Date: ________________________ Name: __________________________ Phylogenetic Relationships Through a system of classification called cladistics, scientists construct pylogenetic trees to group organisms based on an analysis of shared derived (apomorphic) traits, or synapomorphies. What happens at a speciation event? Does C share a common ancestry with A? Which box is a common ancestor to B and C? Clade: ___________________________________________________________________ Cladogram:________________________________________________________________________________ What information can we derive from the cladogram on right? Learning Check: a) Which groups are most closely related? _______________ b) Which groups are the most distantly related? ___________ c) What do the numbers 1through 7 represent? ____________ PRACTICE I) Do B, C, and D represent a clade? II) Which species is/are most closely related to F? III) Which species is/are most closely related to D? IV) If a new character (or trait) evolved at position 4, which of the species in the tree would definitely not have the new trait A couple more definitions: Synapomorphy: ________________________________________________________________________ Ingroup: ______________________________________________________________________________ Outgroup: _____________________________________________________________________________ Figure 1: This phylogenetic tree depicts the evolutionary relationships among major groups of vertebrates. a) At which point (letter), did the ray-finned fish split off from a species ancestral to all displayed groups? b) At which point did a split into two lineages occur, with one giving rise to the mammals? c) Using the phylogenetic tree, which of the following are more closely related to crocodiles? (turtles or birds) d) Could crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles be grouped into a clade that did not include birds? e) What is the most common ancestor (letter) for mammals, turtles and birds? f) The ancestor to all vertebrates, at position A, had _______, while the ancestor of all non-fish vertebrates, at position B, had evolved ___________. g) Does the fact that monkeys and salamanders both possess tails indicate that monkeys are more closely related to salamanders than they are to chimpanzees, which do not have tails? Explain. h) Does a branch to the mammal lineage at position C imply that mammals existed at that time? i) Cladograms can provide information about the relative sequence in which species split. Which of the named groups in the cladogram are not alive today? How is this shown? j) Birds and mammals are endothermic and have relatively large brains, yet as shown in Figure 1, mammals are no more closely related to birds than they are to turtles or snakes. Consider the hypothesis that species B was an ancient large brained endotherm. If this were the case, these traits must have been lost independently in the organisms that gave rise to turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and most dinosaurs. Do you agree with the hypothesis? If not, write a better hypothesis. Practice Questions – Answer on a separate page! 1. Match the following terms with the phrases below: primary abiogenesis, adaptive radiation, clade, coevolution, convergent evolution, divergent evolution, gradualism, hominid, punctuated equilibrium, synapomorphy a) a group with a single common ancestor b) theory that evolution is very slow at times c) a shared derived trait d) theory that life arose from inorganic molecules e) very common evolutionary pattern in archipelagos f) species usually dependent on each other for survival g) species exhibit different genetic codes but similar outward appearance and behaviour h) theory that the pace of evolution does not change significantly i) species may exhibit similar genetic codes but have different outward appearance and behavior j) includes Australopithecus afarensis 2. Examine the phylogenetic tree in Figure 1 and answer the following questions about it: a) Which grouping of circles represent clades? b) Which species is/are most closely related to the following species? i) V ii) T iii) Q c) If a new character (or trait) evolved at position 4, which of the species in the tree would definitely not have the new trait? d) List all the numbered positions at which a derived (apomorphic) character may have evolved. e) Should you expect the ancestral species at position 5 to resemble S or T more closely? f) Along which path could a derived character evolve that would eventually be inherited by S? g) Which species would you expect to be most ancient in appearance? 3. Examine the phylogenetic tree in figure 1. SINEs (short interspersed nuclear elements): Repeated DNA sequences of 300 base pairs in length that alternate with lengths of DNA sequences found in the genomes of higher organisms. a) Which two species are most closely related? Explain. b) Species B and D share a SINE which is not found in species A. What other species would you expect to also share this trait? Explain. c) List all species to which species C is most closely related. ANSWERS: f) The ancestor to all vertebrates, at position A, had fins, while the ancestor of all non-fish vertebrates, at position B, had evolved four limbs. g) Does the fact that monkeys and salamanders both possess tails indicate that monkeys are more closely related to salamanders than they are to chimpanzees, which do not have tails? Explain. No. Ancestral features cannot be used to determine the relationship of species or groups; for example, the vertebrate tail is considered the ancient condition, while the lack of a tail is considered to be a derived condition. h) Does a branch to the mammal lineage at position C imply that mammals existed at that time? No. Only that a common ancestor to the mammals had branched from the previous lineage. i) Cladograms can provide information about the relative sequence in which species split. Which of the named groups in the cladogram are not alive today? How is this shown? Dinosaurs, whose branch ends before reaching most recent times. j) Birds and mammals are endothermic and have relatively large brains, yet as shown in Figure 1, mammals are no more closely related to birds than they are to turtles or snakes. Consider the hypothesis that species B was an ancient large brained endotherm. If this were the case, these traits must have been lost independently in the organisms that gave rise to turtles, lizards and snakes, crocodiles, and most dinosaurs. Do you agree with the hypothesis? If not, write a better hypothesis. Even without examining the fossil evidence, it would seem highly unlikely that having a large brain and being endothermic are ancient conditions. A more likely hypothesis is that having relatively large brains (in relation to other non-mammalian vertebrates) and being endotherms are analogous features, or homoplasies, having evolved independently and relatively recently in both mammals and birds. Practice 1 a) Clade b) Punctuated c) Synapomorphy d) Primary abiogenesis e) Adaptive radiation f) Coevolution g) Convergent evolution h) Gradualism i) divergent Practice 2 A) Clades include: [U+V], [R+S], [R,S,T], [R,S,T,U,V], [Q] B) A) U, b) R + S equally, c) all other species equally C) Q, R, S, T D) 2, 4, 7. The other events are nodes where a speciation event occurred. Apomorphic characters could arise immediately after or immediately before a node but not at the precise theoretical nodal position. E) You should not expect the ancestral species to resemble either one more than the other. F) Any derived character that evolved along the path from ‘1’ to ‘3’ to ‘5’ and then onward to R, but forking up to the right to ‘s’ would eventually have been inherited by species ‘s’. G) There is no reason to think that any living species (Q,R,S,T,U,V) would appear more ancient than any other. Practice 3 a) D + E are more closely related. They share the most recent common ancestor. b) C + E would be expected to share the SINE. This is because we would conclude that both B + D inherited the SINE form their most common recent ancestor. This species is also an ancestor of C + E. c) D + E and equally closely related to C.