Lone Star Chemistry Solu2ons Lone Star Chemistry Solu2ons iBook: h(ps://itunes.apple.com/us/book/lone-­‐star-­‐chemistry-­‐solu9ons/id635036317?mt=11 What Started in Texas Has Changed the World
Part II Emeritus College Spring 2015 Diana Mason, PhD, ACSF (re?red) Professor Emeritus, Department of Chemistry University of North Texas April 16, 2015 Schedule •
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April 14: Texas on the World’s Stage April 16: Early Statehood April 21: 1880s to the Moon (Celebra?on!) April 23: Texas Today Civil War 8. Braggin’ or True? Confederate States of America
•  Texas formally seceded from U.S., March 2, 1861; joined the Confederacy, March 5. •  Texans voted overwhelmingly to secede, but Governor Houston refused to take the oath of allegiance to the Confederacy; vacated the office and walked to the famed Treaty Oak on March 16, 1861. Treaty Oak, Aus9n Treaty Oak: Symbol of Texas Strength and Endurance Velpar, powerful hardwood-­‐herbicide, used to poison her in 1989. The vandal received 9-­‐year prison sentence. By 1927 it was the only one of a once mighty grove of 14 oaks remaining. In 1830, Stephen F. Aus9n signed a treaty with the Na9ve Americans there. The American Forestry Associa9on proclaimed the tree as the most perfect specimen of a North American tree, and inducted the Treaty Oak into its Hall of Fame in Washington, D.C. In 1997, the Treaty Oak produced its first crop of acorns since the vandalism. Liendo Planta9on: Waller (Harris Co.) One of Texas' earliest co(on planta9ons. Public viewing the first Saturday of most months. An admission fee of $7.00 is charged (seniors, groups, and students $5.00). Tours begin at 10:00 AM, 11:30 AM, and 1:00 PM. Seward Planta9on, Independence Mrs. Sam Houston’s House Mount Verdi Planta9on, Cushing (Rusk Co.) Tours by appointment only. Contact us to schedule, tour takes approximately one hour $12 per person. Ellerslie Planta9on, Brazoria Co. Wyalucing Planta9on, Marshall Built between 1848 and 1850 by slave labor. Dewberry Planta9on, Bullard (near Tyler) Varner-­‐Hogg Planta9on, Brazoria Co. Began in 1824 as part of Stephen F. Aus9n’s Old Three Hundred. March 1865, a gentleman's agreement was struck to forgo figh9ng between Union and Confederate forces. Civil War Ended: May 9, 1865
Last battle Palmito Ranch,
May 12-13, 1865
Confederate/Texas victory!
Juneteenth •  Emancipa9on Proclama9on issued on September 22, 1862 became effec9ve January 1, 1863 •  Civil War Ended: May 9, 1865 •  Not announced in Texas un9l Union General Gordon Granger visited Galveston on June 19, 1865 with over 2000 troops –  “The people of Texas are informed that, in accordance with a proclama?on from the Execu?ve of the United States, all slaves are free.” –  Official State holiday State Holiday •  June 19 •  Emancipa9on Day –  Local observance for other states –  All except American Samoa, AZ, HI, MD, MP (Northern Mariana Islands), MT, ND, NH, SD, UT, Virgin Island, Wake Island Na9onal and State Holiday •  January 19 •  Mar9n Luther King Day –  Observed U.S. •  Confederate Memorial Day –  Observed in Texas Wild West 9. Braggin’ or True? John Wilkes Booth May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865 (or 1903???)
•  Stage actor •  Born in Maryland •  Assassinated President Abraham Lincoln at Ford’s Theater, Washington, D.C. John Wilkes Booth May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865 (or 1903???)
Glen Rose Granbury •  In 1907, Finis L. Bates wrote Escape and Suicide of John Wilkes Booth –  Alleged a Booth look-­‐alike was killed at the Garre( farm –  Booth assumed pseudonym: John St. Helen –  Se(led on Paluxy River near Glen Rose and later moved to Granbury •  Joined Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) –  Paramilitary (pro-­‐slavery) Jesse Woodson James September 5, 1847 – April 3, 1882 (or 1910??)
•  Born in Missouri •  Confederate guerrilla –  aka Bushwhacker = secessionist Brownwood •  Spent some 9me in Texas during the Civil War •  Robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains •  Supposedly, killed in Missouri by his outlaw partner, Robert Ford, in order to collect a reward •  Rumor: James assumed the name Henry Ford, banker and business writer in Brownwood, TX •  Joined Knights of the Golden Circle (KGC) J. Frank Dalton March 8, 1848 – August 15, 1951 Granbury Goliad County •  Born in Goliad, Goliad County •  Lived to be 103! –  In the last few years (1948-­‐1951), publicly claimed to be the famous outlaw Jesse James –  Dalton was allegedly 100 years old at the 9me of his first public appearance as Jesse James -­‐ at Lawton, Oklahoma in April–May, 1948. •  Claims did not hold up under ques2oning •  Had many of the unique body marks/body features that the real Jesse James was rumored to have. –  Seven bullet wounds, a rope burn around his neck, a collapsed lung, a damaged finger9p, and severely burned feet •  Died Granbury, Hood County, Texas Geochemistry Mercury ¡Viva Terlingua •  1880s Above: Cinnabar Below: Etched Texas Natural Sandstone Coaster Set –  various Mexican and American prospectors found cinnabar •  A man named Jack Dawson reportedly produced the first mercury from Terlingua in 1888 Interna9onal Chili Cook-­‐off •  Terlingua is the first se(lement in the Big Bend area of far southwest Texas •  Terlingua is Texas' most visited ghost town Third-­‐largest mercury-­‐producing area in U.S. Big Bend, Texas View of mine •  Mining discouraged –  Remote –  Hos9le Indians •  Importance of discovery slow in being publicized –  By mid-­‐1890s, Terlingua finds began to be publicized in newspapers and in the mining industry magazines –  S9mulated interests –  Other prospectors arrived Importance of Mercury •  Used in making –
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thermometers barometers diffusion pumps some electric gears •  Used in •  Consumer products –  ba(eries –  fluorescent ligh9ng •  Useful mercury salts –  mercury(II) fulminate — Hg(ONC)2 — a detonator used in Mercury Bea9ng Heart explosives –  mercuric sulfide (HgS), used as a high-­‐grade paint pigment –  mercury-­‐vapor lamps –  caus9c soda and chlorine produc9on –  dental prepara9ons (amalgams) •  New CFL (Compact –  an9-­‐fouling paint Fluorescent Lamp) bulbs –  catalysts –  Pes9cides 10. Braggin’ or True? Oil Boom in Texas Corsicana •  Oil boom began in 1894 –  discovery of oil in Corsicana •  Taken seriously when Spindletop in Beaumont hit in 1901 Ler: Beaumont Right: Spindletop Ler: UT Aus9n, 1903 Right: TAMU, 1883 UT & TAMU li(le to no agricultural or commercial value •  State of Texas Cons9tu9on, 1876 –  Establish “a university of the first class” –  Granted both universi9es: 50 square leagues of land (221,420 acres) –  The State gave The University of Texas another 1 million acres and another million of wasteland in west Texas. –  Created The University of Texas and an Agricultural and Mechanical DEPARTMENT •  A&M opened in 1876 before UT (founded in 1883) •  UT Dr. John W. Mallet, professor of chemistry, first chairman of the faculty Edwards Plateau Comprised of 40 coun9es! Edwards Plateau •  Based on a UT geology professor's report in 1916 –  poten9al mineral resources on the west Texas land •  Group of Catholic women from New York (part of the investors) became worried about their investment so they consulted their priest. –  Pray to the patron saint of impossible causes, Santa Rita. –  Ladies had some red roses blessed by the priest –  Gave the blessed roses to Frank Pickrell, drilling partner –  "According to their wishes, Pickrell climbed to the top of the derrick and sca(ered the rose petals, which by then were dry, over the rig." Santa Rita No. 1 Reagan County Drilling had been slow but at 6:00 AM on May 28, 1923, then Santa Rita No. 1 in Reagan County on the western edge of the Edwards Plateau, started making the ra(lesnake noise iden9fying that pay dirt had been made. Santa Rita was plugged in 1990 but the adjacent land s9ll pumps around 41 million barrels of oil each year. Permanent University Fund (PUF) •  The PUF is considered to be a Sovereign Wealth Fund created by the State of Texas to fund public higher educa9on within the state. •  UT gets ⅔ of this funding and TAMU the other ⅓. •  The first oil royalty payment to the PUF was made on August 14, 1923 = $516.53. •  All monies generated for the PUF must be invested and cannot be spent. –  The proceeds from the sale of oil, gas, sulfur and water royal9es are invested in the form of stocks, bonds and equity interest to establish the Available University Fund, or AUF. –  The income from PUF makes up most of AUF, which is used for opera9ng expenses and permanent improvements. •
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In 2007, the PUF was $11.7 billion, not including the value of the land itself 2011 assets totaled $12.8 billion 2013: $14.9 billion June 2014: $17.2 billion Investment Results •  The University of Texas at Aus9n is No. 26 among the world's most produc9ve scien9fic research ins9tu9ons. –  No. 15 among all U.S. universi9es –  No. 7 among public universi9es •  Ranks among the top 25 ins9tu9ons in three research areas covered by the College of Natural Sciences. –  No. 25 in Earth & Environmental Sciences (No. 11 among U.S. universi9es) –  No. 22 in Physical Sciences (No. 11 among U.S. universi9es) –  No. 16 in Chemistry (No. 7 among U.S. universi9es) Offshore Drilling •  Early 1930s •  Texas Company, later Texaco, now Chevron •  First mobile steel barges for drilling in brackish coastal areas of the Gulf of Mexico Offshore pla{orm, Gulf of Mexico Aeronau9cs 11. Braggin’ or True? UFO Incident •  Aurora, TX •  Visit by aliens in 1897 –  Prior to the Wright brother’s first flight –  50 years before Roswell Aurora 12. Braggin’ or True? First Flight, Pi(sburg, TX Pi(sburg Rev. Burrell Cannon, a Bap9st minister and inventor, was inspired by the biblical book of Ezekiel and became interested in powered flight. Ezekiel Airship, 1894-­‐1902 Flown in a fall 1902 test run by Cannon’s employee Gus Stamps arer fellow workers pushed the airship to a nearby pasture that was two blocks from the current heritage museum. Destroyed when blown off a railcar during a storm in 1904 en route to the St. Louis World's Fair. Atlanta Elizabeth “Bessie” Coleman (January 26, 1892-­‐April 30, 1926) •  Born in Atlanta and raised in Waxahachie •  American civil aviator –  First female pilot of African-­‐American descent –  First person of African-­‐American descent to hold an interna9onal pilot license •  June 15, 1921 received license –  Had to go to Paris, France Waxahachie Wiley Post 1898-­‐1935 Van Zandt County •  Born in Corinth (near Grand Saline), now a ghost town •  Began flying at age 26 (1924) •  Died 1935 in an Alaskan plane crash with Will Rogers Wiley Post •  Known for high al9tude flying On display at the Smithsonian. –  June 1931: First to fly around the world (with navigator, Harold Ga(y) – 8 days, 16 hours –  July 1933: First to fly solo around the world (7 days, 19 hours) –  In 1934, flew at an al9tude of 40,000 r. –  When he reached 50,000 r., he discovered the jet stream –  Developed a pressure suit because plane’s cabin being made out of plywood could not be pressurized –  Developed helmet with removable faceplate that could accommodate earphones and a throat microphone –  Developed precursor to GPS instrumenta9on –  First pilot to u9lize liquid oxygen in a pressure suit McDonald Observatory Dome of the 9.2 m Hobby-­‐Eberly Telescope, one of the largest op9cal telescopes in the world! Paris, Texas, Lamar County Jeff Davis County Loca9on: Fort Davis in Jeff Davis Co in the Davis Mountains of Texas Established: 1933 Second largest in the world—when built Property of UT, Aus9n (originally, under University of Chicago un9l 1960s) W. J. McDonald grew up in Paris, TX His father se(led in Texas in 1837 W. J. ler the bulk of his estate to UT ($800K) Marfa, TX Presidio County •  Existence first published in July 1957 –  Observed in the 1800s (well before the advent of automobiles) •  Allegedly paranormal nocturnal lights seen near U.S. Route 67 on Mitchell Flat east of Marfa –  Marfa lights are unexplained –  Colors are described as white, yellow, orange, or red with green and blue being reported occasionally. •  Probably due to sharp temperature gradients between cold and warm layers of air –  Visible blue lights -­‐ short wavelengths –  Visible red lights -­‐ longer wavelengths in nature 13. Braggin’ or True? 1903: Helium History •  First discovered in natural gas in 1903 when an exploratory well in Kansas produced a gas that "refused" to burn. •  The only economical source of helium is from natural gas with some of the richest sources located in the Panhandle of Texas. Amarillo, TX Amarillo, Texas Helium Capital of the World •  Nearly all of the world's helium supply is found within a 250-­‐mile radius of Amarillo –  Home to the world's largest helium well •  A byproduct of billions of years of decay –  Dis9lled from natural gas that has accumulated in the presence of radioac9ve uranium and thorium deposits •  The Texas Bureau of Land management now owns the Amarillo helium produc9on plant and it accounts for about 30-­‐35% of the world's supply. Federal Helium Program •  Created in 1925 to ensure that the gas would be available to the government for defense needs. •  Na9onal Helium Reserve –  goal of supplying military airships w i t h h e l i u m , n o t h y d r o g e n (Hindenburg) •  Helium use in the U.S. in 1965 –  more than eight 9mes the peak war9me consump9on. Consump9on of Helium, 2011 U.S. consumption of helium (2011). Sources: U.S. Geological Survey,
IHS Chemical. Chemical & Engineering News, February 4, 2013, p 18.
WW I 14. Braggin’ or True? World War I Rages in Europe •  In 1917 American troops gather on the Texas border in response to anxie9es created by the Mexican Revolu9on. •  Soldiers from across the country were digging trenches and prac9cing military maneuvers in southern Texas. –  No one knew that the skills these soldiers were acquiring would be used in Western Europe Mexican Revolu9on •  1910-­‐1920 •  Major, armed struggle with an uprising led by Madero against long9me autocrat Diaz –  Most important sociopoli9cal event in Mexico •  Pancho Villa –  One of the most prominent generals –  Commander of Divisiôn del Norte –  Provisional Governor of Chihuahua (1913-­‐1914) Texas Used as Bait (1917) •  Diploma9c proposal from the German Empire meant for the President of Mexico –  Intercepted and decoded by Bri9sh intelligence –  Germany offered to help Mexico “re-­‐conquer” Texas, Arizona and New Mexico in exchange for a military alliance against Great Britain, France and the United States. •  In March, as Texans were preparing to celebrate Texas Independence Day, news broke across the country of a Zimmerman Telegram –  Enough for President Wilson to ask the Congress to declare war against Germany on April 2, 1917 •  Congress officially declared war four days later –  Mexico remained neutral—too much debt and other issues (like depleted resources) due to the revolu9on currently underway Texas and the Great War Germany’s entreaty galvanized na9onal support for American entry into World War I (1914-­‐1918), but had par9cular resonance in Texas and on The University of Texas campus. Dedica9on of Memorial Stadium November 27, 1924 Darrel K. Royal -­‐ Texas Memorial Stadium First Female Governor of Texas (1925-­‐1927; 1932-­‐1935) •  Spouse: James “Pa” Ferguson –  Arer his impeachment and convic9on, Ma Ferguson sought the democra9c nomina9on for governor and was elected. –  She said she would follow the advice of her husband. •  Miriam Amanda Wallace "Ma" Ferguson –  June 13, 1875 – June 25, 1961 –  Born in Bell County, Texas •  Second female governor in U.S., but •  First U.S. female to win a general elec?on Miriam Amanda Wallace Ferguson –  Wyoming governor sworn in two weeks before she was in order to finish the expired term of her Bell County late husband. Chemistry 15. Braggin’ or True? 1937: Mercaptans New London New London, TX March 18, 1937 Center of the East Texas Oil Fields The New London school explosion was then-­‐20-­‐year-­‐old Walter Cronkite's first na9onal story. Cronkite moved to Houston, Texas when he was 10. He a(ended UT Aus9n where he worked on the Daily Texan campus newspaper. Three good things resulted from the tragedy in New London •  Mercaptans added to natural gas –  organosulfur compounds or thiols •  Emergency legisla9ve session –  enacted the Engineering Registra9on Act due to the faulty installa9on of the natural gas connec9on –  The 9tle "engineer" in Texas remains legally restricted to those who have been professionally cer9fied by the state to prac9ce engineering •  Since this episode, no Texas school has been built with a sub-­‐basement! New London, TX Today High School Football
McMullen County Hartley County (Friday Night Lights)
•  Original Friday Night Lights: New London, TX –  Bruce Bradshaw Stadium: First high school stadium in Texas with lights •  There are 254 coun9es in Texas. Four of them do not have high school football stadiums. –  Hartley, Kenedy, Loving, & McMullen coun9es
•  America’s largest high school band and most expensive
stadium
–  The 2009 Allen Escadrille from Allen, Texas has a whopping 638 members,
including 527 musicians, a 39-member color guard and a 72-member drill
team. It takes 18 school buses to transport the group, and some sections (85
trumpets) are larger than entire marching bands. New stadium: $60M
–  Like the famed 1988 Permian High School Panthers’football team there’s
nothing bigger or better in Texas!
Loving County Kenedy County 1939: Fluorine 16. Braggin’ or True? Fluoridated Water Hereford •  Hereford—named for the region’s favored ca(le breed •  Early 20th century, den9st, Dr. George W. Heard, moved from his na9ve Alabama to set up prac9ce •  He was so struck by the townspeople’s outstanding dental health that he began publicizing it within his profession. •  Heard traced the lack of caries to the locals’ diet: rich in unprocessed grains and vegetables grown in Hereford’s well-­‐
mineralized soil, and an abundant consump9on of raw milk. •  He did not, however, a(ribute it to the town’s water—
naturally fluoridated at 1 part per million (ppm), which is today’s “ideal” standard for ar9ficial fluorida9on. The Town Without a Toothache •  By 1939, Dr. Heard's findings had a(racted the a(en9on of Dr. Edward Taylor, chief dental officer of the Texas Department of Health, who came to Herford to check out Heard's claims and no9ced that fluoride in the water was also a major contributor to the townsfolk's happy dental state. •  Arer a two-­‐year study and the fact that Hereford had the lowest tooth-­‐decay rate among schoolchildren of any city in the United States, resul9ng in the 9tle above being bestowed by the popular Ripley's Believe It Or Not in 1942. •  Taylor "no9ced" that Hereford's nickname is not really true, but the use of sodium fluoride has been used effec9vely by people interested in marke9ng its effects all over the country and is the most common fluoride used in toothpaste. San Antonio, Texas •  What is interes9ng about this major discovery that has been accepted by much of the populated world, the last major city in the USA to fluoridate their water was San Antonio. –  It was not un9l the city ordinance was approved on November 7, 2000, that San Antonio finally began fluorida9ng potable water in August 2002. –  San Antonio delayed the ar9ficial fluorida9on because their water was naturally fluoridated with 0.3 ppm. –  Fluorine is now added to the water as hydrofluorosilicic acid (H2SiF6). Texas Originals: Music, Food and Drink, and More Largest Grain Storage Facility in World Saginaw, Texas was founded in 1833. Railroad in late 1800s made Saginaw the southernmost stop to get to Fort Worth. Burrus Mills, now Cargill, Inc., was the launching pad for the western swing band "The Lightcrust Dough Boys". •  Light Crust Doughboys •  Quintessen9al American Western swing band from Texas organized in 1931 by the Burrus Mill and Elevator Company in Saginaw, Texas. The band achieved its peak popularity in the few years leading up to World War II. •  Launched by Bob Wills and Milton Brown –  Bob (March 6, 1905 (Kosse) – May 13, 1975 (Ft. Worth) –  Milton (September 7, 1903 (Stephenville) – April 13, 1936 (Ft. Worth) Kosse Stephenville Sco( Joplin (born 1867/1868 near Linden, Texas; died April 1, 1917 in New York, New York) •  King of Rag2me Writers •  There have been many claims about the sales of the Maple Leaf Rag –  for example, Joplin was the first musician to sell 1 million copies of a piece of instrumental music •  The Entertainer wri(en in 1902 –  The S2ng movie made it popular Linden H-­‐E-­‐B Grocery Store, LP •  1905 Florence Bu( opens C.C. Bu( Grocery Store in Kerrville with $60 investment •  1920s: youngest son, Howard E. Bu( takes over with new stores in Del Rio and Laredo •  Now based in San Antonio, Texas –
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Over 369 loca9ons in Texas and Mexico 80,000 employees $21B+ (2013) CEO, Charles Bu( •  Known for charitable work: food banks, West, Texas relief efforts, educa9on •  In 1994, H-­‐E-­‐B introduced its Central Market concept –
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Aus9n based Offers an organic and interna9onal food selec9on European-­‐style bakery Extensive beer and wine selec9ons 8 stores all in Texas Whole Foods Market •  Founded in Aus9n, 1980 •  Natural foods supermarket •  John Mackay, co-­‐CEO, born in Houston (1953) 17. Braggin’ or True? Texas Trivia
World’s First Hamburger
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Athens Created in the late 1880s
Originator: Uncle Fletcher Davis (Old Dave)
Débuted: World’s Fair in St. Louis in 1904
In 2006, a bill was introduced into the Texas
Legislature to make Athens, Texas
“Original Home of the Hamburger”
Wolf Brand Chili
•  "Neighbor, how long has it been since you had a
big, thick, steaming bowl of Wolf Brand Chili?
Well, that's too long!"
•  It’s a Texas original! The original recipe is still in the
possession of a family in Forney, Texas under the auspices
of Eppie Hattie Lurina Williams.
•  Lyman T. Davis of Corsicana, TX took the recipe and
changed it with the help of his ranch-hand to make it what
it is today.
•  Lyman sold his first bowl of his now famous chili in a can
for a nickel in 1895. (The first can came off the
manufacturing line in 1921.)
•  Until 1954, cans were only distributed in Texas.
•  Named “Wolf Brand” in honor of Lyman’s pet wolf,
Kaiser Bill.
Mrs Beard’s Bread by Mrs. Ninnie Baird •  Family moved from Tennessee in 1901 •  In 1915, demand for Mrs Baird's bread had outgrown Ninnie's wood-­‐burning stove. •  Opens commercial company in Fort Worth El Fenix •  Opened in Dallas in 1918 •  In 1919, he sold his inven9on, the tor9lla machine, to Herman Lay of now Frito-­‐Lay for $200. •  Moved to 1601 McKinney Ave in Dallas in 1925. El Chico •  Adelaida Cuellar began selling tamales in Kaufman County in 1926. •  Mama Cuellar with the help of her 12 children opened a small café and in 1940 –  She and five of her sons moved Mama’s kitchen to Oak Lawn in Dallas –  Named restaurant El Chico Kaufman County The Frito Company •
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1932 , Charles Elmer Doolin, San Antonio Began the business in his mother’s kitchen 1933, began opera9ons in Houston & Dallas Merged with Lay (from Tennessee) in 1961 The Nacho •  Named for the maître d’hotel, Ignacio “Nacho” Anaya in Piedras Negras, Coahulia, Mexico across border from Eagle Pass, TX •  Nacho’s especiales (1943): –  Tor9llas cut into triangles, shredded cheddar cheese, heated, and add sliced jalapeño peppers •  A modified version of the dish, with cheese sauce and prepared tor9lla chips was marketed in 1976 by Frank Liberto, owner of Rico's Products, during spor9ng events Ball park in Arlington –  Popularized by Howard Cosell, announcer Eagle Pass ACME BRICK •  George Benne( (October 6, 1852 – July 3, 1907) –  Arrived in Galveston Texas in 1876 •  By 1884, arrives in Rock Creek area of Parker County and starts building a brick plant. –  S9ll a site today •  In 1891 his brick are rated “superior” –  Founded in Benne(, Parker County –  Hard-­‐fired from premium clay in kilns at 1800 °F –  100-­‐year limited guarantee •  First big job in Fort Worth Stockyards (1910) –  Armour and Swir meat-­‐packing plant •  Headquarters: Fort Worth, Texas –  18 manufacturing plants (8 in Texas) in 7 states –  Almost 3,000 employees Parker County Hilton •  Conrad Hilton born in New Mexico in 1887 •  Came to Cisco to buy a bank but the bank cost too much –  Purchased the Mobley Hotel in 1919 –  Hotel is now a local museum and community center. •  The first hotel to bear the Hilton name was a high-­‐rise in Dallas that opened in 1925. Cisco First Dallas Hilton !
Let’s Review 8. Braggin’ or True? 9. Braggin’ or True? 10. Braggin’ or True? 11. Braggin’ or True? 12. Braggin’ or True? 13. Braggin’ or True? 14. Braggin’ or True? 15. Braggin’ or True? 16. Braggin’ or True? 17. Braggin’ or True? Texas Has Braggin’ Rights! THANK YOU SEE YOU SAN JACINTO DAY!