Time: 3 Hours and 15 minutes
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS:
MODEL QUESTION PAPER - 1
SUBJECT: BIOLOGY
Max Marks: 70 i) This question paper consists of four parts A, B, C and D. Part D consists of two parts,
Section – I and Section – II. ii) All the parts are Compulsory. iii) Draw diagrams wherever necessary.
PART – A
I.
Answer the following in One Word or One Sentence each: 10X1=10
1.
Mention the type of evolution that has brought the similarity as seen in potato tuber and sweet potato.
2.
Define menarche.
3.
What is drug abuse?
4.
Define breed.
5.
What are flocs?
6.
How are two short polypeptide chains of insulin linked together?
7.
There is a cap like structure over the sperm head. Give reason.
8.
Secondary immune responses are quick and highly intensified. Why?
9.
Give an example for international treaty signed by different countries to litigate the emission of greenhouse gases.
10.
How is diapause different from hibernation?
PART – B
II.
Answer any FIVE of the following questions in 3 – 5 sentences each, wherever applicable:
11.
Define oviparous and viviparous animals with example.
12.
Mention the applications of plant tissue culture.
13.
Distinguish between autosomes and allosomes.
14.
How does colostrum provide initial protection against diseases to newborn infant?
15.
Mention the role of selectable markers in cloning vector.
16.
Who proposed the Rivet popper hypotheses? Comment on the major postulate of this hypothesis.
17.
Differentiate between pioneer and climax community.

PART – C
III.
Answer any FIVE of the following Questions in 40-80 words each, wherever applicable. 5X3=15
18.
What is reproductive cycle? Mention any four differences between menstrual and estrus cycle.
19.
Describe any two evidences from morphology and comparative anatomy in support of evolution.
20.
Define immunity. Distinguish between active and passive immunity.
21.
Define the terms a) Biome b) Population c) Community
22.
With a labelled diagram explain the structure pollen grain.
23.
Explain the structure of pBR 322 with a diagram.
24.
What is Co-evolution? Explain how does Ophrys get pollinated by bees?
25.
What is meant by writing 𝐻
2
𝐿
2
for an antibody? Name any four types of antibodies produced in human body?
26.
Explain why ecological succession will be faster in forest devastated by fire than on bare rock? And also compare primary succession from secondary succession.
PART – D
SECTION – 1
IV.
Answer any FOUR of the following questions on 200 – 250 words each, wherever applicable. 4X5=20
27.
What is IVF-ET? Explain IVF – ET and mention its significance.
28.
Compare and contrast the adptations in anemophyllous and entomophyllous flowers in favour of pollination.
29.
Explain chromosomal theory of inheritance.
30.
What is forest deforestation? Mention the methods of forest conservation and add a note on case study of people’s participation in forest conservation strategies.
31.
With a diagram explain the structure of an endospermic seed.
32.
What is human genome project? Mention the features and goals of human genome project.
SECTION – II
Answer any THREE of the following questions in 200 – 250 words each, wherever applicable. 3X5=15
33.
What are biofertilizers? Mention examples. Explain the types of biofertilizers and their significance in agriculture.
34.
Differentiate between the following mentioning example for each. a) Stenohaline and Euryhaline b) Mutualism and commensalism
35.
What are single cell proteins? Mention some organisms which have been used as single cell proteins and mention their significance.
36.
Mention the role of the following a) GEAC b) ELISA c) PCR
37.
With a diagram explain the structure of a seminiferous tubule.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER 1
PART – A
1.
Convergent evolution.
2.
The age at which menstruation ceases usually after 45-50 years is called menopause
3.
Drug abuse is a case of self administration of drug for non medical reasons in abnormal quantity and frequencies, which may affect normal functions of an individual resulting in physical, physiological mal functioning of the body.
4.
A group of animals related by descent and similar in most characters like genral appearance, feature, size and configuration etc
5.
Masses of bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures during secondary treatment of sewage.
6.
Two short polypeptide linked together by disulphide bond.
7.
To help the sperm to penetrate in to the egg during fertilization.
8.
The memory cells of the first encounter with a particular antigen are activated during subsequent encounter with the same pathogen and produce quick response.
9.
Montreal protocol (Canada).
10.
Diapause is a dormant stage in the development of several insects whereas hibernation is a state of inactivation in animals like frog during winter.
11.
The animal which lay fertilized eggs and further development of embryo into young one occurs outside the body of the female is called ovipary
Example: reptiles, birds.
Viviparous animals
The animal in which zygote develops into a young one inside the body of the female individual is called vivipary.
Example: mammals.
12.
1. Plants with desirable characters can be obtained
2. Large number of plants can be obtained with a short period of time.
13.
Autosomes
1.
Autosomes carry genes for the
expression of somatic characters.
Allosomes
1. Allosomes carry genes for the
expression maleness or femaleness.
2.
Autosomes are usually more in number in any organism
2. There are only two sex chromosomes
X and Y
14.
Colostrum contains antibodies (IgA) which are essential for developing resistance for the new born babies.
15.
The selectable marker genes in a cloning vector allow the selection and identification of bacteria that have been transformed with a recombinant plasmid compared to non transformed cells. Some of the most common selectable markers are genes for ampicillin resistance (ampR) and tetracycline resistance (tetR).
16.
Paul Ehrlich Stanford ecologist proposed rivet popper hypothesis
The effect of loss of species diversity in an ecosystem was explained by Paul Ehrlich through Rivet popper hypothesis.

He compares an aeroplane to an ecosystem and all the parts joined together by rivets
(species). He said “when each passenger of aeroplane begins popping a rivet to carry to his house (it means properly functioning of an ecosystem) in the beginning but when more rivets (species) will be removed from aeroplane (ecosystem), it will become weak
17.
and would cause danger to safety of aeroplane. Morever, the loss of rivets on wings of aeroplane”.
Pioneer Community Climax Community
1.
It is the first community established in an area after some sort of calamities like forest fire, earthquake etc.
2.
It is unstable as this community grows and changes very fast.
3.
The life span of pioneer community is short
4.
It includes lichen, mosses, insects etc.
1.
It is the most complex, diverse and
4.
productive community in a stable area.
2.
It is the most stable community unless any catastrophe happens.
3.
The life span of climax community is as long as hundred years unless any accidents occur.
Big old trees like oak, banyan etc are species of climax community.
18.
The cyclic changes that occur in the female reproductive system of mammals is called reproductive cycle.
They are of two types namely, menstrual and oestrus cycle.
Menstrual cycle
1.
Occurs in primates
2.
Females do not show irresistible sexual urge.
3.
Female does not permit mating during menstrual cycle.
4.
Endometrium corrodes or involves shedding of endometrial wall.
5.
Bleeding occurs.
6.
Menstrual phase is followed by nonmenstrual phase during which female allows copulation with the male.
Oestrus cycle
1.
Occurs in non-primates.
2.
Females show strong irresistible sexual urge.
3.
Female permits mating.
4.
No shedding or corrosion of endometrium.
5.
Bleeding do not occur.
6.
Oestrus period is followed by non oestrus during which female does not permit mating.
19.
1. Homologous organs
 Homologous organs are common in origin and built on same fundamental pattern but perform different functions.

Homology explains common ancestry of different organisms’ and divergent evolution.
Example: Fore limbs of mammals, legs of insects, mouth parts of insects, vertebrate hearts or brain, thorns and tendrils of Bougainvillea.

2.
Analogous organs

Analogous organs differ in their origin and development but similar in function.
 Analogous organs explain convergent evolution or homoplasty.

Functional similarity in analogous organs is due to similarity in habitat.

Evolution shown by closely related animals is convergent evolution.
Example: Wings of an insect and bird, flippers of penguin and dolphins, sweet potato
(roof modification) and potato (stem modification) is another example for analogy.
20.
It is the body’s ability to resist the entry and fight against disease causing organisms conferred by the immune system.
Active immunity
1.
It is developed when host is exposed to antigen or antigenic stimulus.
2.
Active immunity is slow and last for long period.
Example: Immunity against small pox, mumps after suffering once by them.
Passive immunity
1.
It is developed due to obtaining antibodies from immunized individual.
2.
Passive immunity is fast and last for a few days.
Example: Antibodies transferred from mother to child during breast feeding or vaccination.
21.
a) Biome
All the biotic communities in a large area living in a particular climatic conditions constitute biome.
Example: Tropical rain forests b) Population
It is a group of organisms of a single species living in a particular area.
Example: deer species in a forest c) Community
It is an assemblage of all the populations of different species living in a given habitat.
22.
Pollen grain is the haploid male gamete. It is spherical or oval in shape with two layered spore wall. The outer spore wall called exine or exosporium which is thick and protective in function and the inner wall is called intine or endosporium. Over the exine thin circular spaces called germ pores are present; pollen grains contain dense cytoplasm with prominent nucleus in the center.
23.
pBR 322 (Plasmid of Boliver and Rodriguez strain no 322) is an artificial plamid created from two plasmids pSC 101 and CoIEI by Boliver and Rodriguez. It contains of

4363 bp (4.3Kbp), 528 restriction sites for 66 restriction enzymes. It has both ampicillin resistant gene (𝑎𝑚𝑝 𝑟 ) and tetracycline resistant gene (𝑡𝑒𝑡 𝑟 ) which confer resistance to ampicillin and tetracycline respectively. It has a single cloning site for
EcoR1, Bam H1, Hind III and sal. It has origin of replication (ori) site.
24.
It is the type of intimate relation between mutualists.
Example evolution of flower and its pollinator for guaranteed pollination.
1.
It employs Sexual deceit.
2.
One petal resembles female bee.
3.
Male bee is attracted and pseudo copulates with the flower.
4.
Pollen grain transferred from one flower to another.
25.
Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains. Of them, two are small and called light chains (L) and two of them are longer and called heavy chains (H); hence written as 𝐻
2
𝐿
2
.
The four types of antibodies are IgA, IgE, IgG and IgM.
26.
Ecological succession starting from forest devasted area is much faster because of the presence of previously built substratum, few organisms and considerable amount of organic maller.
Primary succession
1.
It occurs on soilless area or primitive area without any previous living matter.
2.
It is a very slow process.
3.
It takes long time nearly 500-1000 years.
Secondary succession
1.
It occurs on fertile area where living matter already exists.
2.
It is much a faster process.
3.
It takes comparatively short time
50-100 years.
27.
It is the technique of fertilization of an egg with sperm outside the body of the female, inside the test tube under suitable laboratory conditions. The transfer of fertilized egg into the womb of another woman is called embryo transfer (ET). The baby born by this technique is called test tube baby. This technique was developed by Patrick
Steptoe and Robert Edward of UK in 1974. The first test tube baby born was Louise Jay
Brown in England (1978).
Procedure
1.
Donor mother is injected with hCG (human chorionic gonadotropins) to induce super ovulation.
2.
The eggs are collected from mother by laparoscopy and transferred to a suitable culture medium in the laboratory.
3.
Healthy sperms are collected from a donor male.
4.
Healthy and viable sperms are transferred to a culture medium containing eggs to fertilize them.
5.
The fertilized egg undergoes cleavage and reaches 4 – 8 celled stage.
6.
4 – 8 celled embryo is transferred to the uterus of another woman; she takes the place of real mother and provides necessary conditions for further development of the embryo is called surrogate or recipient mother. After the full term development the baby is delivered by caesarian.

Significance
1.
This technique provides an opportunity for infertile couple to bear children.
2.
Fertilized embryos can be preserved for future use and transported conveniently.
28.
Pollination brought about by the agency of wind is called anemophily.
Characteristics of anemophillous flowers
1.
Comparatively small and unattractive.
2.
Anthers produce large number of pollen grains to ensure fertilization.
3.
Flowers do not secrete scent or nector.
4.
Produce anthers with long filament so that anther comes out of the flower and expose to the wind.
5.
Stigma is large and has feathery surface to receive pollen grains from the wind.
6.
Pollen grains are light and dry in nature and some with wings, there by, easily carried by wind.
Pollination brought about by insects is called entomophily.
Characteristics of entomophillous flowers
1.
Flowers are large, attractive with brightly coloured petals.
2.
Produce scent and nector to attract insects.
3.
Pollen grains are rough and sticky and easily stick to the body of insects.
4.
Produce pollen grains in small quantity.
5.
Essential whorls of the flowers are not much exposed but non-essential whorls increase the attractiveness of the flower with colour markings and nector guides to attract insects.
29.
1. Chromosomal theory of inheritance was proposed by Walter sutton and Theodore
Boveri (1902)
2. It states that genes are located in the chromosomes they segregate and assort independently during meiosis – I and come together during fertilization along with chromosomes.
3. Chromosomal theory of sutton and Boveri explained that chromosomes are carrier of genes and are the basis of Mendelian segregation and independent assortment.
4. Chromosomes segregate during gametogenesis due to meiosis.
5. They conclude that both genes and chromosomes occur in pairs;
30.
Conversion of forested areas into non-forested areas is called deforestation.
Methods of forest conservation:
1.
Forest cover could be achieved through plantation programmes like afforestation and reforestation.
2.
Involving people’s participation in establishing energy plantations such as social forestry, agro forestry, etc. These activities will reduce the cutting the forest for fire wood, timer, fodders, etc and also maintains ecological balance.
Afforestation
1.
It is planting of trees in barren area.
2.
Where no forest existed earlier

Reforestation
1.
It is planting of trees in denuded area
2.
It is restoring of forest that was existed earlier
Case study of people’s participation in conservation of forests

Bishonis community in kejri village of Rajasthan is known for peaceful co-existence with nature.
 They do not allow felling of trees and killing of animals.

Their conservation practices are based on 29 principles.
 A king of Jodhpur wanted to arrange wood for his new palace in 1973; few bishonis hugged the trees and asked to cut them first, rather than cutting trees. 365 peoples lost their lives in this act.
 Government of India instituted “Amritha Devi; who laid her life for wild life protection award” in the name of Amritha Devi; who laid her life for wild life protection and is given to individuals and communities who show exemplary courage and dedication for wild life protection.

A similar movement called chipko was started in 1974 in Tehri-Garwal region of
Uttaranchal. This is the practice of hugging of trees to prevent their felling.
31.
Bean seed has two cotyledons (kidney shaped) connected by embryonal axis. The upper part of the embryonal axis is called plumule, it develops into shoot system, and the lower part of the embryonal axis is called radicle, it gives rise to root system. The region of the embryonal axis between the cotyledon is called hypocityl and the part of the embryonal axis between the plumule and cotyledon is called epicotyl. On the concave side of the seed there is a cotyledon is called epicotyl. On the concave side of the seed there is a whitish scar called hilum, it represents the points of attachment of seed to the fruit wall with the help of funicle. Minute opening present close to the hilum is called micropyle, it permits water to activate germplasm during germination and as a passage of gases, and the elongated ridge on the other side of the hilum is called raphae. In bean there is no endosperm and entire food is stored in the cotyledons, thus it is a non endospermic seed.
32.
Hgp is an over launched biggest biological project (mega project) started in the year
1990, co-ordinate by US department of energy (DOE) and the national institute of health (NIH). HGP was originally planned to last for 15 years but the technological advances and resources accelerated the expected completion date to 2003.
Salient features of human genome.

1.
Human genome is composed of 23 pairs of chromosomes which contain 25.00 – 30,000 genes.
2.
It contains 3164.7 million nucleotide base pairs.
3.
It contains of average 3000 base pairs with the largest human gene dystrophin consisting
2.4 million bps.
4.
Only about 3% of genome is functional; it encodes for proteins, RNA and structural DNA and the remaining 97% is Junk DNA.
5.
Chromosome 1 has many genes nearly 2968 genes and the Y chromosome has only 231 genes.
6.
The functions of over 50% of the discovered genes are unknown.
Goals of human genome project
1.
To identify all the approximately 25,000 – 30,000 genes in human DNA.
2.
To determine the sequence of 3 billion chemical base pairs (3x10 9 bp) that make up of human DNA.
3.
To store this information in data bases.
4.
To improve tools for data analysis.
5.
To analyze the genomes of several organisms used in research laboratories.
6.
To address ethical, legal and social issues (ELSI) that may arise from the project.
33.
Biofertilizers are organisms which are used to enhance the fertility of the soil and availability of nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus to the crops.
There are three types of bio fertilizers
Example:
1.
Bacteria, (Rhizobium Azotobacter).
2.
Cyanobacteria or Blue Green algae (Anabaena Nostoc).
3.
Fungi (Mycorrhizae)
1.
Free living nitrogen fixing bacteria
They fix atmospheric nitrogen in the soil and made available to plants.
Example: The best example is Azotobacter.
2.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria
These bacteria show symbiotic association with the root nodules of leguminous plants. They convert atmospheric nitrogen and made available to plants.
Example: Rhizobium the most important symbiotic nitrogen fixing bacteria.
Frankia, mycelia bacterium (actinomycetes) shows symbiotic association with the root nodules of several non leguminous plants like casurina, rubus etc.
3.
Free living nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are group of autotrophic microbes also called Blue green algae
(BGA), they help in nitrogen fixation in paddy fields. These are extremely low cost biofertilizers.
Example: Anabaena, Nostoc.
4.
Symbiotic nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria.

These nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria lead symbiotic mode of life with several plants like cycas roots, lichens, liver worts, Azolla (fern)
Example: Anabaena and Nostoc in the corolloid roots of cycas.
5.
Mycorrhizae
The symbiotic association of fungus with the roots of higher plants is called mycorrhiza.
Example: Glomus species fix phosphorus in the soil and made available to plants.
34.
a) Stenohaline and Euryhaline
Stenohaline
They are restricted to narrow range of salinity
Example: fresh water organisms uryhaline
They tolerate wide range of salinity
Example: marine organisms
b) Mutualism and commensalism
Mutualism
1.
Both the interacting organisms are benefited
2.
They are incapable of leading independent life
3.
Association is obligatory.
Example: Interaction between plant and its pollinator.
Commensalism
1.
Only one organism is benefited while the other neither benefited nor harmed.
2.
Capable of independent life.
3.
Association is not obligatory.
Example: Interaction between sea anemone and clown fish.
35.
Dried biomass of a single species of microbes that can be used as protein source in the diet is known a single cell protein (SCP).
The following organisms are used as SCP.
1.
Algae like Spirulina, Chlorella.
2.
Bacteria like methylophillus, methylotrophus.
3.
Fungi like Fusarium graminearum, Sacchromyces cerevisiae (yeast).
Significance
1.
SCP is rich in proteins and less rich in fats.
2.
They are good source of vitamins like B complex and minerals.
3.
SCP can be grown on chief raw materials and waste water from potato processing industry, molasses, animal manure and sewage. Thereby, pollution causing materials can be recycled.
36.
a) Genetic engineering approval committee (GEAC)
Genetic engineering approval committee (GEAC) is an organization set up by the
Indian government to make decisions, regarding the validity of GM research and the safety of introducing GM organisms for public services. b) ELISA

Enzyme linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) is a biochemical technique used mainly in immunology to detect the presence of an antigen or antibody in a given sample.
It is used as a screening test employed for HIV. c) PCR (Polymerase chain reaction)
It is used to detect low concentrations of pathogens like bacteria and viruses in the body of the disease person by amplifying their nucleic acids for early detection of diseases.
37.
Seminiferous tubule are the functional units of testis. Each testis contains about 500 tightly coiled seminiferous tubules in testicular lobules. Each seminiferous tubule is lined by germinal epithelium consisting two kinds of cells: a) Spermatogonia (male germ cells) and b) Sertoli cells (nutritive cells)
Male germ cells undergo meiotic division to form sperms. The sertoli cells serve nutrition to the germ cells. The part outside seminiferous tubules (interstitial space), which contains interstitial cells called cells of Leydig, which synthesize and secrete androgens (testicular hormones).
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