would be so confident,
having seen it; and more. The upshot of which, was, to smash this witness
like a crockery vessel, and shiver his part of the case to useless lumber.
(103-104)
Based on the quotation above it describes that the physical appearance of
Sydney Carton is resemble to Carles Darnay. Although the appearance of Sydney
Carton does not explain directly in the text, we can are able to conclude his
appearance resemble with Carles Darnay who explained his appearance directly in
the text. Such in explanation of narrator about Darnay :
The object of all this staring and blaring, was a young man of about
five-and-twenty, well-grown and well-looking, with a sunburnt cheek and
a dark eye. His condition was that of a young gentleman. He was plainly
dressed in black, or very dark grey, and his hair, which was long and dark,
was gathered in a ribbon at the back of his neck; more to be out of his way
than for ornament. As an emotion of the mind will express itself through
any covering of the body, so the paleness which his situation engendered
came through the brown upon his cheek, showing the soul to be stronger
than the sun. He was otherwise quite self-possessed, bowed to the Judge,
and stood quiet. (86)

Characterization of Sydney Carton
Sydney Carton is an attorney who works under Mr. Stryver and he is a
man who has brilliant idea, but in the text he is described in symbolism as a jackal
and Mr. Stryver himself is described as a lion. The jackal is supposed to
represents a person who do task for another and the lion is supposed who controls
and gives order, and Mr. Stryver knows and he can manipulate to control Carton.
‘You and your luck, Sydney! Get to work, get to work.’
Sullenly enough, the jackal loosened his dress, went into an
adjoining room, and came back with a large jug of cold water, a basin, and
a towel or two. Steeping the towels in the water, and partially wringing
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them out, he folded them on his head in a manner hideous to behold, sat
down at the table, and said, ‘Now I am ready!’
‘Not much boiling down to be done to-night, Memory,’ said Mr.
Stryver, gaily, as he looked among his papers.
‘How much?’
‘Only two sets of them.’
‘Give me the worst first.’
‘There they are, Sydney. Fire away!’
The lion then composed himself on his back on a sofa on one side
of the drinking-table, while the jackal sat at his own paper-bestrewn table
proper, on the other side of it, with the bottles and glasses ready to his
hand. (122)
In the text above explain that Sydney Carton only works to someone, and
he cannot stands by himself, he is only taking order from Mr. Stryver but in the
fact, Sydney Carton is the person who does solves the cases. Sydney Carton
shows that he fails to live up to his professional potential by comparing him with
Stryver. Although the two men go through school together and have shared
similar professional opportunities, Carton remains the jackal (researcher and
assistant) to Stryver's lion (prominent lawyer). Carton is undoubtedly more
intelligent than Stryver, but he lacks the ambition and resolve that makes Stryver a
success. Sydney Carton is also described as person who works hards it is
explained in the text below :
Sydney had been working double tides that night, and the night
before, and the night before that, and a good many nights in succession,
making a grand clearance among Mr. Stryver’s papers before the setting in
of the long vacation. (195)
At the first appearance, Sydney Carton is introduced as a drunkard.
Several times in the text, he indulges in his drinking to the point of becoming
drunk or close to it. Many times Dickens shows that Carton is drinking wine or
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has a flask of liquor in his hand. There are some example in text below shows that
Sydney Carton is a drunkard. Such in quotations :
Perhaps a little angry with himself, as well as with the barrister,
Mr. Lorry bustled into the chair, and was carried off to Tellson’s. Carton,
who smelt of port wine, and did not appear to be quite sober, laughed then,
and turned to Darnay: (114)
He resorted to his pint of wine for consolation, drank it all in a few
minutes, and fell asleep on his arms, with his hair straggling over the table,
and a long winding-sheet in the candle dripping down upon him. (119)
Sydney Carton drank the punch at a great rate; drank it by
bumpers, looking at his friend. (199)
Sydney Carton filled another glass with brandy, poured it slowly
out upon the hearth, and watched it as it dropped. It being all spent, he
said, rising. (436)
Sydney Carton is shown originally to be a frustrated alcoholic, he
describes his existence as a supreme waste of life. Many times he shows he is
drinking wine, his habit may keep him calm or help him to remain composed in
the court, but it becomes more to the point of being a necessity or habit. Sydney
Carton said that he did not have desire except wine, such in quote :
‘As to me, the greatest desire I have, is to forget that I belong to it.
It has no good in it for me—except wine like this—nor I for it. So we are
not much alike in that particular. Indeed, I begin to think we are not much
alike in any particular, you and I.’ (115)
Sydney Carton is a disrespectful, uncaring, and an alcoholic person that
has no ambitions in life. He is a person who described as very immature actions in
several times. Such in quote :
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Looking his companion full in the face while he drank the toast,
Carton flung his glass over his shoulder against the wall, where it shivered
to pieces then, rang the bell, and ordered in another. (116)
Based on the text Sydney Carton has bad habit when he drunk. He orders
another bottle of wine when it run out. It shows that Sydney Carton is
disrespectful in other people. In another part of the novel, Dickens shows that
Sydney Carton is not only disrespectful on Darnay but also dislikes Carles Darnay
and begins to cynic Darnay. He does it because he knows that Lucie is enchanted
to Darnay. Such his cynic quotation to Darnay :
Confused by the emotion of the day, and feeling his being there
with this Double of coarse deportment, to be like a dream, Charles Darnay
was at a loss how to answer; finally, answered not at all.
‘Now your dinner is done,’ Carton presently said, ‘why don’t you
call a health, Mr. Darnay;
why don’t you give your toast?’
‘What health? What toast?’
‘Why, it’s on the tip of your tongue. It ought to be, it must be, I’ll
swear it’s there.’
‘Miss Manette, then!’
‘Miss Manette, then!’ (116)
Here, Sydney Carton begins to dislike Darnay because he is jealous to
him. In other side, Lucy seems attracted to Darnay at her first sight. It makes those
people are involved in triangle love. After Darnay leaves, Carton reflects that,
despite their physical resemblance, the differences between them are great.
Darnay embodies what Carton could have been. Such in quotation :
When he was left alone, this strange being took up a candle, went
to a glass that hung against the wall, and surveyed himself minutely in it.
‘Do you particularly like the man?’ he muttered, at his own image;
‘why should you particularly like a man who resembles you? There is
nothing in you to like; you know that. Ah, confound you! What a change
you have made in yourself! A good reason for taking to a man, that he
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shows you what you have fallen away from, and what you might have
been! Change places with him, and would you have been looked at by
those blue eyes as he was, and commiserated by that agitated face as he
was? Come on, and have it out in plain words! You hate the fellow.’ (118)
In this point shows that Sydney Carton's moment of self-reflection in front
of the mirror. Contemplating his hostile feelings for Darnay, Sydney Carton
muses that Darnay shows him what he has and Carton does not have. What Carton
has fallen away from is the possibility of a happy life with someone like Lucie
Manette. Sydney Carton is also described as uncaring person. He does not care
anything in the world. All of his thinking is manner of his own life. He said that
he does not care anything and there is nobody care about him to Darnay when he
is drunk, such in quote :
‘Then you shall likewise know why. I am a disappointed drudge,
sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me.’
‘Much to be regretted. You might have used your talents better.’
‘May be so, Mr. Darnay; maybe not. Don’t let your sober face elate
you, however; you don’t know what it may come to. Good night! (118)
The first topic discusses their physical similarities, but in this discussion
tells the differences in their temperaments. Where Darnay is polite, composed,
and a gentleman, while Carton is ill-mannered, his appearance is unkempt, and a
heavy drinker. It shows that the contrast between both of them is to emphasize the
degree in which Carton is wasting his life, with Darnay serving as a representation
of Carton's unrealized possibilities.
Sydney Carton is also described that he falls in love to Lucie at the first of
his act. Then in the middle of story he continues to confess his love and he is
aware that he cannot be together with Lucie. Such in quote :
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‘If it had been possible, Miss Manette, that you could have
returned the love of the man you see before yourself—flung away, wasted,
drunken, poor creature of misuse as you know him to be—he would have
been conscious this day and hour, in spite of his happiness, that he would
bring you to misery, bring you to sorrow and repentance, blight you,
disgrace you, pull you down with him. I know very well that you can have
no tenderness for me; I ask for none; I am even thankful that it cannot be.
(214)
Sydney Carton also makes a promise with Lucie, that he will do anything
for Lucy’s happiness and he will sacrifice anything for her. Such his promise in
quotation :
‘My last supplication of all, is this; and with it, I will relieve you of
a visitor with whom I well know you have nothing in unison, and between
whom and you there is an impassable space. It is useless to say it, I know,
but it rises out of my soul. For you, and for any dear to you, I would do
anything. If my career were of that better kind that there was any
opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I would embrace any sacrifice for
you and for those dear to you. Try to hold me in your mind, at some quiet
times, as ardent and sincere in this one thing. The time will come, the time
will not be long in coming, when new ties will be formed about you—ties
that will bind you yet more tenderly and strongly to the home you so
adorn—the dearest ties that will ever grace and gladden you. (217)
Sydney Carton tells Lucie that although he is a hopeless man and can
never reform. Sydney tells that she revives his old dreams of leading a good life.
Lucie suggests that he may still be able to redeem his life, but Carton states that it
is too late; he knows his nature, and he will only sink lower. However, he wants
her to know how deeply he loves her and that he would freely give his life for her
and anyone she loves. However this scene marks a vital transition for Carton and
lays the foundation in his moral develop for the supreme sacrifice that he makes at
the novel end.
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Almost all of moral of Sydney Carton at the first time are worst. At the
first time he is described as a man who never walks in right way. He is drunkard,
spends all of his money, and he decides what is true for himself. Mr. Stryver
brings the sense of Sydney Carton, he realizes him that his life is wrong. Such his
quote in :
And now, Sydney, old boy, I want to say a word to YOU about
YOUR prospects. You are in a bad way, you know; you really are in a bad
way. You don’t know the value of money, you live hard, you’ll knock up
one of these days, and be ill and poor; you really ought to think about a
nurse.’
The prosperous patronage with which he said it, made him look
twice as big as he was, and four times as offensive. (200)
3.2 The moral development of Sydney Carton
The previous topic explains about the character and characterization of
Sydney Carton as a dynamic character in ‘A Tale Of Two Cities’. In the first
discussion Sydney Carton is described as a young drunkard Attorney who is lazy,
rude, disrespectful and uncaring and he also doesn’t have purpose in his life. After
he meet Lucie, he becomes falling in love with her. However he aware that he
cannot be together with Lucie. This scene become a vital transition for Sydney
Carton and lays the foundation for his moral development during his awareness to
become a better person later.
In this part of the analysis explains about the moral development of
Sydney Carton based on stages in Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory. This part explains
the process when the moral of Sydney Carton develop to be a better person.
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The moral development of Sydney Carton begins from his awareness that
he cannot live with his behavior anymore. All of his moral changing begins when
Mr. Stryver suggests him to find a woman that maybe can make him happy and
take care when he is frustrating. Sydney Carton thinks it is a better idea that it can
solve his misery. Such in quote :
‘Now, let me recommend you,’ pursued Stryver, ‘to look it in the
face. I have looked it in the face, in my different way; look it in the face,
you, in your different way. Marry. Provide somebody to take care of you.
Never mind your having no enjoyment of women’s society, nor
understanding of it, nor tact for it. Find out somebody. Find out some
respectable woman with a little property—somebody in the landlady way,
or lodging-letting way—and marry her, against a rainy day. That’s the
kind of thing for YOU. Now think of it, Sydney.’
‘I’ll think of it,’ said Sydney. (200)
After thinking about Mr. Stryver’s suggestion, Sydney Carton begins to
develop his moral to be a better man for his reason and his awareness. The moral
development of Sydney Carton is describes according to Lawrence Kohlberg’s
theory as fellow:
3.2.1 Level 1: Pre-conventional morality:
The first level, pre-conventional morality is based on developing moral
from what the person do and the result from what they do. So the person will do
the best because they want a good result for what they have done. In this level
describes the beginning appearance of Sydney Carton. In here, Carton is realizes
something which becomes the first development. He knows about the reward and
punishment. They are the first stage of this level.
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-
Stage 1 : reward and punishment.
In this stage, the goodness or badness actions is determined by the
physical consequence of action. This stage is based simply on one's own pain and
pleasure. In this stage Sydney learns that his habit as drunkard will damage his
health and wasted his young age. Such in quote :
Sullenly enough, the jackal loosened his dress, went into an
adjoining room, and came back with a large jug of cold water, a
basin, and a towel or two. Steeping the towels in the water, and
partially wringing them out, he folded them on his head in a
manner hideous to behold, sat down at the table, and said, ‘Now I
am ready!’ (122)
Based on the text above Sydney Carton always suffers headaches when he
drinks wine too much, so he puts cold towel to his head when he does his
assigment to refresh his head. Sydney Carton realizes that his young age wasted.
Such his quotation in text :
‘Yes,’ said Carton. ‘I am not old, but my young way was never the
way to age. Enough of me.’ (432)
Sydney Carton is also aware that his habit in drinking wine too much
makes him look like bad guy and Carton is aware that is impossible to make
happy life with someone like Lucie Manette if he does his drunkard habit
continuously. Sydney Carton is aware his life wasted and he said that to Lucie :
‘If it had been possible, Miss Manette, that you could have
returned the love of the man you see before yourself—flung away, wasted,
drunken, poor creature of misuse as you know him to be—he would have
been conscious this day and hour, in spite of his happiness, that he would
bring you to misery, bring you to sorrow and repentance, blight you,
disgrace you, pull you down with him. I know very well that you can have
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no tenderness for me; I ask for none; I am even thankful that it cannot be.’
(214)
Based on his sickness after he is drunk and his awareness cannot being
with Lucie, Sydney Carton understands what the meaning of ‘punishment’ is from
his moral and habit that he did before. In the next time of his moral development,
he learns from his experience and he will try to be a good guy to get his ‘reward’
or we can say it refers to his purpose, to get Lucy.
-
Stage 2 : exchange stage.
In this stage, the right actions described as the actions that only satisfy the
necessity of own individual and to achieve their needs, the person need others as
social creature. There are trade off between the human in fullfing their needs.
Unfortunately in the novel there are no texts that describes Sydney
Carton’s step in this stage, so we pass this stage and discuss about next stage.
3.2.2 Level 2: Conventional
The second level conventional morality is based on moral developing
when people decide what is right and wrong in their paradigm society. From
previous level described that how Sydney Carton’s moral develop during what he
gets from the result of what he does, this chapter will describe how his moral
develops when he adapts the truth based on paradigm society around him.
This level happens after Sydney Carton confesses his feeling to Lucie, he
says that his life is wasted and he is aware that he cannot be together with Lucie,
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along after that, Sydney Carton changes to be a better man in society paradigm.
The first level of the stage is becoming a good boy based on nice girl’s
orientation.
-
Stage 3 : Good boy - nice girl orientation.
In this stage a good behavior consist of behaviors that is praised and
approved by society. The person tries to live up to the expectations of others,
delight other and to seek their approval. The person is interests in motives or
intentions, and concepts such as loyalty, trust, and gratitude.
In this stage Sydney Carton begins to repair his careless in his attitude. He
tries to become a good person to attract Lucie’s attention. In here, Sydney Carton
is described become as soften in his utterance. Such his attitude in quote :
He leaned an elbow on her table, and covered his eyes with his
hand. The table trembled in the silence that followed.
She had never seen him softened, and was much distressed. He
knew her to be so, without looking at her, and said:
‘Pray forgive me, Miss Manette. I break down before the
knowledge of what I want to say to you. Will you hear me?’ (213)
In here we can conclude that when Sydney Carton become a good person,
he will atracted by another people. In previous analysis tell that Sydney Carton is
rude in his utterance and attitude, however in this level stage of moral
development, Sydney Carton becomes softening person in his utterance and
attitude.
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-
Stage 4 : Law and order orientation.
The next stage is talking about law and order orientation. The right
behavior should maintain the relationship between social and individual. Respect
is earned by performing dutifully. The rule of the society is based on something
right and wrong, and doing one's duty and shows respect for authority are
important. In this stage, Sydney Carton should focus on authority, fixed rules and
his social order. Sydney Carton learns that his uncaring and disrespectful is bad
manner of his life. Previously, he was described as a person who hated Darnay
because Lucy likes Darnay. After that Sydney Carton realizes that his hostility to
Darnay is wrong in valuation of society. His moral develops when he hates
disappear and immediately he wants to be friends with Darnay and apologize for
his previous behavior that seems disrespectful to Darnay. Such in quote :
The newly-married pair came home, the first person who appeared,
to offer his congratulations, was Sydney Carton. They had not been at
home many hours, when he presented himself. He was not improved in
habits, or in looks, or in manner; but there was a certain rugged air of
fidelity about him, which was new to the observation of Charles Darnay.
He watched his opportunity of taking Darnay aside into a window,
and of speaking to him when no one overheard.
‘Mr. Darnay,’ said Carton, ‘I wish we might be friends.’
‘We are already friends, I hope.’
‘You are good enough to say so, as a fashion of speech; but, I don’t
mean any fashion of speech. Indeed, when I say I wish we might be
friends, I scarcely mean quite that, either.’
Ah!’ said Carton, with a careless wave of his hand, as if he waved
that away. ‘On the drunken occasion in question (one of a large number, as
you know), I was insufferable about liking you, and not liking you. I wish
you would forget it.’
‘I forgot it long ago.’
‘Fashion of speech again! But, Mr. Darnay, oblivion is not so easy
to me, as you represent it to be to you. I have by no means forgotten it, and
a light answer does not help me to forget it.’
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‘If it was a light answer,’ returned Darnay, ‘I beg your forgiveness
for it. I had no other object than to turn a slight thing, which, to my
surprise, seems to trouble you too much, aside. I declare to you, on the
faith of a gentleman, that I have long dismissed it from my mind. Good
Heaven, what was there to dismiss! Have I had nothing more important to
remember, in the great service you rendered me that day?’ (292-293)
In quotation above tells that Sydney Carton's apology to Darnay and his
request to visit the family show his respect for Darnay's and he desire to take a
part of the family's life. Sydney Carton aware that friendship is something that
should be keeps in the society. However his sincerity and earnestness in speaking
with Darnay listened by Lucie, she indicating that he reveal the real Sydney
Carton to Darnay. However, Darnay lacks Lucie's sensitivity and compassion and
fails to perceive the difference in Carton's manner. When Darnay talks about
Sydney Carton as a problem of carelessness and recklessness. In previous analysis
tell that Sydney Carton is disrespectful person, however in this level stage of
moral development, Sydney Carton become a respectful and friendly person.
3.2.3 Level 3 : Postconventional
In this level, the person basically wants to keep the function of society.
The person will also use his logical thinking to prioritize the universal’s
importance.
This level process happens after Darnay is captured in French. Sydney
Carton tried to help him because Darnay is his friend and he wants to improve his
attitude. Moreover, Sydney Carton promised to Lucie that he would do anything
to make Lucie happy.
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Purnomo 39
-
Stage 5: The social contract.
In this stage, right actions are described as actions that benefit for many
people. The person at this level sees morality as a matter of entering into a rational
contract with one's fellow human beings to be kind to each other, respect
authority, and follow laws to the extent that they respect and promote those
universal values.
Sydney Carton begins aware to care anyone who needs his help. He begins
to help other people as possible as he can. It is an advancement from his uncaring
person at his first habit before. Such in quote :
Few coaches were abroad, for riders in coaches were liable to be
suspected, and gentility hid its head in red nightcaps, and put on heavy
shoes, and trudged. But, the theatres were all well filled, and the people
poured cheerfully out as he passed, and went chatting home. At one of the
theatre doors, there was a little girl with a mother, looking for a way across
the street through the mud. He carried the child over, and before, the timid
arm was loosed from his neck asked her for a kiss. (448)
Based on the text above explains that Sydney Carton helps a small girl
across the muddy street, and she gives him a kiss. In this stage Sydney Carton also
learn when he falls in love, it must be his duty to be kind, helpful and care about
other people especially his person who he loves much. In text here tells about
Sydney Carton when he tries to warn Lucie and her family about the plan of
Madame Defarge to kill Lucy and her family after Darnay executed. Deciding to
make himself know to the local citizens, Sydney Carton goes to the Defarge wineshop. Madame Defarge notices the resemblance between Carton and Darnay, but
she is soon convinced that Carton is not Darnay because Carton pretends that he
knows very little French. As Carton appears read a newspaper and listens Madame
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Purnomo 40
Defarges, Jacques when they discuss that they should also denounce Lucie, her
daughter, and Doctor Alexandre Manette. Madame Defarge reveals that she is the
younger sister of the peasant woman who was raped by the Evrémondes and
demands vengeance for the murder of her entire family. Defarge, however,
believes the killing should be limited. Not only warn about the danger but Sydney
Carton also makes a plan to save Lucie and her family to escape from French. He
speak to Mr. Lory to warn Lucie and her fathet that they they are in great danger
and they must go from french, such in his quote :
‘They are in great danger. They are in danger of denunciation by
Madame Defarge. I know it from her own lips. I have overheard words of
that woman’s, to-night, which have presented their danger to me in strong
colours. I have lost no time, and since then, I have seen the spy. He
confirms me. He knows that a wood-sawyer, living by the prison wall, is
under the control of the Defarges, and has been rehearsed by Madame
Defarge as to his having seen Her’—he never mentioned Lucie’s name—
‘making signs and signals to prisoners. It is easy to foresee that the
pretence will be the common one, a prison plot, and that it will involve her
life—and perhaps her child’s—and perhaps her father’s—for both have
been seen with her at that place. Don’t look so horrified. You will save
them all.’
‘Heaven grant I may, Carton! But how?
‘I am going to tell you how. It will depend on you, and it could
depend on no better man. This new denunciation will certainly not take
place until after to-morrow; probably not until two or three days
afterwards; more probably a week afterwards. You know it is a capital
crime, to mourn for, or sympathise with, a victim of the Guillotine. She
and her father would unquestionably be guilty of this crime, and this
woman (the inveteracy of whose pursuit cannot be described) would wait
to add that strength to her case, and make herself doubly sure. You follow
me?’ (491)
In previous analysis tells that Sydney Carton is uncaring person, however
In this level stage of moral development, Sydney Carton becomes caring to people
who care about other that needed his help.
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Purnomo 41
-
Stage 6: Universal principles.
At this point, the person makes a personal commitment to universal
principles of equal rights and respect, and social contract takes a clear backseat. If there is a conflict between social laws, custom and universal principles,
the universal principles take precedence.
In this stage Sydney Carton thinks about something bigger than his life.
He does not think about his own life, but he thinks other people more than he
think about himself. He begins to think about Darnay’s life that is more important
than his life and it is better if Darnay still keeps alive and make the people around
him happy. Sydney does not only make a plan to release Darnay, but he also plans
to replace with Darnay, so the person who will be executed is Sydney Carton.
Before he realizes his plan, Sydney and Carton speak each other in jail. Darnay
disagree to accept Sydney Carton’s plan, such in quote :
‘Draw on these boots of mine. Put your hands to them; put your
will to them. Quick!’
‘Carton, there is no escaping from this place; it never can be done.
You will only die with me. It is madness.’
‘It would be madness if I asked you to escape; but do I? When I
ask you to pass out at that door, tell me it is madness and remain here.
Change that cravat for this of mine, that coat for this of mine. While you
do it, let me take this ribbon from your hair, and shake out your hair like
this of mine!’
With wonderful quickness, and with a strength both of will and
action, that appeared quite supernatural, he forced all these changes upon
him. The prisoner was like a young child in his hands.
‘Carton! Dear Carton! It is madness. It cannot be accomplished, it
never can be done, it has been attempted, and has always failed. I implore
you not to add your death to the bitterness of mine.’ (500)
On the evening of his execution, Darnay comes to terms with his imminent
death. After writing letters to Lucie, Doctor Alexandre Manette, and Mr. Lorry, he
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Purnomo 42
spends the night restlessly trying to sleep. The next day, Carton enters the cell at
one o'clock in the afternoon and exchanges clothes with him. Then, while Carton
dictates a letter to Darnay, Carton drugs him so that he loses consciousness. Both
Sydney Carton and Darnay has similarity in appearance. Two guards, who believe
that Darnay is Carton and that Carton is Darnay, then carry Darnay out of the
prison. At two o'clock, guards take Carton from the cell to a larger room in which
the fifty-two prisoners that the court has scheduled for execution are assembling.
Both Sydney Carton and Darnay have similarity in appearance and physic
so the guards and other people will never realize that the prisoner is changed.
Carton uses his and Darnay's remarkable resemblance to save Darnay's life for a
second time. The first time Carton saves Darnay, Carton did so without care about
the salvation of himself. Afterward, the similarity in their features disturbed
Carton, for the resemblance reminded him of the difference in their personalities
and possibilities. Sydney Carton replaces Darnay because he knows if he only
releases Darnay, the citizen will search Darnay and if he founded, they will be
killed all his family. Carton appears to make the sacrifice simply out of love for
Lucie and her child’s safety. Sydney thinks that his method will be the best
decision to make the citizen of French will never chase Darnay again because they
think Darnay was death in the execution. In yard when he waits for his
excecution, a girl recognises him as other people who subtitutes Darnay, Sydney
Carton tells his willing to help Darnay. Such in quote :
‘Are you dying for him?’ she whispered.
‘And his wife and child. Hush! Yes.’
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Purnomo 43
‘O you will let me hold your brave hand, stranger?’
‘Hush! Yes, my poor sister; to the last.’
The same shadows that are falling on the prison, are falling, in that
same hour of the early afternoon, on the Barrier with the crowd about it,
when a coach going out of Paris drives up to be examined. (506-507)
In previous analysis tell that Sydney Carton cares for nothing in this
world, however in the final of the last level stage of moral development makes
Sydney Carton becomes altruistic person who cares about other’s life. Sydney is
aware that his action will be end of his life but for other’s people sake especially
the person who he loves much, he must sacrifice himself even that means he
exchange his life with Lucie’s happines. At the final moment before he executes
he does not regret for his action and Sydney reflects that this action perhaps is the
best choice that he has done. Such his speak in last quote :
‘It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a
far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.’ (537)
3.3 The effect of Altruism sacrifices on Sydney Carton in his personal
life.
The previous chapter explains the way of moral development of Sydney
Carton to become a better person. In the end of the result of his moral
development, Sydney Carton becomes altruistic person that sacrifices himself to
help Darnay. This scene makes story more interesting. In the end of novels,
Sydney Carton becomes a hero when he saves Darnay. His altruism behavior
makes him act as noble to save other.
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Purnomo 44
Altruism is seen as the mark of moral development. Altruism typical
emphasis on self-sacrifice raises moral suspicions as well, especially when the
concept is defined as self-sacrificial. Even altruism full focus on otherdirectedness can seem suspicious. Consider the perceived need in moral
development to balance the themes of concern and caring for others with
comparable self-concern and self-care (Daniel, lapsley and narvaez 164).
When Sydney Carton decides to sacrifice himself to Darnay, he proves
that he can be a better man who surpasses Darnay, when he can save Darrnay
twice, he proves that he can act more noble than Darnay when he saves the person
that he hates at first time and he can prove his promise to Lucie that he will
sacrifices himself for Lucy’s happiness at past time ago. When Sydney decides to
sacrifices himself for Darnay he becomes a person who fulfills his promise to
Lucie. Such his word to lucie before :
It is useless to say it, I know, but it rises out of my soul. For you,
and for any dear to you, I would do anything. If my career were of that
better kind that there was any opportunity or capacity of sacrifice in it, I
would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you. Try to hold
me in your mind, at some quiet times, as ardent and sincere in this one
thing. The time will come, the time will not be long in coming, when new
ties will be formed about you—ties that will bind you yet more tenderly
and strongly to the home you so adorn—the dearest ties that will ever
grace and gladden you. O Miss Manette, when the little picture of a happy
father’s face looks up in yours, when you see your own bright beauty
springing up anew at your feet, think now and then that there is a man who
would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you!’ (Dickens 217)
Sydney Carton is ready to face his executions. When his step approach to
guillotine, Sydney Carton become a wise man who understand about the meaning
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Purnomo 45
of his life. He says the same word in priest who talks about life and death in
Christian precept. Such in his quote :
‘I am the Resurrection and the Life, saith the Lord: he that
believeth in me, though he were dead, yet shall he live: and whosoever
liveth and believeth in me shall never die.’ (535)
Based on quotation above, Sydney Carton regards that he does not die, he
always live when the people still remembers him. Sydney realizes that after his
death there will be another life that will always remember about him and his
altruism sacrifices. The narrator recounts that those who sees Sydney Carton dies
witnessed a peaceful and even prophetic look on his face, and speculates
confidently about Sydney Carton’s final thoughts in quotes below:
I see a beautiful city and a brilliant people rising from this abyss,
and, in their struggles to be truly free, in their triumphs and defeats,
through long years to come, I see the evil of this time and of the previous
time of which this is the natural birth, gradually making expiation for itself
and wearing out. (536)
Based on quotation above, Sydney Carton notes the fact that the
oppressors in the crowd have risen on the destruction of the old, but also realizes
that someday, Paris will recover from these horrors and become beautiful.
‘I see the lives for which I lay down my life, peaceful, useful,
prosperous and happy, in that England which I shall see no more. I see Her
with a child upon her bosom, who bears my name. I see her father, aged
and bent, but otherwise restored, and faithful to all men in his healing
office, and at peace. I see the good old man, so long their friend, in ten
years’ time enriching them with all he has, and passing tranquilly to his
reward.
‘I see that I hold a sanctuary in their hearts, and in the hearts of
their descendants, generations hence. I see her, an old woman, weeping for
me on the anniversary of this day. I see her and her husband, their course
done, lying side by side in their last earthly bed, and I know that each was
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Purnomo 46
not more honoured and held sacred in the other’s soul, than I was in the
souls of both.
‘I see that child who lay upon her bosom and who bore my name, a
man winning his way up in that path of life which once was mine. I see
him winning it so well, that my name is made illustrious there by the light
of his. I see the blots I threw upon it, faded away. I see him, fore-most of
just judges and honoured men, bringing a boy of my name, with a
forehead that I know and golden hair, to this place— then fair to look
upon, with not a trace of this day’s disfigurement —and I hear him tell the
child my story, with a tender and a faltering voice. (536-537)
Based on the text above explains that Sydney Carton imagines his last
moments, Sydney Carton sees Lucie and Darnay with a child named after himself.
He sees Manette happy and healthy and sees Lorry live a long in peaceful. He
knows the future in which he holds a special place in hearts of generations hence.
He looks his own name become illustrious, and the blots that he threw upon his
life fade away.
And finally Sydney Carton believes that he reaches his purpose after his
life has no meaning. Sydney Carton trusts that his altruism sacrifices are the best
choice that he has done and he does not regret this. Such in his last quote :
‘It is a far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a
far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.’ (537)

Altuism in islamic point of view.
Many points of view judges the altruism especially altruism sacrifices that
undertaken by Sydney Carton is a noble behavior. One of them is islamic point of
view. In islam teach us to helps other who need our help. Allah SWT said In surah
al-Maa’idah :
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Purnomo 47
And help each other in goodness in piety behavior and do not help each
other in violation and sin bahavior. (Al-Maa`idah:2)
Based on surah Al-Maa’idah above, islam suggests to people to help each
other in goodness and piety behavior and islam forbids people to help each other
in violation and sin bahavior. In here what Sydney Carton do is true event though
he is not muslim, but he still person who help other who need his help in truth
behavior. Sydney Carton’s altruism story can be a guide for us to become a good
moslem that help other who need our help. In islam, the altruistic person who
likes to help other gots barakah and god guidance. Prophet Muhammad SAW said
in Bukhari Muslim about altruism :
ِ
َ
‫س َع ْن ُم ْؤِم ٍن ُك ْربَةً ِم ْن‬
َ َ‫ ق‬:‫ال‬
َ َ‫َع ْن اَبِى ُى َريْ َرةَ ق‬
َ ‫ َم ْن نَّف‬:‫ال َر ُس ْو ُل اهلل ص‬
ِ ِ ‫ب ال ُّدنْ يا ن َّفس اهلل عنو ُكربةً ِمن ُكر‬
ِ ‫ُكر‬
‫ّس َر‬
َ َ‫ َو َم ْن ي‬،‫ب يَ ْوم اْ ِلقيَ َام ِة‬
َ ْ َ ْ ُ َْ ُ َ َ َ
َ
ِ ْ‫ّسر اهلل علَي ِو فِى ال ُّدنْ يا و ا‬
ِ‫آلخرة‬
ِ ‫َعلَى م ْع‬
ٍ
‫ي‬
‫ر‬
‫ّس‬
َ
ُ‫وَم ْن َستَ َر ُم ّْسلِ ًما َستَ َره‬.
َ
ْ
َ
ُ
َ
ُ
َ َ
َ
َ
ِ ْ‫اهلل فِى ال ُّدنْ يا و ا‬
‫ َو اهللُ فِى َع ْو ِن اْ َلع ْب ِّد َما َكا َن ال َْع ْب ُّد فِى َع ْو ِن‬.ِ‫آلخ َرة‬
ُ
َ َ
ِ‫ و من سلَك طَ ِري ًقا ي لْت ِمس فِي ِو ِعلْما س َّهل اهلل لَو بِ ِو طَ ِري ًقا ا‬.‫اَ ِخي ِو‬
‫لى‬
ُ ُ َ َ ً ْ ُ ََ ْ َ َ َْ َ ْ
َ ْ
ِ
ِ ْ‫ا‬
ِ ‫ت ِمن ب ي و‬
ِ ‫اهلل ي ْت لُو َن كِتَاب‬
ِ ‫ت‬
ٍ
‫اهلل َو‬
ْ ‫ َوَما‬.‫لجنَة‬
َ
َ
ْ َ
ْ ُ ُ ْ ‫اجتَ َم َع قَ ْوٌم فى بَ ْي‬
‫ َو غَ ِشيَْت ُّه ُم ال َر ْح َمةُ َو‬،ُ‫ّس ِك ْي نَة‬
َ ‫ت َعلَْي ِّه ُم ال‬
ْ َ‫يَتَ َّد َار ُس ْونَوُ بَ ْي نَ ُّه ْم اِّالَ نَ َزل‬
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Purnomo 48
‫ َو َم ْن بَّطَأَ بِ ِو َع َملُوُ لَ ْم‬.ُ‫لمالَئِ َكةُ َو ذََك َرُى ُم اهللُ فِ ْي َم ْن ِع ْن َّده‬
َ ْ‫َح َّف ْت ُّه ُم ا‬
4704 :4 ‫ مّسلم‬.ُ‫ع بِ ِو نَّسبُو‬
َ ْ ‫يُ ّْس ِر‬
From Abu Hurairah, He said that : Prophet Muhammad SAW said : For
Somebody who help other from one problem of griefs in the world, then Allah
SWT will disperse his/her grief in dooms day later. For Somebody who give easy
to grief people, then Allah SWT will give him/her an easy when he still alive in
world and when he die in heaven. For Somebody who cover up the flaw of his
brother and friends in moeslim, then Allah SWT will cover up his/her flaw in the
world and later in heaven. And Allah SWT always help HIS servant while they
help his brother and sister in moeslim. For Somebody who seeking knowledge,
then Allah SWT give him/her an easily way to heaven. When the moeslim
together in a mosque from many mosque owned by Allah SWT, when they read
holly Al-Qur’an, they will gets calmness soul and Barakah covered them and
angels shaded them and Allah SWT will mention their name in front of HIS
angels and for somebody who never charity their welthness, they will not reach
deed noble. [HR. Muslim juz 4, hal. 2074]
Based on Hadits above describe that altruistic person will get an honor in
this world and in heaven later. Humans are social creatures who cannot live alone
without helping from other. So it must our duty to help other who need help.
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