Review and Assessment
PHSchool.com
For: Self-Assessment
Visit: PHSchool.com
Web Code: cxa-1040
Review and Assessment
Target Reading Skill
Chapter
AssessmentSkill
Target3Reading
Preview Visuals Complete the following graphic
organizer to show that you understand Figure 37
on page 160. Add more questions and answers as
needed.
Radioactive Decay
Reviewing Content
Q. What process does the art
show?
A.
Q. Why are there three similar
diagrams?
A.
Q. What do the arrows show?
A.
Preview Visuals Check that answers show
students’ understanding of the three types of
decay.
Sample Answers:
A. Radioactive decay
A. Each diagram represents a type of
radioactive decay (alpha decay, beta decay, or
gamma decay)
A. The arrows point to the products of
radioactive decay. The shorter arrow points
to a type of radiation emitted by the unstable
nucleus (alpha particle, beta particle, or
gamma ray). The longer arrow points to the
nucleus that results after undergoing
radioactive decay.
4. Unlike metals, solid nonmetals are
a. good conductors of heat and electric
current.
b. malleable.
c. dull and britttle.
d. ductile.
5. Unstable atomic nuclei that release fast-
moving particles and energy are
a. radioactive.
b. alloys.
c. isotopes.
d. alpha particles.
Complete the following sentences so that
your answers clearly explain the key terms.
6. Carbon-12 and carbon-13 are examples of
isotopes, or
.
7. Dmitri Mendeleev constructed the first
Reviewing Key Terms
.
periodic table, which is
1. a
8. A property of metals is high thermal
Choose the letter of the best answer.
1. The atomic number of an atom is determined
by the number of
a. protons.
b. electrons.
c. neutrons.
d. isotopes.
conductivity, which means
5. a
.
7. an arrangement of elements showing the
.
different numbers of neutrons
repeating pattern of their properties
8. the ability of an object to transfer heat
9. between those of metals and nonmetals
10. being able to spontaneously emit
radiation
2. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are
called
a. groups.
b. periods.
c. nonmetals.
d. metals.
3. Of the following, the group that contains
elements that are the most reactive is the
a. alkali metals.
b. alkaline earth metals.
c. carbon family.
d. inert gases.
4. c
6. atoms of the same element that have
10. Uranium and radon share the property of
radioactivity, which means
3. a
.
9. Germanium is an example of a semimetal,
an element whose properties are
2. b
News Report Imagine you are writing an
article for a space magazine about the life
cycle of a star. Which elements are produced
in a star at different stages? How are these
elements distributed into space?
Elements and the
Periodic Table
Chapter 4 ◆ 165
E-LA: Writing 8.2.0
Writing Mode Descriptive
Scoring Rubric
4 Exceeds criteria; includes a highly detailed
and accurate description of the life cycle of
a star, including what elements are formed
and how they are dispersed
3 Meets criteria
2 Includes a brief description that contains
a few errors and/or omissions
1 Includes a sketchy description that
contains serious errors and/or omissions
Video Assessment
Elements and the Periodic Table
Show the Video Assessment to review chapter
content and as a prompt for the writing
assignment. Discussion questions: What must
happen to a star in order for the heaviest
elements to be created? (The star must
explode.) How do elements from the stars
continue to reach Earth? (From cosmic bodies
such as meteorites striking Earth’s surface)
165
Checking Concepts
Review and Assessment
11. Rutherford discovered that an atom is
Applying Skills
11. What discoveries about the atom did
Use the diagram to answer Questions 22–27.
Rutherford make from his team’s
experiments?
The diagram below shows the first few steps of the
radioactive decay of uranium-238.
12. How do two isotopes of an element differ
from one another? How are they similar?
13. Use the periodic table to find the atomic
number and atomic mass of neon (Ne).
14. Use the periodic table to name two elements
that have properties similar to those of
chlorine (Cl).
15. Of the elements oxygen (O), zinc (Zn), and
iodine (I), which one is likely to be a poor
conductor of electricity and a brittle solid at
room temperature?
16. What properties of radioactive isotopes make
them useful?
location—nucleus; neutron: mass—about
one amu, location—nucleus; electron:
mass—about 1/1,836 amu, location—
outside the nucleus
18. (A) 28—atomic number; (B) Ni—
chemical symbol; (C) Nickel—name; (D)
58.71—atomic mass
19. The atomic mass is determined from the
combined percentages of the masses of all its
isotopes.
20. Potassium is most reactive. The metals
in Group 1 are more reactive than other
metals.
21. The materials used in computer chips
are semiconductors, which have the property
of conducting electric current under some
conditions and not under other conditions.
Applying Skills
22. Atomic number (x-axis) tells the
number of protons in the nuclei of each
isotope. Mass number is the sum of the
number of protons and neutrons in the
nuclei. The number of neutrons can be
found by subtracting the atomic number
from the mass number.
23. Four elements; two isotopes of uranium
(U-238, U-234), two isotopes of thorium
(Th-234, Th-230), and one isotope each of
protactinium and radium (Pa-234, Ra-226)
24. Alpha decay; the atomic number
decreased by 2 and the mass number
decreased by 4, which is what happens when
an atom emits an alpha particle.
166
238
236
234
232
230
228
226
U
Th
Pa
U
91
92
Th
Ra
88
89
90
Atomic Number
22. Reading Graphs What do the numbers on
the x-axis and y-axis tell you about atomic
particles in the nuclei of the isotopes?
Thinking Critically
Thinking Critically
17. Proton: mass—about one amu,
Mass Number
mostly empty space, with electrons moving
around a small, positively charged nucleus in
the center of the atom.
12. They have a different number of
neutrons but the same number of protons.
13. The atomic number of neon is 10 and
the atomic mass is 4.0026 amu.
14. Sample answer: Fluorine and bromine
have properties similar to those of chlorine.
15. Iodine is most likely to be a poor
conductor of electricity and a brittle solid
at room temperature.
16. Radioactive isotopes give off energy that
can be used to generate electricity. Also, the
radiation the isotopes give off allows them to
be used as tracers and in diagnosing and
treating disease.
23. Interpreting Data How many elements are in
17. Comparing and Contrasting List the three
kinds of particles that make up atoms, and
compare their masses and their locations in
an atom.
18. Applying Concepts Below is a square taken
from the periodic table. Identify the type of
information given by each labeled item.
A
28
B
Ni
C
D
Nickel
58.71
the diagram? How many different isotopes of
each element are there?
24. Classifying What type of radioactive decay
resulted in uranium-238 becoming thorium234? How do you know?
25. Interpreting Diagrams Describe how
thorium-234 is changed into uranium-234.
26. Inferring How do you know from the
diagram that thorium-230 is radioactive?
27. Posing Questions What information would
you need to have in order to extend the graph
to show how radon-226 changes?
19. Relating Cause and Effect The atomic mass of
iron is 55.847 amu. Why isn’t this value a whole
number?
20. Predicting Using the periodic table, predict
which element––potassium, iron, or
aluminum––is most reactive. Explain.
21. Inferring What property of the materials used
in computer chips makes them useful as
switches that turn electricity on and off?
166 ◆
25. Thorium-234 undergoes beta decay to
form protactinium-234, which undergoes
beta decay to form uranium-234.
26. Thorium-230 must be radioactive
because it decays into radium-226.
27. It would be necessary to know what type
of radioactive decay radon-226 undergoes.
Performance Assessment Display the chart
showing the metals you studied. Be ready to
discuss which properties are common to all
metals. Describe other properties of metals you
could not test. List all the properties that could be
used to find out whether an unknown element
is a metal.
Choose the letter of the best answer.
Use the table below to answer Questions 5–7.
1. Why is the mass of a carbon atom greater than
the total mass of its protons and electrons?
A The mass of a proton is greater than the
mass of an electron.
B A proton is positively charged and an
electron is negatively charged.
C Most of the atom’s volume is the sphereshaped cloud of electrons.
D One or more neutrons in the nucleus add
mass to the atom.
S 8.3.a
2. Elements that are shiny conductive solids at
room temperature are likely to be classified as
which of the following?
A metals
B nonmetals
C inert gases
D semimetals
S 8.7.c
Use the diagram below to answer Question 3.
+
7e–
+
+
+
+
+
+
7 protons,
8 neutrons
3. What isotope does the diagram represent?
A carbon-12
B nitrogen-14
C nitrogen-15
D oxygen-15
S 8.7.b
4. Which property of aluminum makes it a
suitable metal for soft drink cans?
A It has good electrical conductivity.
B It can be hammered into a thin sheet
(malleability).
C It can be drawn into long wires (ductility).
D It can reflect light (shininess).
S 8.7.c
8
9
10
O
F
Ne
Oxygen
15.999
Fluorine
18.998
Neon
20.179
16
17
18
S
Cl
Ar
Sulfur
32.06
Chlorine
35.453
Argon
39.948
Teachers can monitor student progress and
supply remediation when necessary.
Standards Practice
5. What element has an atomic number of 18?
A hydrogen
B oxygen
C fluorine
D argon
S 8.7.b
6. An atom of fluorine has 10 neutrons. What is
the total number of other subatomic particles
in this atom?
A 9 protons and 9 electrons
B 9 protons and 19 electrons
C 10 protons and 10 electrons
D 19 protons and 19 electrons
S 8.3.a
7. Which elements are inert gases?
A oxygen, fluorine, and neon
B sulfur, chlorine, and argon
C oxygen, fluorine, and chlorine
D neon and argon
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
D; S 8.3.a
A; S 8.7.c
C: S 8.7.b
B; S 8.7.c
D; S 8.7.b
A; S 8.3.a
D: S 8.7.a
8. Sample answer: Element 120 would be
radioactive and would likely have reactivity similar to that of the alkaline earth
metals (Group 2). S 8.7
S 8.7.a
8. Suppose scientists synthesized a new element
with the atomic number 120. Use what you
know about the organization of the periodic
table to predict the properties of this new
element.
S 8.7
Chapter 4
◆ 167
S 8.7.c
L3
Performance Assessment In their
class presentations, students should note any
differences between expected and observed
results and hypothesize reasons for these
differences. Promote a cooperative spirit
during presentations. Stress that there are
many different properties to test, several
ways to test each property, and properties
(such as reactivities with many other
elements) that could not be tested. Ask
students to keep notes on the presentations,
noting differences between experimental
designs. Once all presentations have been
made, lead a class discussion about which
properties are common to all metals. One
such property is electrical conductivity.
Teaching Resources
Laboratory Manual TE
• Standards Investigation Scoring Rubric
The Standards Investigation Scoring Rubric
will help you evaluate students’ work. If you
share the rubric in advance, students will
know what is expected of them.
167