CLASSICAL
GREECE
Spolufinancováno ESF a státním rozpočtem ČR,
reg. č. projektu CZ.1.07/1.1.00/14.0143 OPVK
CLASSICAL GREECE
• Greco-Persian /Persian Wars (499 – 449 BC)
No 2
No 1
Herodotus, The Histories
Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War
• Peloponnesian War (431 – 404 BC)
PERSIAN WARS
Black Sea
Caspian Sea
Greece
The Halys
Persian Empire
the Indus
Persian Gulf
The Nile
Red Sea
PERSIAN WARS
• 547 BCE - Cyrus the Great conquered Ionia
• 500/499 – Ionian Revolt started (499-493)
DARIUS I (THE GREAT)
• to punish Athens (helped in the Ionian Revolt)
• to subjugate Greece
→ Persian Wars
PERSIAN EMPIRE
- divided into provinces
(satrapies)
(satraps to govern)
- new uniform monetary system
- Aramaic - official language
TASK: Why were these reforms so important for the Persian Empire?
No 3
PERSIAN WARS
MAIN BATTLES
• Battle of Marathon
• Battle of Thermopylae
• Battle of Salamis
• Battle of Plataea
• Battle of Mycale
BATTLE OF MARATHON
• 490 BCE (first Persian invasion of Greece)
• Athens (+Platae) - Miltiades X Persian Empire - Darius
• decisive Greek victory (about 200 †X 6400†)
• Pheidippides - Νενικήκαµεν (We were
victorious!)
• 42.195 km – Marathon Run
Baron Pierre de Coubertin
No 4
•
•
BATTLE OF
480 BCE (second Persian invasion of Greece)
THERMOPYLAE
Greek city-states (King Leonidas of Sparta)
X Persian Empire (Xerxes I)
• Thermopylae ('The Hot Gates') - narrow coastal pass
• Persian victory – BUT!!!
No 5
300
No 6
BATTLE OF SALAMIS
• 480 BCE
• straits between the mainland and Salamis (island near Athens)
• decisive Greek vistory
• Oracle at Delphi:
Salamis will "bring death to women's sons,“
the Greeks would be saved by a "wooden wall"
TASK: Delphi Oracle. What is typical for it?
PERSIAN WARS
• Battle of Plataea (479 BC) - Persians defeated
• Battle of Mycale (479 BC) – Persians defeated
• Delian League (478 BC)
- Delos – meeting place
- over 150 poleis (Athens)
- to fight the Persian Empire
• 449 BC – Peace of Callias (Callias – Athenian politicain)
→ end of Persian Wars
(Delian League (winner) and Persian Empire)
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• Delian League – prominent position of Athens
→ many poleis against
→ Peloponnesian League (Sparta)
No 7
Περικλης / PERICLES
495 – 429 BC
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Athenian statesman, strategos (general), orator
very popular – many reforms
No 8
Golden Age of Athens
long walls to protect Athens, port Piraeus - strong navy
Acropolis, Sofocles, Herodotus, Anaxagoras, etc.
449 BC – Peace of Callias
445 BC – peacy treaty with Sparta
- Thirty Years′ Peace
(broken 431)
No 9
• 429 BC – died of plague
ACROPOLIS
•
•
•
•
UNESCO World heritage site
acropolis (akron = edge, polis – city) – city on a hill
originally - Mycenaean castle /palace
Parthenon – dedicated to maiden Goddess Athena
No 11
No 10
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• 431 - 421 BC – Archidamian war (Spartan king Archidamian)
after Pericles – Athens weakened – no strong leader
421 BC – Peace of Nicias (50 years′ peace – broken)
• ALCIBIADES (450 – 404 BC)
- Athenian statesman, orator, general
- nephew of Pericles, student of Socrates
- character?
had to leave Athens
→ to Sparta (against Athens)
→ helped Persia (against Sparta)
→ to Athens (against Sparta)
→ murdered
No 12
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
MAIN BATTLES
• 422 BC - Battle of Amphipolis – Macedonia
Spartan victory; Peace of Nicias
• 418 BC - Battle of Mantinea – Peloponnese
(First Battle of Mantineia)
Spartan victory
• 405 BC - Battle of Aegospotami – Hellespont
Spartan victory;
No 13
LYSANDER
(† 395 BC)
• Spartan commander
• Cyrus the Younger (Persian prince) – money to built
strong Spartan fleet – to defeat Athens
• Battle of Aegospotami - defeated Athens
→ end of Peloponnesian War
→ Sparta – most powerful polis
• Athens: Spartan conditions
rule of 'Thirty Tyrants‚; oligarchy
403 BC – democracy restored
GREECE AFTER
PELOPONNESIAN WAR
• CORINTHIAN WAR (395 – 387 BC)
Sparta X Corinth, Athens, Thebes, Persians…
• THEBAN HEGEMONY (371 – 362 BC)
371 BC - Battle of Leuctra (Boeotia)
- Thebes X Sparta
- Theban victory
362 BC – Battle of Mantineia
(Second Battle of Mantineia)
- Thebes X Sparta, Athens
No 14
No 14 poleis weak → MACEDONIA
Result: Greek
CULTURE OF CLASSICAL
GREECE
PHILOSOP
HY
Empedocles
Anaxagoras
Protagoras
Socrates
Plato
Aristotle
HISTORY
Herodotus - ′The Father of History′
Thucydides
Xenophon - Socrates
THEATRE
SCULPTURE Aeschylus
Myron
Phidias
Praxiteles
Sophocles
Euripides
Aristophanes
Zdroje
No 1: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Herodotos_Met_91.8.jpg/300pxHerodotos_Met_91.8.jpg
No 2: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Thucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg/160pxThucydides-bust-cutout_ROM.jpg
No 3: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Map_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg/750pxMap_Greco-Persian_Wars-en.svg.png
No 4:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Statue_of_Pheidippides_along_the_Marathon_Ro
ad.jpg/250px-Statue_of_Pheidippides_along_the_Marathon_Road.jpg
No 5:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Thermopylae_ancient_coastline_large.jpg/220pxThermopylae_ancient_coastline_large.jpg
No 6: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Molon_labe2_edit_crop.jpg/220pxMolon_labe2_edit_crop.jpg
No 7:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png/387px
-Peloponnesian_war_alliances_431_BC.png
No 8: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Pericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n4.jpg/399pxPericles_Pio-Clementino_Inv269_n4.jpg
No 9:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_
City%2C_431_B.C..JPG/400px-Pelopennesian_War%2C_Walls_Protecting_the_City%2C_431_B.C..JPG
No 10: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Athens_Acropolis.jpg/800pxAthens_Acropolis.jpg
No 11: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/The_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg/220pxThe_Parthenon_in_Athens.jpg
No 12:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bust_Alcibiades_Musei_Capitolini_MC1160.j
pg/220px-Bust_Alcibiades_Musei_Capitolini_MC1160.jpg
No 13:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_e
ach_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG/387pxPelopennesian_War%2C_Key_Actions_in_each_Phase%2C_431_-_404_B.C..JPG
No 14: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/362BCThebanHegemony.png/637px362BCThebanHegemony.png
Levi, P.: Svět starého Řecka. Knižní klub, Praha 1995.
Čornej, P.: Dějepis 1 pro gymnázia a střední školy. Pravěk a starověk . SPN, Praha 2009.
Slovník antické kultury. Svoboda, Praha 1974.