agriculture
Farming.
Amazon Basin
Region of South America
covered with dense tropical
growth and threatened by
deforestation.
ample
More than
enough
Ancient
Very old, aged; from or
belonging to the historical
period before the fall of the
Roman Empire in 476 AD.
Andes Mountains
Long mountain range running the
entire length of South America,
close to the west coast, forming a
barrier to cultural diffusion. It is the
second largest mountain range in
the world.
Athenians
People living in the
ancient Greek citystate of Athens
Athens
Ancient city-state in Greece
known for its celebration of
individual achievement and
recognized as the birthplace of
democracy.
Bastille
Famous prison in downtown
Paris, stormed (attacked) in
the French Revolution of 1789
as a symbol of governmental
injustice.
City-State
A city having the status and political
authority over its economy and
conduct of its citizens as if it were a
nation; ex. ancient Athens, Venice
in the Middle Ages
Continent
A principal land mass on the
earth, such as Australia, Asia,
Europe, North America, and
South America.
contribution
To give or supply
for a common
purpose
Crusades
A series of military expeditions by
European Christians to the Middle
East for the purpose of recovering
the Holy Lands from the Muslims
(11th to 13th century).
Cultural
Diffusion
Customs, ideas, or material
items from one culture or
nation that become a part of
another culture or nation, such
as American baseball in Japan.
Deforestation
The planned destruction of
rain forest areas by bulldozing
and fire in order to provide
roads, grazing land, and farm
land.
Direct Democracy
Government in which the
people participate in debate
and voting on legislation rather
than having a representative do
this for them.
diseases
Illness characterized
by signs and
symptoms
Domestication
To tame, to change
or adapt to be useful
to humans.
Economics
The processes of supplying or providing
goods and services to the consumer,
based upon some form of exchange
(trade, barter, coin), and the resulting
demand for the goods and services that
provide a need to continue the process of
supply.
Encomienda
System
A system of forced labor used
by settlers in South America
with the approval of the
Spanish government
Footbridge
A narrow path
French
Revolution
The overthrow of the French
monarchy in 1789. It signaled the
end of rule by divine right of kings,
and established liberty and equality
for French citizens.
Geography
Study of the earth's
features, the distribution
of life on earth, and the
effects of human activity
Great Britain
Consists of England,
Scotland and Wales
Headline
Important news put
in a few words, the
title of a news article
illustrates
Using examples to help
someone understand
something
Incas
A civilization in the western Andes
Mountains of South American, from
approximately 1000-1530 AD,
credited with accomplishments in
architecture, medicine,
government, and mathematics.
Industrial
Revolution
The period in the late 1700s in England, and later
in Europe and America, in which technological
advances in manufacturing shifted production
from homes and shops to large factory systems; a
move from hand to machine, that is, from human
and animal power to the use of steam or the
internal combustion engine.
Italy
A penninsula that is
shaped like a boot and is
home to the great
civilization Rome
Labor Force
A loose term used to
describe a large group of
workers in an entire
industry or a nation.
Laws
rules governing a
society.
manor
The home of local nobility during
the feudal period (Middle Ages) in
Europe; part of the manor system
in which the lords owned the land
and the peasants, who were bound
to the land, worked it.
Maximilien
Robespierre
A 1700's radical leader
during the second phase
(1793-1795) of the French
Revolution (1789-1799).
Mediterranean
Sea
The body of water surrounded by
the continents of Europe, Africa,
and the Middle Eastern area of Asia
around which several ancient
civilizations evolved; a route for
trade.
Middle Ages
The period in the history of Western Europe from
about 500 AD to 1,500 AD, after the fall of the
Roman Empire, and before the Renissance. The
Middle Ages was characterized by weak central
government, little trade with foreign areas, and
little technological progress; the early part (500 to
1,000 AD) is also referred to as the Dark Ages.
Middle Passage
A term used in the slave
trade, meaning the time
slaves spent on ships
crossing the ocean
Napoleonic Wars
Wars of conquest waged by
Napoleon I (Napoleon
Bonaparte) in order to
expand his power throughout
Europe
Natural
Resources
The organic (trees, soil) and
inorganic (water, minerals, iron ore,
coal, oil) materials that make up the
environment of an area; the type of
resource provided by nature, such
as, forests or oil.
Neolithic
Revolution
The beginning of
farming, about
10,000 B.C.
Nobility
The upper classes of society
who obtained titles and
positions by inheritance, i.e.
on the basis of birth
Physical
Environment
The material
surroundings and/or
geographic setting of a
people.
population
A group of individuals
that live together in the
same area at the same
time
Reign of Terror
The years 1792-1795 of the French
Revolution when radicals seized the
government under Robespierre.
Thousands of people who were
accused of not being loyal to the
Revolution were killed.
Roman Empire
The military dictatorship that,
from 27 BC to 476 AD,
controlled all the lands
surrounding the
Mediterranean Sea.
seizes
to take or grab
Society
A group of human beings who are
broadly distinguished from other
groups by their mutual interests,
participation in shared institutions,
and a common culture.
South America
A large land mass (continent)
south of Central America;
includes Brazil, Chile,
Venezuela, Paraguay, Uruguay
and other countries.
Sparta
An ancient Greek city-state that
transformed its society into an armed
camp and which emphasized the art of
the military and the soldier. Other Greeks
who were conquered by them were used
in agricultural labor, trades, or crafts.
Terrace Farming
Turning hillsides into steps or
terraces ringing the hill to
create flat surfaces for
farming, thus utilizing all
available land.
Third Estate
Social and political group in
pre-revolutionary France,
which made up 97% of the
population yet held little
economic and political power.
Twelve Tables
The oldest Roman code
of laws, dating to 450
BC, during the period of
the Roman Republic.